Unit4Naturaldisasters-2023-2024學(xué)年高一英語閱讀提升（學(xué)生版）（人教版）

Unit4Naturaldisasters單元核心脈絡(luò)圖單元核心脈絡(luò)圖必備知識必備知識核心詞匯：damagevt.損害；毀壞n.損壞，破壞sheltern.遮蔽物；避難所；居所，住處vt.遮蔽，庇護(hù)vi.躲避effortn.努力；艱難的嘗試，試圖suffervi.受苦，受折磨vt.遭受，蒙受supplyn.供應(yīng)量；補(bǔ)給量vt.供應(yīng)，供給powern.權(quán)力；權(quán)勢；操縱力；能力；能量v.驅(qū)動，推動strikevt.撞擊；打；災(zāi)難降臨，突然襲擊；突然想到；給(某人以…)印象；罷工affectvt.影響；(疾病)侵襲;(感情上)打動effectn.效應(yīng)；影響；結(jié)果核心語法：定語從句。語篇：新聞報道。表達(dá)：寫一篇新聞報道。關(guān)鍵能力 關(guān)鍵能力了解文本的基本信息和框架，了解專題新聞的語言特點，弄清文本細(xì)節(jié)閱讀等方面。學(xué)科素養(yǎng)學(xué)科素養(yǎng)了解文章大意，獲取震前、震中、震后的信息，使學(xué)生提高英語閱讀能力；通過閱讀本篇文章，使學(xué)生了解地震所帶來的巨大危害，知道災(zāi)難來臨時應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對。核心價值核心價值樹立防災(zāi)意識，不斷增強(qiáng)我們的認(rèn)知水平，研究和認(rèn)識各種自然災(zāi)害，努力提高自身的防護(hù)能力和生存能力。當(dāng)災(zāi)難真正發(fā)生時，我們除了有自救的能力，也擁有救人的能力。單元主題導(dǎo)入單元主題導(dǎo)入引言解讀Afearlessheartoftencanhelpapersontoavoiddisaster.釋義:一顆無畏的心往往能幫助一個人避免災(zāi)難。

啟示:面對災(zāi)難，退避是恥辱、是毀滅，而勇氣則是戰(zhàn)而勝之的最有力武器。名言名句積累名言名句積累1.Onlytoobeynatureinordertooverenature.Darwin要征服自然就只能遵從自然。2.Natureiskindofalovingmother,butalsoabutcherincoldblood.VictorHugo自然不僅是位慈愛的母親，還是個冷血的屠夫。3.Itisusuallytheirownsurroundingsasaformoffreemerchandise,Idonotknowanywaytocherishandspoil.GanHarman我們常把環(huán)境看作免費(fèi)商品而不知珍惜。4、災(zāi)難并不可怕，可怕的是心中沒有了希望。Thedisasterisnotterrible,terribleishavenohopeinmyheart.5、我們承受的災(zāi)難，將成為我們來日的桂冠。Weinheritthedisaster,willbeeourthecrownofthefuture.6、雄心是生活的動力，也是一切災(zāi)難的淵源。Ambitionisthepoweroflife,isalsotheoriginofdisaster.7、死亡是一場災(zāi)難。卻更是活著的人的災(zāi)難。Deathisadisaster.Butmoreofalivingperson.8、希望是最大的災(zāi)難，因為他延續(xù)了人的苦難。Hopeisthebiggestdisaster,becausehelastedforthesufferingsofthepeople.9、擁抱那份屬于你的黑暗，因為災(zāi)難即將來臨。Thedarknessofthehugthatbelongtoyou,becausedisasterising.10、人間的多數(shù)災(zāi)難，表面出自惡，實際出自愛。Themajorityofhumandisaster,surfacefromevil,actuallyesfromlove.主題語篇探究主題語篇探究單元主題探究單元主題探究本單元以自然災(zāi)害為話題，探討在“人與自然”的主題之下，當(dāng)人類面臨自然災(zāi)害的威脅時，應(yīng)該樹立防災(zāi)意識，不斷研究和認(rèn)識自然災(zāi)害，提高在災(zāi)害中逃生和生存的能力。本單元還力圖體現(xiàn)“災(zāi)害無情，人有情”的主題意義，即人類在重大自然災(zāi)害面前不屈不撓，相互援助，堅定信心，重建家園。主題圖呈現(xiàn)的是一群解放軍戰(zhàn)士在汶川地震的廢墟中運(yùn)送傷者的感人畫面，體現(xiàn)了在發(fā)生重大自然災(zāi)害時，軍民同心，合力救助受災(zāi)人員的大無畏的人道主義精神，突出了解放軍戰(zhàn)士在賑災(zāi)工作中的重要作用和無私奉獻(xiàn)。語篇品讀THENIGHTTHEEARTHDIDN’TSLEEPStrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideofnortheasternHebei.Forseveraldays,thewaterinthevillagewellsroseandfell，roseandfell.Thereweredeepcracksthatappearedinthewellwalls.Atleastonewellhadsomesmellygasingoutofit．Chickensandevenpigsweretoonervoustoeat，anddogsrefusedtogoinsidebuildings.Miceranoutofthefieldslookingforplacestohide，andfishjumpedoutofthewater.Atabout3：00a．