Contrastive Analysis語(yǔ)言學(xué)中的對(duì)比分析

ContrastiveAnalysisGroupMember：...編輯課件OutlineWhatisContrastive

Analysis/

Study/

Linguistics?WhatisthepsychologicalbasisofCA?WhatproceduresshouldweadoptwhileconductingCA?Whatdowecontrast/compare?編輯課件DefinitionAninductiveinvestigativeapproachbasedonthedistinctiveelementsinalanguage.Itinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoormorelanguagesorsubsystemsoflanguageinordertodetermineboththedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Itcouldalsobedonewithinonelanguage.CAcanbeboththeoreticalandappliedaccordingtovariedpurpose.編輯課件kindsIntralingualCross-linguistic/InterlingualPhonologicalinterferenceSyntacticinterferenceContrastivepragmatics編輯課件KindsIntralingual---Analysisofcontrastivephonemes.---Featureanalysisofmorphsyntacticcategories.---Analysisofmorphemeshavinggrammaticalmeaning---Analysisofwordorder編輯課件KindsCross-linguistic/Interlingual---Comparativeanalysisofmorphsyntacticsystems.---Comparativeanalysisoflexicalsemantics---Analysisoftranslationalequivalence---Studyofinterferenceinforeignlanguagelearning編輯課件kindsPhonologicalinterference----Thosewhocannotdistinguish/n/and/l/soundinChinesecannotdistinguishthetwosoundsinEnglish,either編輯課件KindsContrastivepragmatics----Analysisneedstoconsidernotonlylinguisticcontrastsbutalsopragmaticcontrastssuchasthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthestylisticuses,cultures,andothercommunicativenetworks.編輯課件TheoreticalbasesHeavilyinfluencedbyStructuralismandBehaviorism.ThefocusonCAisonthesurfacestructure,includingthephonology,morphology,syntaxanddiscourse.Followingbehaviorism,CAemphasizesontransferinlanguagelearning編輯課件BasisassumptionsL2learninginvolvesovercomingdifficultiesinthelinguisticsystemsofthetargetlanguage.ThemaindifficultiesinlearningaL2arecausedbyinterferencefromtheL1.CAcanpredict,oratleastaccountfor,difficultiesinL2learning.Teachingmaterialsbasedoncontrastiveanalysiscanreducetheeffectsofinterferenceanddifficulties,andfacilitateL2learning.編輯課件TwotypesoftransferPositivetransfer:similarstructurefacilitatelearning.L1habitscansuccessfullybeusedintheL2.Negativetransfer:“interference〞fromtheL1.L1habitswillcauseerrorsintheL2.編輯課件ProceduresofconductingCATheproceduresfollowedinvolve:

1)description

(i.e.aformaldescriptionofthetwolanguageswasmadesuchasdistinctivefeaturesofeach)

2)selection

(i.e.certainareasoritemsofthetwolanguageswerechosenfordetailedcomparisonsuchasphonology,syntaxandlexicon)Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsand

laughters.Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandburstsoflaughter.

3)comparison(i.e.theidentificationofareasofdifferenceandsimilarity)編輯課件DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish:

Asforthesamething,ChineseandEnglishgiveadifferentnamebecauseoftheirdifferentfocus.Generally,blackisequivalentto“黑〞，andredisto“紅〞.“青睞〞inChinesemeans“l(fā)ike〞and“favor〞whilegreeneyedinEnglishmeans“jealous〞.“眼紅〞inChineseisequivalenttogreen-eyedinEnglish.Then,whatdoes“red-eyedflight〞mean?編輯課件SimilaritiesinChineseandEnglish:Therearesomesimilaritiesinsyntax,lookatthefollowingexamples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井繩。Oncebitten,twiceshy.眼不見，心不煩。Outofsight,outofmind.4)prediction

(i.e.determiningwhichareaswerelikelytocauseerrors)whichisalwaysconsideredasafailureofdoing.編輯課件Whatwearegoingtodonextisdatacollection.Therearetwotypesofdata:

