機(jī)械加工鉆床中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：DrillingandMillingMachinesUprightdrillingmachinesordrillpressesareavailableinavarietyofsizesandtypes,andareequippedwithasufficientrangeofapindlespeedsandautomaticfeedstofitthenedsofmostindustries.Speedrangesonatypicalmachinearefrom76to2025rpm.,withdrillfeedfrom0.002to0.020in.perrevolutionofthespindle.Radialdrillingmachinesareusedtodrillworkpiecesthataretoolargeorcumbersometoconvenientlymove.Thespindlewiththespeedandfeedchangingmechanismismountedontheradialarm;bycombiningthemovementoftheradialarmaroundcolumnandthemovementofthespindleassemblyalongthearm,itispossibletoalignthespindleandthedrilltoanypositionwithinreachofthemachine.Forworkthatistoolargetoconvenientlysupportonthebase,thespindleassemblycanbeswungoutoverthefloorandtheworkpiecesetonthebesidethemachine.Plainradialdrillingmachinesprovideonlyforverticalmovementofthespindle;universalmachinesallowthespindletoswivelaboutanaxisnormaltotheradialarmandtheradialarmtorotateaboutahorizontalaxis,thuspermittingdrillingatanyangle.Amultispindledrillingmachinehasoneormoreheadsthatdrivethespindlesthroughuniversaljointsandtelescopingsplinedshafts.Allspindlesareusuallydrivenbythesamemotorandfedsimultaneouslytodrillthedesirednumberofholes.Inmostmachineseachspindleisheldinanadjustableplatesothatitcanbemovedrelativetotheothers.Theareacoveredbyadjacentspindlesoverlapsothatthemachinecanbesettodrillholesatanylocationwithinitsrange.Themillingoperationinvolvesmetalremovalwitharotatingcutter.Itincludesremovalofmetalfromthesurfaceofaworkspiece,enlargingholes,andformcutting,suchasthreadsandgearteeth.Withinankneeandcolumntypeofmillingmachinethecolumnisthemainsupportingmemberfortheothercomponents,andincludesthebasecontainingthedrivemotor,thespindle,andthecutters.Thecutterismountedonanarborheldinthespindle,andsupportedonitsouterextremitybyabearingintheoverarm.Thekneeisheldonthecolumnindovetailslots,thesaddleisfastenedtothekneeindovetailslots,andthetableisattachedtothesaddle.Thus,thebuild-upthekneeandcolumnmachineprovidesthreemotionsrelativetothecutter.Afourmotionmaybeprovidedbyswivelingthetablearoundaverticalaxisprovidedonthesaddle.Fixed-bedmillingmachinesaredesignedtoprovidemorerigiditythanthekneeandcolumntype.Thetableismounteddirectlyonthemachinebase,whichprovidestherigiditynecessaryforabsorbingheavycuttingload,andallowsonlylongitudinalmotiontothetable.Verticalmotionisobtainedbymovingtheentirecuttinghead.Tracermillingischaracterizedbycoordinatedorsynchronizedmovementsofeitherthepathsofthecutterandtracingelements,orthepathsoftheworkpieceandmodel.Inatypicaltracermillthetracingfingerfollowtheshapeofthemasterpattern,andthecutterheadsduplicatethetracermotion.Thefollowingaregeneraldesignconsiderationsformilling:1.Whereverpossible,thepartshouldbedesignedsothatamaximumnumberofsurfacescanbemilledfromonesetting.2.Designfortheuseofmultiplecutterstomillseveralsurfacessimultaneously.3.Thelargestflatsurfacewillbemilledfirst,sothatalldimensionsarebestreferredtosuchsurface.4.Squareinsidecornersarenotpossible,sincethecutterrotates.GrindingMachinesandSpecialMetal-removalProcessRandompoint-cuttingtoolsincludeabrasivesintheshapeofawheel,bondedtoabelt,astick,orsimplysuspendedinliquid.Thegrindingprocessisofextremeimportanceinproductionworkforseveralreasons.1.Itismostcommonmethodforcuttinghardenedtoolsteelorotherheat-treatedsteel.Partsarefirstmachinedintheun-heat-treatedcondition,andthengroundtothedesireddimensionsandsurfacefinish.2.Itcanprovidesurfacefinishto0.5μmwithoutextremecost.3.Thegrindingoperationcanassureaccuratedimensionsinarelativelyshorttime,sincemachinesarebuilttoprovidemotionsinincrementsoften-thousandthsofaninch,insteadofthousandthsasiscommoninothermachines.4.Extremelysmallandthinpartscanbefinishedbythismethod,sincelightpressureisusedandthetendencyfortheparttodeflectawayfromthecutterisminimized.Onacylindricalgrindingmachinethegrindingwheelrotatesbetween5500and6500rpm.,whiletheworkrotatesbetween60and125rpm...Thedepthofcutiscontrolledbymovingthewheelhead,whichincludesboththewheelanditsdrivemotor.Coolantsareprovidedtoreduceheatdistortionandtoremovechipsandabrasivedust.Materialremovalfromductilematerialscanbeaccomplishedbyusingatoolwhichisharderthantheworkpiece.HoweverduringWordWarⅡthewidespreaduseofmaterialswhichwereashardorharderthancuttingtoolscreatedademandfornewmaterial-removalmethods.Sincethenanumberofprocesseshavebeendevelopedwhich,althoughrelativelyslowandcostly,caneffectivelyremoveexcessmaterialinapreciseandrepeatablefashion.Therearetwotypesofprocesses.Thefirsttypeisbasedonelectricalphenomenaandisusedprimarilyforhardmaterials;theseconddependsuponchemicaldissolution.Chemicalmillingiscontrolledetchingprocessusingstrongalkalineoracidetchants.Aluminum,titanium,magnesium,andsteelaretheprincipalmetalsprocessedbythismethod.Theareatoremainuntouchedbytheetchantaremaskedwithaprotectivecoating.Forexample,theentirepartmaybedippedinthemaskingmaterialandthemaskremovedfromthoseareastobeetched,orachemicallyresistantprescribedtime,afterwhichthepartisrinsedincoldwater,themaskingremoved,thepartinspected,andthoroughlycleaned.Therearecertaindisadvantagestoconsider.Metalwillerodeequallyinalldirections,sothatwallsoftheetchedsectionwillhavearadiusequaltothedepthofetch.Aseconddisadvantageisthatabetterfinishisobtainedonsurfacesparalleltothedirectionofrollingofasheetthanonsurfaceperpendiculartothedirectionofrolling.Thiscanbecomparedtothesurfaceobtainedwhenworkingwoodparallelto,oracrossthegrain.Athirddisadvantage,notuniquewiththisprocess,isthewarpagethatwilloccurinthin,previouslystressedsectionsetchedonjustoneside.Chemicalmilling,however,hasmanyadvantagesoverconventionalmetal-removalmethods.Thereisnowarpageofheavysectionssuchasforgingsorextrusionswhentheetchantisappliedsimultaneouslytoallsidesforreductionofsectionthickness.Inconventionalmillingonlyonesidecanbeworkedatatime,andfrequentturningofapartisnecessarytopreventwarpage.Chemicalmillingcanbeappliedtopartsofirregularshapewhereconventionalmillingmaybeverydifficult.Light-weightconstructioncanbeobtainedwithchemicalmillingbytheeliminationofwelding,riveting,andstiffeners;partscanbecontouredtodistributetheloadinthemostsuitablemanner.Asanexampleofthepotentialsavingsofthisprocess,ascomparedtomachinemilling,onecompanyreportsthatthecostofremovingaluminumbychem.-millingis$0.27perpoundascomparedto$1.00perpoundbyconventionalmilling.Therateofmetalremovalforchem.