m.,on28July1976,brightlightswereseenintheskyoutsidethecityofTangshanandloudnoiseswereheard.Butthecity’sonemillionpeoplewereasleepasusualthatnight.At3：42a．m.,everythingbegantoshake.Itseemedasiftheworldwereingtoanend！Elevenkilometresdirectlybelowthecity,oneofthemostdeadly⑩earthquakesofthe20thcenturyhadbegun,aquakethatevencauseddamagemorethan150kilometresawayinBeijing．Nearlyonethirdofthewholenationfeltit!Ahugecrack,eightkilometreslongand30metreswide,cutacrosshouses,roads，andwaterways.Hardhillsofrockbecameriversofdirt.Inlessthanoneminute,alargecitylayinruins.Twothirdsofthepeoplewholivedthereweredeadorinjured.Thousandsofchildrenwereleftwithoutparents．Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmorethan400，000.Everywheresurvivorslooked,therewasnothingbutruins．Nearlyeverythinginthecitywasdestroyed.About75percentofthecity’sfactoriesandbuildings,90percentofitshomes,andallofitshospitalsweregone.Brickscoveredthegroundlikeredautumnleaves,butnowindcouldblowthemaway.Mostbridgeshadfallenorwerenotsafetocross．Therailwaytrackswerenowuselesspiecesofmetal.Tensofthousandsofcows,hundredsofthousandsofpigs,andmillionsofchickensweredead.Sandnowfilledthewellsinsteadofwater.Peoplewereinshock—andthen,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquakeshookTangshanagain.Evenmorebuildingsfelldown.Water,food,andelectricitywerehardtoget.Peoplebegantowonderhowlongthedisasterwouldlast．Buthopewasnotlost.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150，000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead．Morethan10，000doctorsandnursescametoprovidemedicalcare.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerehelped.Waterandfoodwerebroughtintothecitybytrain,truck,andplane.Slowly,thecitybegantobreatheagain.Tangshanstartedtoreviveitselfandgetbackuponitsfeet.Withstrongsupportfromthegovernmentandthetirelesseffortsofthecity’speople,anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.Thenewcityhasbeeahometomorethansevenmillionpeople,withgreatimprovementsintransportation,industry,andenvironment.TangshancityhasprovedtoChinaandtherestoftheworldthatintimesofdisaster，peoplemustunifyandshowthewisdomtostaypositiveandrebuildforabrighterfuture．全文翻譯不眠之夜河北東北部的農(nóng)村發(fā)生了奇怪的事情。一連幾天，村里井里的水忽高忽低。井壁上出現(xiàn)了很深的裂縫。至少有一口井冒出了難聞的氣體。雞，甚至豬都緊張得不敢吃東西，狗也拒絕進(jìn)入建筑物。老鼠跑出田野尋找藏身之處，魚兒跳出水面。大約凌晨3點。1976年7月28日，唐山市外的天空出現(xiàn)了明亮的燈光，并聽到了巨大的噪音。但那天晚上，這座城市的100萬人像往常一樣睡著了。凌晨3點42分。，一切都開始搖晃。好像世界末日到了!在城市正下方11公里處，20世紀(jì)最致命的地震之一開始了，這次地震甚至在150多公里外的北京造成了破壞。全國近三分之一的人都感受到了!一條巨大的裂縫，長8公里，寬30米，橫穿房屋、道路和水道。堅硬的巖石山變成了泥土的河流。不到一分鐘，一座大城市就變成了廢墟。住在那里的人有三分之二死亡或受傷。成千上萬的孩子失去了父母。地震中死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷的人數(shù)超過40萬。幸存者放眼望去，到處都是廢墟。城里幾乎所有的東西都被毀了。大約75%的工廠和建筑，90%的房屋，以及所有的醫(yī)院都消失了。磚塊像秋天的紅葉一樣鋪滿了地面，但是沒有風(fēng)能把它們吹走。大多數(shù)橋梁都倒塌了，或者不安全。