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ReadingLogic閱讀第一套ReadingLogic閱讀第一套Evenafternumerousproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersbecameavailable,sugarconsumptionpercapitacontinuedtorise.Nowmanufacturersareintroducingfat-freeversionsofvariousfoodsthattheyclaimhavethetasteandtextureofthetraditionalhigh-fatversions.Evenifthemanufacturers’claimistrue,giventhattheavailabilityofsugar-freefoodsdidnotreducesugarconsumption,itisunlikelythattheavailabilityofthesefat-freefoodswillreducefatseveralkindsoffatsubstituteareavailabletomanufacturers,eachofwhichgivesanoticeablydifferenttasteandtexturetoproductsthatcontainit.thefoodsbroughtoutinsugar-freeversionsdidnotgenerallyhavereducedlevelsoffat,butmanyofthefat-freeversionsabouttobeintroducedarelowinsugar.peoplewhoregularlyconsumeproductscontainingartificialsweetenersaremoreRecentstudiesofsedimentintheNorthAtlantic’sdeepwatersrevealpossiblecyclicalpatternsinthehistoryofEarth’sclimate.Therockfragmentsinthesesedimentsaretoolargetohavebeentransportedtherebyoceancurrents;theymusthavereachedtheirpresentlocationsbytravelinginlargeicebergsthatfloatedlongdistancefromtheirpointoforiginbeforemelting.GeologistGerardBondnoticedthatsomeofthesedimentgrainswerestainedwithironoxide,evidencethattheyoriginatedinlocaleswhereglaciershadoverrunoutcropsofredsandstone.Bond’sdetailedanalysisofdeep-watersedimentcoresshowedchangesinthemixofsedimentsources2/1,500-yearBondhypothesizedthatthealternationcyclesmightbeevidenceofchangesinocean-watercirculationandthereforeinEarth’sclimate.Heknewthatthesourcesofthered-stainedgrainsweregenerallyclosertotheNorthPolethanweretheplacesyieldingahighproportionof“clean”grains.Atcertaintimes,apparently,moreicebergsfromtheArcticOceaninthefarnorthweretravelingsouthwellintotheNorthAtlanticbeforemeltingandsheddingtheirOceanwatersareconstantlymoving.Andwatertemperatureisbothacauseandaneffectofmovement.Aswatercools,itbecomesdenserandsinkstotheocean’sbottom.Duringsomeperiods,thebottomlayeroftheworld’soceanscomesfromcold,densewatersinkinginthefarNorthAtlantic.ThiscausesthewarmsurfacewatersoftheGulfStreamtobepullednorthward.Bondrealizedthatduringsuchperiods,theinfluxofthesewarmsurfacewatersintonorthernregionscouldcausealargeproportionoftheicebergsthatbearredgrainstomeltbeforetravelingveryfarintotheNorthAtlantic.Butsometimestheocean’sdynamicchanges,andwatersfromtheGulfStreamdonottravelnorthwardinthisway.Duringtheseperiods,surfacewatersintheNorthAtlanticwouldgenerallybecolder,permittingicebergsbearingred-stainedgrainstotravelfarthersouthintheNorthAtlanticbeforemeltinganddepositingtheirsediment.Theonsetoftheso-calledLittleIceAge(1300-1860),whichfollowedtheMedievalWarmPeriodoftheeighththroughtenthcenturies,mayrepresentthemostrecenttimethattheocean’sdynamicchangedinthisway.Ifongoingclimate-historystudiessupportBond’shypothesisof1,500-yearcycles,scientistsmayestablishamajornaturalrhythminEarth’stemperaturesthatcouldthenbeextrapolatedintothefuture.BecausethemidpointoftheMedievalWarmPeriodwasaboutAD.850,anextensionofBond’scycleswouldplacethemidpointofthenextwarmintervalinthetwenty-fourththesedimentsstudiedbythemajorityofthemarecomposedofredtheymusthavereachedtheirpresentlocationover1,500yearsago.theywerecarriedbyicebergstotheirpresentlocation.MostofthemwerecarriedtotheirpresentlocationduringawarmperiodinEarth’sclimaticansweringaquestionaboutEarth’sclimatichistorypointingoutapotentialflawinBond’shypothesissuggestinganewfocusforthestudyofocean3/discussingpossibleimplicationsofBond’sdiscussingpossibleimplicationsofBond’sWarmwatersbeingpullednorthwardfromtheGulfClimaticconditionscausingicebergstomeltrelativelyTheformationofmoreicebergsthanusualinthefarthepresenceofcoldsurfacewatersintheNorthItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinsedimentcoresfromtheNorthAtlantic’swaters,theportionsthatcorrespondtotheLittleIcefluctuatesignificantlyincompositionbetweentheportionscorrespondingtothe1300sandtheportionscorrespondingtothe1700swouldbelikelytocontainaproportionofred-stainedgrainscloserto17percentthanto5showamuchhigherproportionofred-stainedgrainsincoresextractedfromthefaroftheNorthAtlanticthanincoresextractedfromfurtherwereformedinpartasaresultofGulfStreamwatershavingbeenpulledHistoriansfrequentlyemployprobateinventories-listsofpossessionscompilesafteraperson’sdeath—toestimatestandardofliving.Becausetheseinventoriesweretakenbyamateurassessorsaccordingtounwrittenrules,theyaresometimesunreliable.Onewaytochecktheiraccuracyistocomparethemtoarchaeologicalrecords.AstudyofrecordsfromthestateofDelawareintheeighteenthcenturyfoundthatwhileveryfewinventorieslistedearthenware,everyexcavationcontainedearthenware.Earthenwaremayhavegoneunlistedsimplybecauseitwasinexpensive.Butifitwassocommonplace,whywasitlistedmoreoftenforwealthyhouseholds？Perhapsthemoreearthenwarepeoplehad,themorelikelyappraisersweretonoteit.Afewbowlscouldeasilybeabsorbedintoanothercategory,butaroomfulofearthenwarecould6.Selectthesentencethatprovidessupportforananswertoaquestioninthe4/Inthe1980s,neuroscientistsstudyingthebrainprocessesunderlyingoursenseofconsciouscomparedsubjects’judgmentsregardingtheirsubjectivewilltomove(W)andactualmovement(M)withobjectiveelectroencephalographicactivitycalledreadinesspotential,orRP.Asexpected,WprecededM:subjectsconsciouslyperceivedtheintentiontomoveasprecedingInthe1980s,neuroscientistsstudyingthebrainprocessesunderlyingoursenseofconsciouscomparedsubjects’judgmentsregardingtheirsubjectivewilltomove(W)andactualmovement(M)withobjectiveelectroencephalographicactivitycalledreadinesspotential,orRP.Asexpected,WprecededM:subjectsconsciouslyperceivedtheintentiontomoveasprecedingaconsciousexperienceofactuallymoving.Thismightseemtosuggestanappropriatecorrespondencebetweenthesequenceofsubjectiveexperiencesandthesequenceoftheunderlyingeventsinthebrain.Butresearchersactuallyfoundasurprisingtemporalrelationbetweensubjectiveexperienceandobjectivelymeasuredneuralevents:indirectcontradictionoftheclassicalconceptionoffreewill,neuralpreparationtomove(RP)precededconsciousWfollowedbyRPfollowedbyRPfollowedbyWfollowedbyMfollowedbyWfollowedbyRPfollowedbyMfollowedbyRPfollowedbyWandMinthecontextinwhichitappears,‘temporal’mostnearlysuggestapossibleflawinthereasoningofneuroscientistsconductingthestudydiscussedinthepassage5/efficientlyunderthelow-oxygenconditionspresentinrain-soakedsoil.Whentheefficiencyofmelonrootsisimpaired,therootsdonotsupplysufficientamountsofthepropernutrientsfortheplantstoperformphotosynthesisattheirusuallevels.Itfollowsthatmelonplantshavealower-than-usualrateofphotosynthesiswhentheirrootsareinrain-soakedsoil.Whenthephotosynthesisoftheplantsslows,sugarstoredinthefruitsisdrawnofftosupplytheplantswithenergy.Therefore,ripemelonsharvestedafteraprolongedperiodofheavyrainshouldbelesssweetthanotherripe10.Intheargumentgiven,thetwohighlightedportionsplaywhichofthefollowingthatthefirstprovidesupportfortheconclusionoftheargumentasawhole,thesecondprovidesevidencethatsupportanobjectiontothatconclusion.thefirstprovidesupportforanintermediateconclusionthatsupportafurtherconclusionstatedintheargument,thesecondstatesthatintermediateconclusion.argument,thesecondstatesthepositionthattheargumentasawholethefirststatesthepositionthattheargumentasawholeopposes;thesecondsupportsconclusionoftheargument6/EasyInRaisinintheSun,LorraineHansberrydoesnotrejectintegrationortheeconomicandmoralpromiseoftheEasyInRaisinintheSun,LorraineHansberrydoesnotrejectintegrationortheeconomicandmoralpromiseoftheAmericandream;rather,sheremainsloyaltothisdreamwhilelooking,realistically,atitsincompleterealization.Oncewerecognizethisdualvision,wecanaccepttheplay'sironicnuancesasdeliberatesocialcommentariesbyHansberryratherthanasthe"unintentional"ironythatBigsbyattributestothework.IndeedacuriouslypersistentrefusaltocreditHansberrywithacapacityforintentionalironyhasledsomecriticstointerprettheplay'sthematicconflictsasmereconfusion,contradiction,oreclecticism.Isaacs,forexample,cannoteasilyreconcileHansberry'sintenseconcernforherracewithheridealofhumanreconciliation.Buttheplay'scomplexviewofBlackself-esteemandhumansolidarityascompatibleisnomore“contradictory”thanDuBois'famous,well-consideredidealofethnicself-awarenesscoexistingwithhumanunity,orFanon'semphasisonanidealinternationalismthatalsoaccommodatesnationalidentitiesandTheauthorofthepassagewouldprobablyconsiderwhichofthefollowingjudgmentstoTheworldiscertainlyflat;therefore,thepersonproposingtosailarounditisunquestionablyRadioactivitycannotbedirectlyperceived;therefore,ascientistcouldnotpossiblycontrolitinalaboratory.Thepainterofthispicturecouldnotintendittobefunny;therefore,itshumormustresultfromalackofskill.Traditionalsocialmoresarebeneficialtoculture;therefore,anyonewhodeviatesfromthemactsdestructively.Filmmakerswhoproducedocumentariesdealexclusivelywithfacts;therefore,awhoreinterpretsparticulareventsismisleadingSelectthesentenceinthepassageinwhichtheauthorprovidesexamplesthatreinforceObjectively,ofcourse,thevariousecosystemsthatsustainlifeontheplanetindependentlyofhumanagency,justastheyoperatedbeforethehecticascendancyof7/sapiens.Butitisalsotruethatitisdifficulttosapiens.Butitisalsotruethatitisdifficulttothinkofasinglesuchsystemthathasnot,fororworse,beensubstantiallymodifiedbyhumanculture.Noristhissimplytheworkoftheindustrialcenturies.IthasbeenhappeningsincethedaysofancientMesopotamia.Itiscoevalwiththeoriginsofwriting,andhasoccurredthroughoutoursocialexistence.Anditisthisirreversiblymodifiedworld,fromthepolarcapstotheequatorialforests,thatisallthenaturewe(ConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichoftheItisamistaketothinkthatthenaturalworldcontainsmanyareasofpristineTheonlysubstantialeffectsthathumanagencyhashadonecosystemshavebeenTheauthormentions“ancientMesopotamia”primarilyinorderprovidesomegeographicalandhistoricalcontextforanearlierclaimabouttheofHomosupporttheideathattheimpactofhumancultureonnaturewasroughlythesameintheancientworldasinlatertimesidentifyaplacewheretherelationshipbetweencultureandnaturewaslargelypositiveemphasizetheextenttowhichthemodificationofnaturebyhumancultureprecededtheindustrialperiodmakeaconnectionbetweentheoriginsofwritingandotheraspectsofhumanAsanexampleofthedevastationwroughtonmusicpublishersbythephotocopier,oneexecutivenotedthatforarecentchoralfestivalwith1,200singers,thefestival’sorganizingcommitteepurchasedonly12copiesofthemusicpublishedbyhercompanythatwasperformedaspartoftheWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthesupporttheexamplelendstoexecutive’scontentionthatmusicpublishershavebeendevastatedbytheOnlyathirdofthe1,200singerswereinvolvedinperformingthemusicpublishedbytheexecutive’scompany.Halfofthesingersatthefestivalhadalreadyheardthemusictheyweretoperformbeforetheybegantopracticethefestival.Becauseofshortagesinfunding,theorganizingcommitteeofthechoralfestivalrequiredsingerstopurchasetheirowncopiesofthemusicperformedatthefestival.Asaresultofpublicitygeneratedbyisperformanceatthefestival,thetypeof8/performedatthefestivalbecamemorewidelyperformedatthefestivalbecamemorewidelyAtalltreecantransportahundredgallonsofwateradayfromitsrootsdeepundergroundtothetreetop.Isthismovementpropelledbypullingthewaterfromaboveorpushingitfrombelow?Thepullmechanismhaslongbeenfavoredbymostscientists.Firstproposedinthelate1800s,thetheoryreliesonapropertyofwaternotcommonlyassociatedwithfluids:itstensilestrength.Insteadofmakingacleanbreak,waterevaporatingfromtreetopstugsontheremainingwatermolecules,withthattugextendingfrommoleculetomoleculeallthewaydowntotheroots.Thetreeitselfdoesnotactuallypushorpull;alltheenergyforliftingwatercomesfromthesun’s(ConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatWhichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheThepulltheorydependsononeofwater’sphysicalproperties.Thepulltheoryoriginatedearlierthandidthepushtheory.Thepassageprovidesinformationoneachofthefollowingwhenthepulltheorytheamountofwateratalltreecanthesignificanceofwater’stensilestrengthinthepulltheorytheroleofthesuninthepulltheorythemechanismunderlyingwater’stensileQuestionNo.9-10arebasedonthefollowingreadingThemostplausiblejustificationforhighertaxesonautomobilefuelisthatfuelconsumptionharmstheenvironmentandthusaddstothecostsoftrafficcongestion.Butthefactthatburningfuelcreatesthese“negativeexternalities”doesnotimplythatnotaxonfuelcouldeverbetoohigh.Economicsispreciseaboutthetaxthatshould,inprinciple,beleviedtodealwithnegativeexternalities:thetaxonaliteroffuelshouldbeequaltotheharmcausedbyusingaliteroffuel.Ifthetaxismorethanthat,itscosts(includingtheinconveniencetothosewhowouldratherhaveusedtheircars)willexceeditsbenefits(includinganyreductionincongestionandInthecontextinwhichitappears,“exceed”mostnearly9/10.Whichofthe10.WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthefunctionofthehighlightedportionofItrestatesapointmadeearlierintheItprovidestheevidenceonwhichatheoryisItsuggeststhatthebenefitsofaparticularstrategyhavebeen10/InRaisinintheSun,LorraineHansberrydoesnotrejectintegrationortheeconomicandmoralpromiseoftheAmericandream;rather,sheInRaisinintheSun,LorraineHansberrydoesnotrejectintegrationortheeconomicandmoralpromiseoftheAmericandream;rather,sheremainsloyaltothisdreamwhilelooking,realistically,atitsincompleterealization.Oncewerecognizethisdualvision,wecanaccepttheplay'sironicnuancesasdeliberatesocialcommentariesbyHansberryratherthanasthe"unintentional"ironythatBigsbyattributestothework.IndeedacuriouslypersistentrefusaltocreditHansberrywithacapacityforintentionalironyhasledsomecriticstointerprettheplay'sthematicconflictsasmereconfusion,contradiction,oreclecticism.Isaacs,forexample,cannoteasilyreconcileHansberry'sintenseconcernforherracewithheridealofhumanreconciliation.Buttheplay'scomplexviewofBlackself-esteemandhumansolidarityascompatibleisnomore“contradictory”thanDuBois'famous,well-consideredidealofethnicself-awarenesscoexistingwithhumanunity,orFanon'semphasisonanidealinternationalismthatalsoaccommodatesnationalidentitiesandexplainsomecritics'refusaltoconsiderRaisinintheSunadeliberatelyironicsuggestthatironicnuancesallyRaisinintheSunwithDuBois'andFanon'semphasizetheinclusionofcontradictoryelementsinRaisinintheInwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorofthepassagereinforceacriticismofsuchasIsaacs’toRaisinintheThestatementthatHansberryis“l(fā)oyal”totheAmericanThedescriptionofHansberry’sconcernforAfricanAmericansas“intense”TheassertionthatHansberryisconcernedwith“humansolidarity”ThedescriptionofDuBois’idealas“well-ThedescriptionofFanon’sinternationalismas(ConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatItreflectsHansberry’sreservationsabouttheextenttowhichtheAmericandreamhasItisjustifiedbyHansberry’sloyaltytoafavorabledepictionofAmerican11/Someuniversitieshavecreatedenvironmentalstudiesprogramsthatcanbemarketedtoprospectivestudentsbutthatsufferfromtoolittleadministrativesupport,limitedfacultyresources,andalackofcarefuldeliberationoverthehardchoices.Intheshortterm,thisinstitutionalstrategycanpayrichSomeuniversitieshavecreatedenvironmentalstudiesprogramsthatcanbemarketedtoprospectivestudentsbutthatsufferfromtoolittleadministrativesupport,limitedfacultyresources,andalackofcarefuldeliberationoverthehardchoices.Intheshortterm,thisinstitutionalstrategycanpayrichdividends:atminimalexpenseauniversitycanlayclaimtoanenvironmentalstudiesprogramandattractnewstudentsoraccommodatetheinterestofexistingones,perhapswiththefullintentionofbringingadditionalresourcestobearinlateryears.Asthenumberofstudentsintheseskeletonprogramsgrows,however,theflimsyadministrativeandcurricularscaffoldingbeginstobuckle,leadingtoananything-goesstrategythatdegeneratesintocurricularThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttherelationshipbetweenstudentsenvironmentalstudiesStudentsnewtoauniversityaremorelikelytobeawareofenvironmentalstudiesprogramsthanexistingstudentsare.Studentsprefercurricularincoherenceinenvironmentalstudiesprogramstorigidadministrativedecisionmaking.Ifauniversityoffersanenvironmentalstudiesprogram,thenstudentswillenrollinNewstudentswillguaranteethesuccessofanenvironmentalstudies(ConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatAtsomepointtheyarelikelytocollapseintocurricularTheymaypayrichdividendsintheshortInearly-twentieth-centuryEngland,itwasfashionabletoclaimthatonlyacompletelynewstyleofwritingcouldaddressaworldundergoingunprecedentedtransformation—justasoneliterarycriticrecentlyclaimedthatonlythenew“aestheticofexploratoryexcess”canaddressaworldundergoing...well,youknow.Yetinearly-twentieth-centuryEngland,T.S.Eliot,amanfascinatedbythe“presence”ofthepast,wrotethemostinnovativepoetryofhistime.Thelessonfortoday’sliterarycommunityseemsobvious:areorientationtowardtraditionwouldbenefitwritersnolessthanreaders.Butifourwritersandcriticsindeedrespectthenovel’srichtradition(astheyclaimto),thenwhydotheydisdaintheurgetotellanexciting12/Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,“address”isclosestInthecontextofthepassageasawhole,“address”isclosestinmeaningdirectattentionattempttoTheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatpresent-dayreaderswouldparticularlybenefitwhichofthefollowingchangesonthepartofpresent-daywritersandAnincreasedfocusontheimportanceofengagingtheaudienceinaEmbracingaspectsoffictionthataregenerallyperipheraltotheinterestofAgreaterrecognitionofhowthetraditionofthenovelhaschangedoverAbetterunderstandingofhowcertainpoetssuchasEliothaveinfluencedfictionofthepresenttime.In1996,scientistscausedanexperimentalfloodoftheColoradoRiverbyreleasingwaterfromGlenCanyonDamabovetheGrandCanyon.Becauseanunintentionalfloodin1983hadreducedtheriver’sintroducedpopulationofnonnativetrout,biologistswereconcernedthattheexperimentalfloodwouldwashmanyfish,nativeandnonnative,downstream.Tofindout,biologistsplacednetsintheriver.Thenetscapturedafewmoretroutthantheywouldhavewithoutthefloodbutdidnotshowsubstantialflushingofnativefish,whoseancestorshad,afterall,survivedmanylargernaturalfloods.Thebiologistssurmisedthatthenativespecies(andofthetrout)musthavequicklyretreatedtoprotectedareasalongtheWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmaketheinformationpresentedinthecompatiblewiththeexperimentalflood’sinfacthavingcausedsubstantialflushingofnativeManyofthenativefisharetoosmalltohavebeencapturedbytheThenativefishintheColoradoaremuchstrongerswimmersthantaxonomicallysimilarfishinotherriversintheregion.Theunintentionalfloodof1983hadnotaffectedtheriver’stroutpopulationasmuchaswasoriginallythought.Theexperimentalfloodraisedthewaterlevelmuchlessthanatypicalnaturalflood13/9.Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselect9.ConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheColoradoRiverfloodofThefloodhadanegativeeffectontheriver’stroutElectricwashingmachines,firstintroducedintheUnitedStatesin1925,significantlyreducedtheamountoftimespentwashingagivenamountofclothes,yettheaverageamountoftimehouseholdsspentwashingclothesincreasedafter1925.Thisincreaseispartiallyaccountedforbythefactthatmanyurbanhouseholdshadpreviouslysenttheirclothestoprofessionallaundries.ButtheaverageamountoftimespentwashingclothesalsoincreasedforruralWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhythetimespentwashingincreasedinruralPeoplewithaccesstoanelectricwashingmachinetypicallyworetheirclothesmanyfewertimesbeforewashingthemthandidpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricwashingmachines.Householdsthathadsenttheirclothestoprofessionallaundriesbefore1925weremorelikelythanotherhouseholdstopurchaseanelectricwashingmachinewhentheybecamePeoplelivinginurbanhouseholdsthathadpreviouslysenttheirclothestoprofessionallaundriestypicallyownedmoreclothesthandidpeoplelivinginruralhouseholds.Theearliestelectricwashingmachinesrequiredtheusertospendmuchmoretimebesidethemachinethandomodernelectricwashingmachines.Inthe1920sand1930stheproportionofruralhouseholdswithelectricitywassmaller14/HardMusiccriticshaveconsistentlydefinedJamesP.Johnsonasagreatearlyjazzpianist,originatorofthe1920sHarlem“stride”style,andanimportantHardMusiccriticshaveconsistentlydefinedJamesP.Johnsonasagreatearlyjazzpianist,originatorofthe1920sHarlem“stride”style,andanimportantbluesandjazzcomposer.Inaddition,however,Johnsonwasaninnovatorinclassicalmusic,composingsymphonicmusicthatincorporatedAmerican,andespeciallyAfricanAmerican,Suchablendofmusicalelementswasnotentirelynew:by1924bothMilhaudandGershwincomposedclassicalworksthatincorporatedelementsofjazz.Johnson,aseriousmusicianmoreexperiencedthanmostclassicalcomposerswithjazz,blues,spirituals,andpopularmusic,wasparticularlysuitedtoexpandMihaud’sandGershwin’sexperiments.In1927hecompletedhisfirstlarge-scalework,theblues-andjazz-inspiredYamekraw,whichincludedborrowingsfromspiritualsandJohnson’sownpopularsongs.Yamekraw,premieredsuccessfullyinCarnegieHall,wasamajorachievementforJohnson,becominghismostfrequentlyperformedextendedwork.Itdemonstratedvividlythepossibilityofassimilatingcontemporarypopularmusicintothesymphonic1.