-millingis0.001in.foraluminum.Electric-dischargemachiningisaprocessinwhichanelectricalpotentialisimpressedbetweentheworkpieceandthetool,andthecurrent,emanatingfromapointsourceontheworkpoiece,flowstothetoolintheformofaspark.Theforcesthataccomplishthemetalremovalarewithintheworkpieceproperand,asaresult,itisnotnecessarytoconstructtheunittowithstandtheheavypressuresandloadsprevalentwithconventionalmachiningmethods.Thefrequencyoftheelectricaldischargerangesfrom20,00cps(cyclespersecond)forroughmachining,to50,000cpsforfinishingsuchitemsashardenedtoolsanddies.Thecurrentmayvaryfrom50amp,duringroughmachining,toaslowas0.5amp,duringfinishing.Theprocessiscurrentlyappliedtothemachiningofsingle-pointtools,formtools,millingcutters,broaches,anddiecavities.Itisalsoapplicabletotheremovalofbrokendrills,taps,andstudswithoutdamagingtheworkpieceinwhichthebrokentoolisimbedded.Otherusesarethemachiningofoilholesinahardenedpart,andthemachiningofsmallsafety-wireholesintheheadsofspecialalloybolts,suchastitanium.Theultrasonicmachiningprocessisappliedtobothconductingandnon-conductingmaterial,andreliesentirelyuponabrasiveactionformetalremoval.Theworkpieceissubmergedinslurryoffinelyfividedabrasiveparticlesinavehiclesuchaswater.Thetooliscoupledtoanoscillatorandvibratesatfrequenciesbetween15,000and30,000cps.Thevibratingtoolcavitatestheliquid,andtheforcedrivestheabrasiveintothesurfaceoftheworkpiecetoremovemetalchipswhicharecarriedawaybytheliquid.Theaccelerationgiventheabrasivegrainsisasmuchas100,000timestheaccelerationofgravity,providingasmoothandrapidcuttingforce.IntroductionofMachiningMachiningasashape-producingmethodisthemostuniversallyusedandthemostimportantofallmanufacturingprocesses.Machiningisashape-producingprocessinwhichapower-drivendevicecausesmaterialtoberemovedinchipform.Mostmachiningisdonewithequipmentthatsupportsboththeworkpieceandcuttingtoolalthoughinsomecasesportableequipmentisusedwithunsupportedworkpiece.Lowsetupcostforsmallquantities.Machininghastowapplicationsinmanufacturing.Forcasting,forging,andpressworking,eachspecificshapetobep5roduced,evenonepart,nearlyalwayshasahightoolingcost.Theshapesthatmaybeproduced,evenonepart,nearlyalwayshasahightoolingcost.Theshapesthatmaybeproducedbyweldingdependtoalargedegreeontheshapesofrawmaterialthatareavailable.Bymakinguseofgenerallyhighcostequipmentbutwithoutspecialtooling,itispossible,bumachining,tostartwithnearlyanyformofanymaterial,solongastheexteriordimensionsaregreatenough,andproduceanydesiredshapefromanymaterial.Therefore,machiningisusuallythepreferredmethodforproducingoneorafewparts,evenwhenthedesignofthepartwouldlogicallyleadtocasting,forgingorpressworkingifahighquantityweretobeproduced.Closeaccuracies,goodfinishes.Thesecondapplicationformachiningisbasedonthehighaccuraciesandsurfacefinishespossible.Manyofthepartsmachinedinlowquantitieswouldbeproducedwithlowerbutacceptabletolerancesifproducedinhighquantitiesbysomeotherprocess.Ontheotherhand,manyparsaregivenshapesbysomehighquantitydeformationprocessandmachinedonlyonselectedsurfaceswherehighaccuraciesareneeded.Internalthreads,forexample,areseldomproducedbyanymeansotherthanmachiningandsmallholesinpressworkedpartsmaybemachinedfollowingthepressworkingoperations.