鐵軌現(xiàn)在成了無用的金屬碎片。成千上萬頭牛、數(shù)十萬頭豬和數(shù)百萬只雞死亡?，F(xiàn)在井里填滿了沙子而不是水。人們震驚了——然后，那天下午晚些時候，唐山又發(fā)生了一場大地震。更多的建筑物倒塌了。水、食物和電都很難得到。人們開始懷疑這場災(zāi)難會持續(xù)多久。但希望并沒有破滅。地震發(fā)生后不久，軍隊派了15萬士兵到唐山去挖出被困的人并埋葬死者。一萬多名醫(yī)生和護(hù)士前來提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)。工人們?yōu)榉课荼粴У男掖嬲呓ㄔ炝吮茈y所。成千上萬的人得到了幫助。水和食物通過火車、卡車和飛機(jī)運(yùn)進(jìn)了這座城市。慢慢地，這座城市又恢復(fù)了生機(jī)。唐山開始復(fù)蘇，重新站起來。在政府的大力支持和人民的不懈努力下，一個新的唐山在地震廢墟上建立起來了。這座新城已成為700多萬人口的家園，交通、工業(yè)和環(huán)境都有了很大的改善。唐山市向中國和世界證明，在災(zāi)難時刻，人們必須團(tuán)結(jié)一致，展示智慧，保持積極的態(tài)度，重建美好的未來。題源題源研讀拓展語篇品讀s://uww,wikihow.（高考題源報刊）AfterbeingattackedbyHurricaneIda’s150mphwindsandtorrentialrains,hundredsofthousandsofGulfCoastresidentswereleftwithoutpowerandfreshwaterthisweekasa100degreeheatwavesettledovertheregion.IdasmashedintoLouisianaasaCategory4hurricane,rippingoffroofs,knockingouttransmissionlines,floodingroads,andreducingsomebrickbuildingsindowntownNewOrleanstorubble.Atleasteightpeoplediedinthestormandthetollisexpectedtoriseasemergencyworkerssearchwreckedhomesandbusinesses.OneofthemostpowerfulhurricanestoeverhittheU.S.mainland,Idabroughta5to12footstormsurgethatcoveredlowlyingmunitiesinsoutheasternLouisiana.GrandIsleisnow“uninhabitable,”saidParishPresidentCynthiaLeeSheng,with3feetofsandcoveringtheentirebarrierislandand40percentofthebuildingspletelydestroyed.ThestormcausedacitywideblackoutinNewOrleans,butaHurricaneKatrinaleveldisasterwasavoidedthere,thanksinparttothe$14.5billionspentonnewlevees,seawalls,andpumpsafterthe2005storm.ExpertsarewarningthatIdacouldworsentheCovidcrisisintheGulfCoast,asresidentscrowdtogetherinhomesandemergencyshelterswithoutimmediateaccesstotestingormedicalcare.ICUsinLouisiana,Mississippi,andAlabamahospitalswerealreadynearcapacitybeforethestormhit.Nearly1millionpeoplearestillwithoutpoweracrossLouisiana,andauthoritieswaneditcouldbeweeksbeforeelectricityisrestored.“Ifyouhavealreadyevacuated,”saidGov.JohnBelEdwands,“donotreturnhere.”全文翻譯颶風(fēng)“艾達(dá)”(Ida)時速150英里的風(fēng)速和暴雨襲擊了墨西哥灣沿岸地區(qū)，本周，一股華氏100度的熱浪席卷了該地區(qū)，數(shù)十萬居民失去了電力和淡水供應(yīng)?！鞍_(dá)”以四級颶風(fēng)的形式襲擊了路易斯安那州，掀翻了屋頂，摧毀了輸電線路，淹沒了道路，新奧爾良市中心的一些磚砌建筑變成了瓦礫。至少有8人在這場風(fēng)暴中喪生，隨著緊急救援人員搜尋被摧毀的房屋和企業(yè)，死亡人數(shù)預(yù)計還會上升。艾達(dá)是襲擊美國大陸的最強(qiáng)颶風(fēng)之一，它帶來了5到12英尺高的風(fēng)暴潮，覆蓋了路易斯安那州東南部的低洼地區(qū)。教區(qū)主席辛西婭·李生(CynthiaLeeSheng)說，大島現(xiàn)在“不宜居住”，整個堰洲島被3英尺厚的沙子覆蓋，40%的建筑被完全摧毀。這場風(fēng)暴導(dǎo)致新奧爾良全城停電，但避免了卡特里娜颶風(fēng)級別的災(zāi)難，部分原因是在2005年風(fēng)暴過后，投入145億美元修建了新的防洪堤、海堤和水泵。專家警告說，艾達(dá)可能會加劇墨西哥灣沿岸的新冠疫情危機(jī)，因為居民們擠在家里和緊急避難所，無法立即獲得檢測或醫(yī)療服務(wù)。颶風(fēng)來襲前，路易斯安那州、密西西比州和阿拉巴馬州醫(yī)院的重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房已經(jīng)接近滿負(fù)荷。路易斯安那州仍有近100萬人斷電，當(dāng)局警告說，可能需要數(shù)周時間才能恢復(fù)供電?！