1)corpus-baseddata

2)introspectivedataCorpus-baseddata:acollectionofmaterialsthathasbeenmadeforaparticularpurpose,suchasasetoftextbookswhicharebeinganalyzedandcomparedorasampleofsentencesorutteranceswhicharebeing

analyzedfortheirlinguisticfeatures.Introspectivedata:akindofdatainvolvingthesubjectreflectingthekindsofdecisionstheymakeandthekindsofstrategiestheyusewhilecarryingoutatask,andreportingthemastheyoccur.編輯課件Corpus-baseddata/IntrospectivedataIntrospectivedataisbasedonintuitiontomakejudgment,thejudgmentofsentimentality.Personaljudgmentmaynotalwaysbereliable,butthis

procedurecannotbeabandonedbecauseitisvery

convenient.Sothatiswhyeverybodyusesit.

Youcannotmixthetwodata.Youcanonlyuseone,eithercorpus-dataorintrospective.編輯課件Whatdowecontrastorcompare?Canweimproveourlinguisticcompetencewithoutsystematicallycomparingourmothertongueandthetargetlanguage?First,wemustunderstandthemeaningofawordwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Second,wemustlearnitsgrammarwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Third,weshouldalsobefamiliarwithotheraspectsoflanguage,suchassemanticsandpragmatics.Finally,weshouldknowthetargetculturewhilelearningaforeignlanguage.

編輯課件ContrastiveanalysisonlexicallevelAsSwedishlinguistFerdinanddeSaussuresays,“Languageisasystemofmutuallydependentlexicalitem,whosevaluecanonlybeacquiredfromotherlexicalitems.Forexample,thevalueoftheword“bachelor〞canonlybegeneratedfromspinster,woman,andhusband.〞Therearesomecollocationsthataretakenforgranted.Nowtake“salary〞asanexample:abig/highsalary/fatsalaryacomfortablesalary/ahandsomesalarylowsalaries/asmallsalaryamodestsalary編輯課件ContrastiveAnalysisonSyntacticLevelHumboldt,aGermanlinguist,saysthatanysentenceinanylanguagehastwolevels:oneislogicandtheotherisgrammar.Chineselanguagehasmuchmorecoincidenceinlogicandgrammaranditismorebasedonlogic.TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinsyntax.Theyareasfollows:hypotactic(主從的)vs.paratactic〔并列的〕,grammaticalprinciplevs.semanticprinciplesubordinationvs.coordinationgrammaticalwordordervs.pragmaticwordordernon-pro-dropvs.pro-drop〔主語(yǔ)脫落〕編輯課件Takepro-dropandnon-pro-dropasanexample,Question:[]開門了嗎？

Answer:[]開了[]。發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤，一定要改正。

Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.看樹看果實(shí)，看人看作為。

Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisaction.編輯課件SinceEnglishisasortofanalyticalandgrammaticallanguage,itismorestrict,stringentanddefiniteeveninagentlesspassivesentences.However,ChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Itisvague,anddependsheavilyoncontextandsemanticsratherthanongrammar.SinceChinesehasnomorphology,itisnecessaryforEnglishlearnersofL2ChinesetohavetheknowledgeofpragmaticswhenunderstandingChinesegrammar.Otherwise,itwillcauseambiguityormisunderstandinginmeaning.編輯課件ContrastiveAnalysisonMacroscopicLevelThedifferencebetweenmicroscopicCAandmacroscopicCAisthatmicroscopicCAfocusesonphonology,lexis,grammar,etc.whilemacroscopicCAfocusesontext,anddiscourse.Whatistext?Textisnotlimitedbyitsform;itcanbespokenorwrittenorevenaproseorpoem.Inaword,textisasemanticunitofexpressingideas.編輯課件Example:Insummary,therearetwodifferencesinthecomponentofconnectioninEnglishdiscourseandChinesediscourse：oneisvisibleandinvisibleconnection,andtheotheristhewayofmakingpausesinsentences〔斷句〕.Therewerefewearthlythingsmorebeautifulthanauniversity,saidMasefield.Hedidnotrefertospiresand