鉆床和銑削直式鉆床或鉆孔式印刷機(jī)可用于各種尺寸和種類，它能安裝軸速度的足夠范圍和自動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)以適應(yīng)大多工業(yè)的要求。一個(gè)典型機(jī)器的速度范圍是70至2025rmp，以及鉆孔的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度是0.002到0.020英尺。旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆床用來鉆那些太大或太笨重的而不能夠移動(dòng)的工件。通過將轉(zhuǎn)臂繞立柱的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和主軸組件沿轉(zhuǎn)臂的移動(dòng)組合，可使主軸鉆頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)機(jī)床可達(dá)范圍內(nèi)的任何位置，由于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)太大而不方便建立在此基礎(chǔ)上，主軸能夠在垂直的地上方搖擺以及工件能固定在機(jī)器旁邊的地上。普通的旋臂鉆床只提供軸的垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)和徑向轉(zhuǎn)臂，通過平行軸來運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。因此允許鉆頭處于任何一個(gè)角度。一個(gè)多軸通過萬能連接和可伸縮的花鍵軸來驅(qū)動(dòng)的鉆床有一個(gè)或多個(gè)頭。通常所有的軸都是通過相同的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)來驅(qū)動(dòng)和同時(shí)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，目的是鉆出理想中洞的數(shù)量。很多鉆床的每個(gè)軸容納在一個(gè)可調(diào)整的盤里，以便與其他相關(guān)的部件移動(dòng)。相鄰的軸重疊部分的覆蓋區(qū)域目的促使機(jī)器能夠在它的范圍的任何地方開始鉆孔。銑床操作與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的切削金屬和移動(dòng)相關(guān)。它包括了一個(gè)工件的表面金屬移動(dòng)，洞的擴(kuò)大和成型切削，比如線和齒輪。銑銷機(jī)床的升降臺(tái)式柱是其他部件的主要支持部分。包括了容量驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)，心軸切割工具。切割工具固定在容納在主軸的刀桿上能過一個(gè)懸臂的軸承支撐在它的外部的末端。升降臺(tái)通過燕尾槽滑動(dòng)支撐立柱和立柱機(jī)器，提供一——三種與切割工具相關(guān)的意向。另一種意向可能是工作臺(tái)由提供的滑板圍繞著軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而得到的。固定的銑銷機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)目的是比升降臺(tái)或立柱提供更大的剛度。工作臺(tái)直接固定在機(jī)窗的根部，它能為強(qiáng)大切割負(fù)荷提供強(qiáng)度的需要。而且允許對(duì)工作臺(tái)徑度的方向。垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)是通過移動(dòng)整個(gè)切割工具才能達(dá)到。仿型銑床的特點(diǎn)是刀具和跟蹤元件的軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)的協(xié)調(diào)或同步，或者是工件或模型的軌跡運(yùn)動(dòng)的協(xié)調(diào)或同步典型的仿型銑床的仿型號(hào)像是遵照模型的形式，而且切割機(jī)頭部分與仿行部分相同。下面是銑削的總體的設(shè)計(jì)目錄：如果可能的話，零件將被設(shè)計(jì)以便在一個(gè)工位上最大的平面能被銑削。對(duì)選擇性的切割工具的設(shè)計(jì)目的是同時(shí)銑削幾個(gè)平面。應(yīng)當(dāng)首先銑最大的平面，這樣所有的尺寸都能很好的參照這個(gè)表面。因?yàn)榍懈罟ぞ叩霓D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，仿形里的各個(gè)角落是不可能的。刺耳的機(jī)器和特殊的金屬移動(dòng)程序隨機(jī)點(diǎn)切削刀具包括構(gòu)成輪子形狀的，或粘結(jié)到帶子或棍子上或直接懸浮在液體中的研磨材料。因?yàn)閹讉€(gè)原因研磨進(jìn)程在工件的生產(chǎn)中很重要。對(duì)切削硬化的刀具鋼材料或其他的熱處理鋼材來講它是最普通的方法。零件在沒有熱處理?xiàng)l件下第一次機(jī)器切割，然后得到理想的尺度和表面光潔度。它能在沒有極限范疇時(shí)提供表面光潔度達(dá)0.5微米。研磨操作在相對(duì)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)能確保精確的尺度，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器在作為其它機(jī)器的一般精度構(gòu)造時(shí)提供的動(dòng)態(tài)是每英尺增加了百分之一的精度，而不是千分之一。尤其是小而細(xì)的零件能用這個(gè)方法完成，由于輕壓力被使用和零件的柔韌性所折射出的切削值是最小的。研磨輪子在圓柱形的研磨機(jī)器上在5500和6500rmp之間轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，當(dāng)工件在60和125rmp之間轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，切削的深度運(yùn)動(dòng)由木頭控制，它包括了輪子和它的驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。冷卻液用來降低熱扭曲和移動(dòng)切削以及研磨材料時(shí)的灰塵。有韌性的材料的運(yùn)動(dòng)通過那些材質(zhì)硬的刀具來完成，但是在二戰(zhàn)期間材料的廣泛傳播使用，它比新材料運(yùn)動(dòng)方法的切削刀具的要求更高。因?yàn)榇罅康倪^程被改進(jìn)，盡管相當(dāng)慢且花費(fèi)高，它能用精確接受的方式來移動(dòng)過量的材料，這里有兩種進(jìn)程模式：第一種類型是建立在電子現(xiàn)象的基礎(chǔ)上，它用于基本的原材料；第二種取決于化學(xué)溶解?；瘜W(xué)物質(zhì)的銑削用于控制那些用了很濃的堿性或酸性的腐蝕劑腐蝕進(jìn)程。鋁、鈦、鎂和鋼是通過這種方式的主要原料進(jìn)程?；瘜W(xué)銑削開始于一個(gè)零件的傳統(tǒng)的光潔，包括脫脂、脫酸和烘干，這個(gè)領(lǐng)域用以維持不與那些籠罩在制服外面的腐蝕劑接觸?？梢詫⒄麄€(gè)零件侵入遮蓋材料，然后將遮蓋層從將要被侵蝕的區(qū)域去除；也可以使用抗化學(xué)侵蝕的粘接帶遮蓋要保護(hù)的區(qū)域，