叭绻阋呀?jīng)撤離了，”州長約翰·貝爾·愛德華茲(JohnBeledwards)說，“不要再回到這語篇拓展閱讀語篇拓展閱讀Passage1主題語境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與自然自然災(zāi)害文章報道了伐木和火災(zāi)導(dǎo)致大面積的熱帶森林被毀★★★★Theareaoftropicalforestdestroyedin2021wasenoughtocovertheentireislandofCuba,andsentmorecarbondioxideintotheatmosphereasIndiadoesinanentireyearfromburningfossilfuels,accordingtoananalysispublishedonThursday.Some11.1millionhectares(around43,000squaremiles)offorestwasdestroyed,mainlybylogging(伐木)aswellasfires,theanalysisbytheWorldResourcesInstitute’sGlobalForestWatchandtheUniversityofMarylandfound.Someofthosefiresweredeliberatelylittoclearlandandmanyweredeterioratedbyclimatechange.Thelosswaslessseverethanin2020,butdeforestation(毀林)isstilloccurringatanalarmingrateinthetropics.Ofthearealost,3.75millionhectareswereprimarytropicalforestattheequivalentof10soccerfieldseveryminute,WRIreported.Primarytropicalforestsinparticulararecrucialfortheecologicalbalanceoftheplanet,providingoxygenthatsupportslifeandasbiodiversityhotspots.Theyarealsorichinstoredcarbon,andwhentheseforestsareloggedorburned,theyreleasecarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,contributingtoglobalwarming.“What’simportanttounderstandisthatforests,especiallytropicalforests,arepartoftheglobalclimatesystem,”WRIseniorfellowFrancesSeymourtoldCNN.“Sothey’renotmechanicalcarbonstoragedevices.Theyactuallyinfluencetheenergytransferandthemoisturecontentoftheatmosphereinwaysthataffectrainfallandglobalcirculationpatterns.”“Whendeforestationhappens,whenforestsarelost,itnotonlycontributescarbontotheatmosphere,butalsodisruptsrainfallpatternsandincreaseslocaltemperaturesinsomeways.Forexample,itmakesremainingforestsmorevulnerabletofire,andthewarmer,drierconditionsthatewithclimatechange,”Seymoursaid.1．Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacetheunderlinedword“deteriorated”inparagraph2?A．strengthenedB．expandedC．worsenedD．extended2．Inwhichaspectareprimarytropicalforestsespeciallyimportant?A．Promotingworldeconomy.B．Balancingtheearth’secology.C．Predictingsevereweather.D．Providingwoodresources.3．WhatdidSeymourtalkaboutinthelastparagraph?A．Theconsequenceofdeforestation.B．Thecauseofforestsloss.C．Themethodsofprotectingforests.D．Thecontributionsofforests.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．LoggingcausesmostforestslossB．AnalystsareconcernedabouttropicforestslossC．PrimarytropicalforestsarerichinstoredcarbonD．TropicalforestsarebeingdestroyedatanalarmingratePassage2主題語境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與自然自然災(zāi)害地震對山體滑坡所造成的影響?！