工程碩士研究生英語基礎(chǔ)教程

工程碩士研討生英語根底教程英漢言語對比肖小芳了解英語英語語法1,onepartofspeech:Verb2.twomainmembersofsentence:subjectandpredicatePayattentiontowordorder,inversion,ellipsis,andagreementbetweensubjectandpredicate.3.threetypesofnon-finiteverbs:Infinitive,Gerund,andParticiple;Threecomplexsentences:Noun,Adjectival(attributive)andAdverbialClauses.4.FourkindsofNounclauses:Object,subject,predicativeandappositive.5.Fivekindsofsimplesentence:S+V(subject+intransitiveverb)S+V+OS+V+P(subject+Linkverb+predicative)S+V+in.O+directobjectS+V+O+O.C(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)6.Sixkindsofattributiveplacedafterthemodifiedword〔后置定語〕:attributiveclause,participlephrases,infinitive,prepositionalphrases,adverb,andadjectivesafterindefinitepronouns.1)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.ThisisthecompanywhereIworkedtwoyearsago.Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastautumn.2)Thewomantalkingwithourmonitorisournewphysicsteacher.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Haveyouanythingtosayonthisquestion?4)Theladywiththefanisanactress.5)Theyliveintheroomabove.Doyouseethebigdamthere?6)Thereissomethingwrongwithhim.IthinkI’dcomeandseeiftheyhadanythingnew.7.Sevenmembersofsentence:subject,predicate,object,predicative,objectcomplement,attributiveandadverbial8.Eightkindsofpronoun1)personalpron.2)possessive3)reflexive4)indefinite5)demonstrative6)reciprocal7)interrogative8)relative9.Ninedifferentkindsofadverbialclause:10.Tenpartsofspeech:thenoun,thepronoun,thenumeral,theadjective,theverb,theadverb,thearticle,thepreposition,theconjunction,theinterjection感慨詞.九種常用的狀語從句及其常用的銜接詞時(shí)間狀語從句when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthatif,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providingalthough,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or；地點(diǎn)狀語從句緣由狀語從句條件狀語從句退讓狀語從句九種常用的狀語從句及其常用的銜接詞結(jié)果狀語從句sothat,so…that,such…thatsothat,incase,forfearthat,lesthow,as,asif/asthoughthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比較級…,the+比較級…目的狀語從句方式狀語從句比較狀語從句IdentifythetypesoftheAdverbialClauses.1.WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.〔〕4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.()時(shí)間地點(diǎn)緣由目的結(jié)果條件退讓方式英漢句式構(gòu)造對比英語句型構(gòu)造1,SvEg.Ironrusts.Theguestshavearrived.2,SvoEg.Liverpoolwonthegame.3,SVC〔S+link.v+P主系表〕Eg.Sheisingoodhealth.Theflowerssmellfragrant.4,SvoO間接直接Davidshowedmetheway.Marylentmehercar.5,SVOC主謂+賓語+賓補(bǔ)Thedirectorappointedhimsalesmanager.Wealthmakesmanypeopleselfish.中文句式構(gòu)造I.主謂構(gòu)造〔S+V〕1)他沒來?！睸+V〕2〕全家人都在看電視?！睸+V+O〕3〕我們看到很多人站在廣場上。(S+V+O+O.C)4〕他能遞給我那本書嗎？SvoO5〕他看上去很絕望?！