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationoftheBapopularbeliefischallenged,andarivalinterpretationispresentedandCacommonviewpointispresentedandmodified,andthemodificationisDanobservationismadeandrejected,andevidenceforthatrejectionisEacommonclaimisinvestigated,andanalternativeoutlookisanalyzedand2.ConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatTheauthorsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutmostclassicalcomposersoftheearly1920s?AtheywerestronglyinfluencedbythemusicalexperimentsofMilhaudandGershwinBtheyhadlittleworkingfamiliaritywithsuchformsofAmericanmusicasjazz,blues,3.ThepassagestatesthatJohnsoncomposedallofthefollowingEXCEPTAjazzBpopularDEblues15/ThenearlycircularorbitsofplanetsinoursolarsystemledscientiststoexpectthatplanetsaroundThenearlycircularorbitsofplanetsinoursolarsystemledscientiststoexpectthatplanetsaroundotherstarswouldalsoresideincircularorbits.However,mostknownextrasolarplanetsresideinhighlyelongated,notcircular,orbits.Why?Thebestcluecomesfromcometsinoursolarsystem.Cometsformedincircularorbitsbutweregravitationallyflungintotheirpresent-dayellipticalorbitswhentheyventuredtooclosetoplanets.Astronomerssuspectthatpairsofplanetsalsoengageinthisslingshotactivity,leavingthemindisturbed,ellipticalorbits.Iftwoplanetsformincloseorbits,onewillbescatteredinward(towarditsstar),theotheroutward.(Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthat4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfactorshelpaccountfortheellipticalshapeoftheorbitsofextrasolarplanet？Cthegravitationalinfluenceof(Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthat5.Thepassagesuggeststhattwoplanetsformedincloseorbitsthatengagedin‘slingshotactivity’wouldbelikelytoAdeflectawayfromeachBchangetheshapeofeachother’sAccordingtotheconventionalview,serfdominnineteenth-centuryRussiainhibitedeconomicgrowth.InthisviewRussianpeasants’statusasserfskeptthempoorthroughburdensometaxesincash,inlabor,andinkind;throughrestrictionsonmobility,andthroughvariousformsofcoercion.Melton,however,arguesthatserfdomwasperfectlycompatiblewitheconomicgrowth,becausemanyRussianserfswereabletogetaroundlandlord’srulesandregulations.Ifserfscouldpayforpassports,theywereusuallygrantedpermissiontoleavetheestate.Iftheycouldpaythefine,theycouldestablishaseparatehousehold;andiftheyhadtheresources,theycouldhirelaborerstocultivatethecommunallands,whiletheythemselvesengagedintradeorasmigrantlaborersin(Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthat6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“rulesandregulations”affectingserfdominRussiainvolvedA.responsibilityfortheworkneededtoaccomplishcertaindefined16/restrictionsonfreedomoflimitationsontheabilityrestrictionsonfreedomoflimitationsontheabilitytosetupanindependent(Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthat7.ThehighlightedsentencehaswhichofthefollowingfunctionsintheCitraisesaquestionthatthesucceedingsentencewillTheduskysalamanderlivesonlyinslow-movingstreamswhereorganicdebrissettlesandaccumulates.InalmostallplacesinNewYorkStatewhereduskysalamandersusedtolive,suburbandevelopmenthascleareduplandsandputdownasphalt.Asaresult,rainwaternowrunsdirectlyintostreams,causingincreasedflowthatslowstheaccumulationoforganicsediments.Therefore,itisprobablytheincreasedflowcausedbysuburbandevelopmentthatisresponsiblefortheduskysalamander’svirtualdisappearancefromNewYorkSince1980thesuburbanpopulationofNewYorkStatehasgrowntentimesfasterthanurbanpopulation.DuskysalamandershavedisappearedinthepasttenyearsfromsomesuburbanareasofNewYorkStatethatwereoriginallydevelopedmorethanacenturyagoandthathavenotexperiencedsignificantdevelopmentfordecades.Thetwo-linesalamander,aspeciesthatlivesinbothslowandswiftmovingwaters,continuestothriveinstreamsinNewYorkStatefromwhichduskysalamandershaveSuburbandevelopmentinNewYorkStatecontributessignificantlytopollutionoflocalstreamswithlawnfertilizersthatarepoisonoustomostsmallaquaticanimals.neverpr