铩铩颯omeofthemostattractivepicturestoeoutoftheAlaskaearthquakearethephotosthatshowslope(斜坡）failures,inwhichpartsofformerlysolidhillscavedin，toreorletloose.Andiftherehappenedtobearoadorbuildingontopoftheslopesthatfailed，theresultwashorrible.Slopescanfailwithoutearthquakes,astheresultofpouringrainqrw：eathering.Buttheshakingcausedbyaquake—particularlyalargeonelikewhatoccurrednearAnchorageonFriday—caneitherspeeduptheprocessorcreateentirelynewfailuresthatwouldn'thaveotherwisehappened.SeveralslopefailuresweredocumentedintheAnchorageareainthehoursaftertheearthquakeFriday,themostinterestingofwhichwasonVineRoadsouthwestofWasilla.It’sasifsomeonecamealongwithalargedestroyingballanddroppeditonVineRoad,whichwrinkledlikeabrokenegg.Scientistsseemedsurprisedathowmanyslopefailuresoccurredasaresultofthe7.0magnitude(震級）quake.Thecenterofthequakewasdeep,at27milesbelowthesurface—akeyreasonwhythedamageinAnchoragewasrelativelylight.Suchanearthquakewouldbeexpectedtoproduceshakingoveralargearea,butprobablywithreasonablymodesttopgroundaccelerations,Friday’searthquakewouldcertainlybefelt,butthesurfaceofEarthwouldn'tbemovingbadlyenoughtoproducewidespreadlandslides.

PhotosfromAlaskashowalotoflateral(橫向的）spread,inwhichthegroundtearsopen.Whateverisontopofthegroundattheplaceittearsinhalfisalsotorninhalfafterwards,likehighwaysorbuildings.Thebuildingssurroundingthespreadarealsoatriskofdamagebecauseoftheforceofthegroundspreadingoutawayfromthetear.There’salsodocumentationofblockspread，inwhichpartofthegroundbreaksoffahillandslidesawaymostlyperfect.5．Whatdoweknowaboutslopefailures?A．Theymaycauseearthquakes.B．Theyusuallyhappenwitharoadontop.C．Theyalwayshappenwithearthquakes.D．Theymaypullpartsofthehillsapart6．WhatcanweinferfromParagraph2?A．Earthquakeshavegreateffectonslopefailures.B．Mostslopefailuresoccurafterthepouringrain.C．Earthquakesresultinslopefailuresimmediately.D．Slopefailuresoccurmainlywithlargeearthquakes.7．WhatdidthescientiststhinkoftheAlaskaearthquakeFriday?A．Itproducedshakingoveralargearea.B．Itcausedfewerslopefailuresthanexpected.C．Itwasn’tfeltforitsdeepcenter.D．Itdidn’tproducelandslides.8．Inwhichcircumstancecanwefindthegroundslidesdownahillalmostunbroken?A．Landslides. B．Slopefailures. C．Lateralspread. D．Blockspread.Passage3主題語境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與自然自然災(zāi)害颶風(fēng)艾達(dá)給墨西哥灣沿岸居民造成的破壞，以及人們?yōu)暮笾亟ǖ那闆r?！铩铩铩顰fterbeingattackedbyHurricaneIda’s150mphwindsandtorrentialrains,hundredsofthousandsofGulfCoastresidentswereleftwithoutpowerandfreshwaterthisweekasa100degreeheatwavesettledovertheregion.IdasmashedintoLouisianaasaCategory4hurricane,rippingoffroofs,knockingouttransmissionlines,floodingroads,andreducingsomebrickbuildingsindowntownNewOrleanstorubble.Atleasteightpeoplediedinthestormandthetollisexpectedtoriseasemergencyworkerssearchwreckedhomesandbusinesses.OneofthemostpowerfulhurricanestoeverhittheU.S.mainland,Idabroughta5to12footstormsurgethatcoveredlowlyingmunitiesinsoutheasternLouisiana.GrandIsleisnow“uninhabitable,”saidParishPresidentCynthiaLeeSheng,with3feetofsandcoveringtheentirebarrierislandand40percentofthebuildingspletelydestroyed.ThestormcausedacitywideblackoutinNewOrleans,butaHurricaneKatrinaleveldisasterwasavoidedthere,thanksinparttothe$14.5billionspentonnewlevees,seawalls,andpumpsafterthe2005storm.ExpertsarewarningthatIdacouldworsentheCovidcrisisintheGulfCoast,asresidentscrowdtogetherinhomesandemergencyshelterswithoutimmediateaccesstotestingormedicalcare.ICUsinLouisiana,Mississippi,andAlabamahospitalswerealreadynearcapacitybeforethestormhit.Nearly1millionpeoplearestillwithoutpoweracrossLouisiana,andauthoritieswaneditcouldbeweeksbeforeelectricityisrestored.“Ifyouhavealreadyevacuated,”saidGov.JohnBelEdwands,“donotreturnhere.”9．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesHurricaneIda?A．Mild. B．Destructive. C．Uncontrollable. D．Impressive.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“thetoll”meaninParagraph1?A．Thedeathnumber. B．Theheatwave.C．Thewindspeed. D．Thecitywideblackout.11．WhatisoneofthereasonsforGrandIsletobeuninhabitable?A．Theentireislandiscoveredwithsand. B．Itisoneofthelowlyingmunities.C．Theresidentstherecan'twaittoleave. D．Overhalfofitsbuildingswereinruins.12．WhatcanbeinferredabouttheattitudeofGov.JohnBelEdwardstowardstheprospectofLouisiana?A．Ambitious B．Undoubted. C．Indifferent. D．Unconfident.教材語篇研讀教材語篇研讀I.教材語篇梳理THEFRESHMANCHALLENGEWhatisthetexttypeofthepassage?NewsreportMainideaofeachparagraphParagraph1:Warningsignsbeforetheearthquake.Paragraph2:Thingsduringtheearthquake(indoors).Paragraph3:Thingsduringtheearthquake(outdoors).Paragraph4:ThingsaftertheearthquakeMainideaofthetextThetextisabouttheearthquakehappeninginTangShang.II.課文語法填空SeveraldaysbeforeJuly28,1976,manystrangethingshappenedinTangshan.Theywere1.______(sign)foranearthquake.Butpeople2.______livedtheredidn'tthinkmuchofthat.Theearthbegan3.______(shake)at3︰42a．m.thatday,destroyingalmostallthecityinlessthansixtyterrible4.______(second)．Itseemedasiftheworldwereingto5.______end!Nearlyeverythinginthecity6.______(destroy)．Tensofthousandsofcows,hundredsofthousandsofpigs,andmillionsofchickenswere7.______(die)． Buthopewasnotlost.Soonafterthequakes,helpfromalloverthecountrycametohelp.8.______(slow).Thecitybegantobreatheagain.Thecitybegantorevive9.______(it)andgetuponitsfeetagain.Withstrongsupportfromthegovernmentandthetirelesseffortsofthecity'speople,anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.Tangshancity10.______(prove)toChinaandtherestoftheworldthatintimesofdisaster,peoplemustunifyandshowthewisdomtostaypositiveandrebuildforabrighterfuture.