睸+link.v+P主系表〕1.Hedidn’tcome.2.ThefamilyarewatchingTV.3.Wesawmanypeoplestandingonthesquare.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?5.Helooksdisappointed.話題構(gòu)造與主謂構(gòu)造主語本質(zhì)上是語法化了的話題相比之下，在語法方面，英語選擇了主語，漢語選了話題，以及“把〞字構(gòu)造和“被〞字構(gòu)造?！暗湫偷闹髡Z既是主題也是施事。〞(Comrie1981)英語是主謂構(gòu)造(subject-predicatestructure)的言語。中國言語學(xué)家趙元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“漢語句子中主語和謂語的語法意義是主題(topic)和述題(comment),而不是動(dòng)作者(actor)和動(dòng)作(action)。〞Li和Thompson(1975)在其SubjectandTopic一書中提出:“言語有四種根本類型:1)注重主語(Subject-prominent)的言語;2)注重主題(Topic-prominent)的言語;3)主語和主題都注重的言語;4)主語與主題都不注重的言語。〞他提出英語屬于注重主語(簡稱SP)的言語,而漢語那么屬于注重主題(簡稱TP)的言語。話題(topic),又稱主題。II.漢語的主題—評述句〔Topic+Comment/Theme+Rheme〕1〕大象，鼻子長。2〕吃，武漢很方便。3〕成百萬原來享用免費(fèi)醫(yī)療的城市居民，今后的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用要本人承當(dāng)一部分。4〕搞西洋畫的，生活環(huán)境也應(yīng)該洋一點(diǎn)。5〕樓上住著一個(gè)女工。6〕今晚開會嗎？7〕中國幅員遼闊，人口眾多，物產(chǎn)資源豐富。1.Theelephanthasalongnose.2.VariousrestaurantsareavailableinWuhan./ItiseasytofindvariousrestaurantsinWuhan.3.Millionsofurbanresidentswhowereentitledtofreemedicalcarewillhavetopaypartoftheirmedicalexpenses.4.ThosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldliveinanenvironmentofWesternstyles./thosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldhavealivingenvironmentofWesternstyles.5.Therelivesawomanworkerupstairs./Awomanworkerlivesupstairs.6.Chinaboastsvastland,alargepopulationandabundantresources.III.無主句〔Zero–subjectStructure〕在海拔3000米的高空采集到了這種空氣樣本。Thisairsamplehasbeencollectedatthealtitudeof3,000meters.違反法律，就必需遭到法律的懲罰。Thosewhobreakthelawsmustbepunishedbylaws.只需改革創(chuàng)新，才干促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速開展。Onlythroughreformandinnovationcanwepromotetherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandsociety.學(xué)這一套，不如去學(xué)照相。Itisbettertolearnphotographingthantolearnthisstuff.英漢句法對比意合與形合形合hypotaxis，指言語中的詞與詞，句與句的結(jié)合主要憑仗詞形變化，關(guān)系詞、銜接詞等顯性手段。意合parataxis，指言語中的詞與詞，句與句的結(jié)合主要依托語義上的關(guān)系和聯(lián)想達(dá)成，這種結(jié)合在外部形狀上沒有明顯的標(biāo)志，交際雙方根據(jù)語境和語感對語句作出正確的解碼。①我常見許多青年的朋友，②聰明用功，③成果優(yōu)良，④而語文程度缺乏以表達(dá)，⑤甚至寫一封信亦難得照射，⑥問其故那么曰其興趣不在語文方面。〔梁實(shí)秋<學(xué)問與興趣>〕①Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,②brightanddiligent,③doexceedinglywellinstudies,④buttheyareratherweakinChinese,⑤evencan’twriteasmoothChineseletter.⑥Whenaskedwhy,they’llsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellinheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.冬天，在四周圍都是山地的這里，看見太陽的日子真是太少了。今天，難得霧這么稀薄，空中融融地混合著金黃的陽光，把地上的一切，好似也照上一層歡笑的顏色。Inwinter,sunnydayswerescarcehere,asitwassurroundedbyhillsallaround.Today,however,thefogwaswonderfullythinandtheairwasfilteredthroughwithgoldensunlightthattintedeverythingonthegroundwithajoyfulhue.詞義多樣性〔polysemy〕：指稱意義，言內(nèi)意義，語意圖義?！凹t〞為例：英漢語義的對比dishpreparingweddingsandfuneralshonorrollredpaperbagofrewardblackteatheworldofmortalseggspaintedredforthewholefamilytosharewhenachildisbornveryinfluentialone’sfaceglowingwithhealth;inruddyhealthflourishing紅案紅白喜事紅榜紅包紅茶紅塵紅蛋紅得發(fā)紫紅光滿面紅火老樹又長出了許多嫩葉。Manynewleaveshavegrownontheoldtree.別看他是個(gè)大小伙子，臉皮可特別嫩。Thoughheisatallguy,heisshy.孩子的皮膚嫩了點(diǎn)，不要用碘酒外敷。Babies’skinisdelicate,sodon’tuseiodineonit.這黃瓜很嫩。Thecucumberisquitefreshandtender新來的教師還嫩了點(diǎn)。Thenewteacherisyoungandinexperienced.她穿一件嫩綠的毛衣。Shewearsalightgreensweater詞義對比語境選詞，如：“嫩〞kill1，黑死病是一種奪取過千百萬人生命的疾病。2，太多的蒜破壞了肉的味道。3，他給樹澆了太多的水，把樹澆死了。4，他天天在那邊的公園里消磨光陰。5，那次錯(cuò)誤毀掉了他的時(shí)機(jī)。6，他的笑話真是笑死人。7，委員會提出那個(gè)提案，他們就把它否決了。1，TheBlackDeathwasadiseasethatkilledmillions.2,Toomuchgarlickilledthetasteofthemeat.3,Hekilledthetreebysprayingittooheavily.4,Hekillstimeeverydayatthepark.5,Thatmistakekilledhischances.6,Hisjokenearlykilledme.7,Theykilledthemotionwhenitcamefromthecommittee.Theoutstandingfinalkilledtheaudience.ChinesecabbagePasswordmobilephonetofightafirepuppyloveAcneinstantnoodlesJeanscontactlenses假朋友(falsefriend)生搬硬套字面意義(以下錯(cuò)誤)白菜whitecabbage密碼secretcode手機(jī)handphone救火tosaveafire早戀earlylove青春痘youthspot方便面convenientnoodle牛仔褲cowboytrousers隱形眼鏡invisibleglasses流動(dòng)資金circulatingcapitalworkingcapital新聞自在freedomofnewsfreedomofpress買一贈一Buyone，presentoneBuyone,getonefree省吃儉用tosavefoodandexpensestolivefrugally冷餐會coldfoodget-togethersbuffetmeal高等教育higheducationhighereducation洗牌towashtheplayingcardstoshuffletheplayingcards課堂檢驗(yàn)classroomexampop-quiz大片Bigmovieblockbuster英漢思想差別英語：籠統(tǒng)思想，重邏輯；由內(nèi)向外，由小到大，由遠(yuǎn)到近，由詳細(xì)到籠統(tǒng)。漢語：籠統(tǒng)思想，重詳細(xì)；由外向內(nèi)，由大到小，由近到遠(yuǎn)，由籠統(tǒng)到詳細(xì)。如：世界著名室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師克里斯托夫.德卡本特利應(yīng)邀對裝飾進(jìn)展了設(shè)計(jì)。ChristopheDecarpentrie,theworld-famousinteriordesigner,wascommissionedtodesignthedécor.邏輯與審美…andIfellintoanexhaustedsleep于是，我墜入了疲憊的睡眠?！璒fsuchpitifulsmallthingslifeisaparttobemade人生常是由這種可嘆的小事組成的。Solittlehappens;theblackdogcrackinghisfleasinthehotsunishistory.很少發(fā)生什么事；黑狗在烈日下咬跳蚤就算是歷史事件。1〕于是，在精疲力竭中，我墜入了夢鄉(xiāng)2〕瑣屑不就是人生么。3〕諸事寧和，黑狗在烈日下啃身上的跳蚤大約算得上歷史事件了。英漢文化差別中英文中比喻聯(lián)想意義不同的動(dòng)物。中英文稱謂系統(tǒng)中英文人稱指示語的差別應(yīng)付語的差別中英文中比喻聯(lián)想意義不同的動(dòng)物河貍與beaverEagerbeaver鶴與crane龍與dragon“l(fā)ikeadragon〞貓與cat“sheisacat〞狗與dog“l(fā)uckdog〞Owl與貓頭鷹Aswiseasanowl1牛與馬〔horse〕Asstrongasahorse力大如牛Worklikeahorse老黃牛Stubbornness,strong-willed牛脾氣Talkhorse吹牛drinklikeafish牛飲2虎與獅lionHeroasbraveasalion虎膽英雄Ofstrongbuild虎背熊腰Daretoconfrontthegreatestdanger/beardthelioninhisden虎口拔牙虎視眈眈toeyewithhostility/castagreedye