閱讀微技能1.Skim略讀Youcanfindmainideasbyfirsttakingaquicklookatthetitle,picture(s),keywordsandphrases,andtopicsentences.2.Findthetopicsentence找主題句Thetopicsentenceisnormally,butnotalways,thefirstsentenceofaparagraph.Itgivesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Passage1主題語境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與自然自然災(zāi)害極地渦旋會給人類的生命財產(chǎn)帶來巨大的威脅★★★★（2023·遼寧丹東·統(tǒng)考一模）Asashiftinthepolarvortex(極地渦旋)sweptacrossmuchoftheUS,manypeopleinthecountrywerehitwithasuddensnapofcold.Heavyiceandsnowcoupledwithfallentreescausedtheoutagesinmajorcities,withpaniesunabletotelltheircustomerswhenpowerwillberestored.Polarvorticeswerenoticedlongago.Butthefirstknownuseoftheterm“polarvortex”wasinamagazinein1853.Polarvorticesarepresentyearround,butwedon’thearaboutthemuntiltheycauseproblems.TheymaintainfreezingtemperaturesattheNorthandSouthpolesbymovingintightcounterclockwisepatterns.Polarvorticesgrowstrongerinwinterandweakeninsummer.Theyarekeptinplaceatthepolesbyanotheratmosphericcurrentcalledthejetstream.However,whenthejetstreamsweaken,thecoldwindsofthepolarvortexarepushedsouthwardsanditisduringthistimethatpeoplebegintopayattention!InTexas,roadsfrozeover,causingsixtrafficdeaths,andmanyschoolswereshutdown.PeoplearenottheonlyEarthlingstostrugglewiththecold.Cropsandanimalsarealsofreezing.Thiscouldhavemajorconsequences,especiallyifherdsofcattledie.Ifsnowblockscattle,theanimalscan’treachbasicnecessitieslikefoodandfreshwater.Onabrighternote,someTexascitiesweremorepreparedthanothers.Forinstance,Amarillo,whichislocatedinNorthTexas,sotheyaremoreaccustomedtocoldertemperatures.Amarilloisnotablebecausethecitywasredesignedtostanduptoseverewinterstorms.Officialshavespreadoutfirestationstoincreasecoverageoffirstresponders,employedmodifieddumptrucksforclearingice,andupgradedciviccenterstoprovideshelterduringstorms.Hopefully,otherTexascitieswillfollowthegoodexamplesetbyAmarillo!37．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“outages”referto?A．Trafficjams. B．Powerstruggles.C．Powercuts. D．Trafficaccidents.38．Whatcanwelearnaboutpolarvortices?A．Theygrowstrongerinsummer. B．Theyareaffectedbyjetstreams.C．Theywerefirstobservedin1853. D．Theymoveinaclockwisedirection.39．Whatisthelastbutoneparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thedefinitionofthepolarvortex. B．Thecharacteristicsofthepolarvortex.C．Thewaystodealwiththepolarvortex. D．Theseriousimpactmadebythepolarvortex.40．WhyisAmarillostriking?A．BecauseitislocatedinthenorthofTexas.B．Becauseithasbeenupgradedandmodernized.C．Becauseithasbeenregardedasanexampletoothercities.D．Becauseithastakeneffectivemeasurestoresistwinterstorms.Passage2主題語境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與自然自然災(zāi)害土庫曼斯坦積極尋求方法，希望能夠熄滅燃燒的火山口。★★★★★（2023·山東棗莊·統(tǒng)考一模）TurkmenistanisacountryinCentralAsia,nearAfghanistanandIran.InDarvaza,oneofitsvillages,thereisaveryinterestingfeature.Itisamassiveholeinthegroundabout20metres(65feet)deepand60metres(196feet)across.Theenormouspithasbeenonfireformorethan50years.Whyisthecrateronfire?Themostpopulartheoryisthatin1971,ateamofgeologistsfromthethenSovietUnionweredrillinginthecountry’sKarakumDeserttotrytofindgas.Thegroundunderthedrillcollapsedandmethane(甲烷)gasbegantoescapeintotheair.Thegeologistsdecidedthesafestthingtodowastoburnoffthegasbylightingitonfire.Theythoughtthefirewouldburnforonlyafewweeks.However,ithasbeenburningsteadilyformorethan50years.AccordingtoaBBCarticle,CanadianexplorerGeorgeKourounisdiscoveredin2013that“nooneactuallyknowshowthis…infernocametobe.”But,nowthecratermayfinallybeextinguished.Turkmenistan’spresident,Mr.GurbangulyBerdimuhamedow,hasaskedscientistsinthecountrytofigureouthowtoputouttheburningcrater.Hewentonthecountry’sstateruntelevisionstationonJanuary8toencourageexpertstofindawaytostopthefire.Oneofthereasonshewantsthecratertobeputoutisthatthecountrycancollectthegasthatfuelsit.Gasisaveryimportantandvaluableresourceandcanbeusedformanypurposes.Ifit’sjustburningoff,thegascannotbeusedorsold.AccordingtothewebsiteVice,thecratersitsonthefourthlargestreserveofnaturalgasintheworld.Anotherreasonthepresidentmaywantthecraterputoutistostoptheharmfuleffects,tohumansandtheenvironment,oftheburninggas.25．Whydidthegeologistslightthecrater?A．Totestthequalityofthegas.B．Toexhausttheundergroundgas.C．Topreventexplosionofthegas.D．Tostoptheescapeofthegas.26．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inferno”inParagraph3referto?A．Thearticle. B．Thetheory. C．Thefire. D．Thepresident.27．WhatdoesTurkmenistan’spresidentwanttodo?A．Toprotectthecrater.B．Tofindthereasonofthefire.C．Toseekhelpfromthepublic.D．Toexploitandusethegas.28．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．TheFireCraterMaySoonBePutOutB．APeculiarScenicSpotinTurkmenistanC．TheCraterBurningforFiftyYearsD．TheHarmfulEffectsoftheBurningGasPassage3主題語境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與自然自然災(zāi)害一種新的隔震方法利用滾動的物理特性，用現(xiàn)成的材料（回收的網(wǎng)球）創(chuàng)造一種成本較低的替代方案?！铩铩铩铮?023·全國·一模）Earthquakescannotbeforecast,butengineerscanprepareforthem.Seismicisolation(地震隔離)systemsbuiltintothebasesofcertainbuildingsinhighriskareas,useplexstructuresofconcrete,rubberandmetaltoreducequakedamagebyabsorbingtheground’shorizontalshaking.Butsuchadaptationsareexpensive.EngineerJianZhangoftheUniversityofCalifornia,saysbuildingseismicisolationsystemcanincreaseconstructioncostsbyupto20