建筑工程基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

建筑工程基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)建筑工程基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)ImprovedDesignReviewThroughWebCollaborationAbstract:Anin-depthanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationhasshownthatitisaveryeffectivemediumforconductingdesignreviewsandoffersmanybenefitsovertraditionalmanualmethodsofcommentcollectionandresolution.Findingsfromtwofederalagencieshaveshownasignalcantreductioninboththetimerequiredtoconductadesignreviewandthenumberofrequiredparticipatingparties.AneconomicanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationonthedesignreviewprocessdoneforU.S.CorpsofEngineersprojectsindicatesthatusingtheWebfordesignreviewcollaborationprovidesa73%savingsinmeetingtimeandtravelcost.CEDatabasesubjectheadings:Internet;Economicanalysis;Design;Reviews;U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.IntroductionThefacility-acquisitionprocessencompassesundersteps:planning,design,procurement,construction,andstart-up.Decisionsmadeduringtheplanninganddesignphaseshaveagreaterimpactontheoverallacquisitioncostofthefacilitythandecisionsmadeduringtheconstructionandstart-upphases.TheBuildingandEconomicDevelopmentCommitteereportsthat50%oftheproblemsencounteredduringtheconstructionandstart-upphasesarerelatedtomanagementofinformationexchangeduringthedesignphase.Changesinthedesignofafacilityduringtheconstructionphaseresultincostandtimeoverruns.TheFederalFacilityreportsthatconductingaformalreviewofthedesignmayconsiderablyreducethetotalcostofafacility.Thisisbecauseawell-andthoroughlydesignedfacilityrequiresfewerchangesandcorrectionsduringitsconstruction.Moreover,theFFCreportedthatbetween30and50%ofallchangesrequiredduringtheconstructionphaseresultedfromerrorsinthedesigndocumentsrelatedtomiscommunicationbetweendesigndisciplines.Hence,aformaldesignreviewprocessshouldbeincorporatedinanyqualitymanagementplangoverningthedeliveryofprofessionaldesignservices.DesignReviewObjectivesModernfacilitiesandinfrastructuresystemsarequitecomplexsystems,andthedesignprocessoftenrequiresagroupofgeographicallydistributedexperts.Comprehensivedesignreviewsaretypicallyperformedbyteamsofexperiencedengineers,architects,facilitymanagers,andenduserswhotypicallyarenotgeographicallycollocated.Inaddition,adesignreviewshouldbeconductedbyateamthatisindependentfromthedesignteamtoavoidanycontactofinterest.Thedesignreviewprocessisanexchangeofinformationaboutcompetinginterests,goals,andobjectivesthatmustberesolvedinatimelymanner.Agooddesignreviewshouldbecontainthefollowingpoints：Detectproblemsrelatedtoerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciescausedbydesignprocess;Identifyinappropriateconstructionmethodsandmaterialsthatwouldincreaseconstructioncosts;Certifycompliancewithstandards,codes,andregulations;Identifycomponentsandbuildingsystemsthatwouldresultinmakingfacilitiesdifficulttomaintainandoperate;Increaseprojectquality,integration,constructability,andmaintainability;Reduceconstructionchangeorderswithconsequentdeclineinconstructiondelaysassociatedwiththem;Decreasenumberofrequestsforinformationduringconstruction;Acquireknowledgethatcanbeappliedinotherphasesofprojectlifecycle,whichcanimprovereturnsgainedfromthisknowledge;Improveclientsatisfactionandusefulnessofthefacility.DesignReviewBenefitsThedesignreviewprocessisanintegralpartofthequalitymanagementplanforimprovingtheengineeringanddesignfunctions.Severalbenefitsareachievedbyusingthedesignreviewprocessthatdifferentinnaturefromoneanother.Thedesignreviewprocessproducesthreeimmediatebenefits.First,theprocessavoidsfuturecontingenciesbydetectingdesignerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciesbeforetheprojectgoesoutforbid.Asaconsequence,futureclaimsareavoidedand/orfuturedelaysareavoided.Second,thedesignreviewprocessconsiderablyimprovesthequalityofthefacilityand/orcivilworksproject.Thoseimprovementstranslateintofacilitiesthataremorefunctional,haveareducedenvironmentalimpact,andaresaferfortheoccupants.Third,adesignreviewsystemthatincreasesproductivitywillnotonlyreducethecostofaccomplishingthedesignreviewbyreducingthenumberofparticipantsandthetimenecessarytocompletethereviewphases,butwillalsoshortenthefacilitydeliverycycle.Thereduceddeliverydurationwillprovidethecustomerwithbeneficialoccupancyearlier.Earlieroccupancytranslatesintosignificanttotalprojectsavingstothecustomer.DesignReviewProcessSeveraldesignreviewsareoftenconductedduringthedesignphaseofaproject.Thenumberofdesignreviewsforeachprojectdependsuponthesizeoftheproject,thecomplexityandnatureofit,andtheprocurementmethodusedtobuythefacility.Forinstance,reviewmanagersattheCorpsofEngineersestimatethat,onaverage,eachnewdesign/bid/buildconstructionprojecthasthreedesignreviews:conceptdesign,95%design,anddesignsubmit.Fordesign/buildprojects,thenumberofdesignreviewsperprojectisfourorfive:tworeviewsbeforetherequestforproposalandtwoorthreemoreduringdesign.Forsmallprojectsprocuredthroughtraditionalmeans,thenumberofreviewsmaybetwo:the35%designreview,andthe95%designreview.Inatypicalhistoricalapproachfordesignreview,theprocessstartswhenthedesignersubmitsthepreviouslyagreedorpartialdesigntotheprojectmanager,whothendistributescopiesofthesubmittaltoallthemembersofthereviewteam.Participantsinthereviewprocessthensubmitcommentstotheprojectmanagerinvariousformsandformats,whichincludehard-copywrittencomments,faxedcomments,ande-mailcomments.Theprojectmanagerthenreviewsandifnecessarythecommentsandsubmitsthemtothedesignerforaction.Whenthedesignerhascompletedtheresponsetothesecomments,theprojectmanagercallsareviewconferencebetweenallthemembersofthereviewteamandthearchitect/engineer.Priortotheconference,theprojectmanagersendscopiesofthedesigncommentsandthedesignerresponsetoallmembersofthereviewteam.Underthismethodthedesigneranswersthereviewercommentsatthereviewconference.Asaconsequence,allreviewershavetoattendtheconference.Moreover,sincereviewcommentsaresubmittedunformattedandunsorted,thereviewconferencemustbeconductedinaninterdisciplinaryformandthereforemustinvolveallparticipantsfortheentiredurationofthemeeting.DesignReviewAutomationTheCorpsofEngineersrecognizedtheneedtodevelopanautomatedreviewmanagementsystemcapableofsupportingthedesignreviewprocessasearlyasthemid-1980s.Thefocusoftheeffortwastodevelopamainframesystemtosupportthecollection,collation,andexchangeofinformationrequiredtoaccomplishthereviewprocess.Theinitialexperience,althoughpartiallysuccessful,waslimitedbyremoteconnectivitytothemainframeapplication.TherapidgrowthoftheWorldWideWebasaback-bonefore-businesssolutionspromptedareviewandupdateoftheconceptsofremotecollaborationondesignreview。Aseriesoffocusgroupswasheldintheearly1990stoidentifyspecialautomationgoals.Theendingsfromtheseenterprise-widesurveysrevealedtheneedtoimprovefourfunctions:executionofthedesignreview,qualityofthedesign,managementofthereviewprocess,andabilitytocaptureandreusecorporateknowledge.Theinitiallydevelopedmainframe-basedsystemin1986wasreplacedin1998withamuchimprovedWeb-basedsystem,theDesignReviewandCheckingSystem.Thethreekeydesignconsiderationsforthedevelopmentareshownhere:1、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingexecutionofdesignreview:Thesystemmustbereadilyavailable,fullysupported,andwelldocumented;Thesystemmustsupportelectronicsubmissionofcommentstoprojectmanagers;Reviewersmustbeabletoreadotherreviewers'commentsandfollowdiscussions;Commentsmustbeabletobesortedbydisciplines;Designersmustbeabletoanswercommentsdirectlytoreviewersandresolveissuesbeforethereviewconference;Supervisorsmusthavetheabilitytoscreen/scrubreviewercommentsbeforetheyaresubmittedtodesigners.2、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingmanagementofreviewprocess:Thesystemmustsupportreal-timereviewstatusreporting;Thesystemmustfostertheabilitytocommunicatebetweenparticipants.3、Characteristicsnecessaryforsupportofcaptureandreuseofcorporateknowledge:Priorreviewcommentsmustbeeasilyretrievedandreused;Thesystemmustallowcapture,validation,andreuseofapprovedlessonslearnedwhiletheapplicationisbeingused.WebCollaborationasSolutionManyofthedesignrequirementslistedaboveforthedevelopmentofDrCheckswerecenteredontheneedtoeasilyfostercommunicationsbetweendesignreviewparticipants.Theseprocessesarefullydocumented.AtthetimeofinitialdevelopmentofDrChecks,e-businessapplicationswerejustbecomingrecognizedasaviablealternative.Sincethelate1990sthismediumhasshownitsabilitytohostawidevarietyofenterprise-wideapplications.TheWebfosterscollaborationonenterprise-wideapplicationsforavarietyofreasons:1、Centrallyhostedapplicationeasessoftware-maintenanceandeliminatessoftwaredistributionandversioncontrolrequirements;2、Browser-basedaccesssignificantlyreducesneedforend-userapplicationtraining;3、Initialandmaintenanceexpensesforapplicationuser'sinformationtechnologyaresignificantlyreducedwithbrowseraccessedsystems;4、Sincealmost100%ofenterpriseusersalreadyhavee-mail,thiscanbeusedasauniversalconnectivitymedium.ConclusionsAcasestudyreviewoftheactualresultsofusingaWebcollaborationapplicationforthedesignreviewprocesshasshownthisapproachtobeaneffectivewayofimprovingtheprocess.Improvementshavebeenobservedintheareasofdesignreviewmanagement,commentmanagement,anddesignreviewmeetings.Asignificantcostsavings72.5%ofthereviewconferencecosthasbeenfoundtobepossiblewitheachCorpsofEngineersdesignreview.Incombinationwiththeirtightlymanagedreviewprocess,Webcollaborationhasbeenabletoreducetheirdesignreviewissuesidentificationfrom28to17days,andtheactualresolutionofdesignissueshasbeenreducedto28daysfrommanymonths.Inaddition,StateDepartmentusersofWeb-basedcollaborationondesignreviewestimatetheoverallimpactontotalprojectcostisareductionof1/2%.Follow-oneffortstobuilduponthisinitialcollaborativeefforthaveproducedWebapplicationsforrelateddesignactivities,suchasanintegratedlessons-learnedcapture,evaluation,andreuseability,requestforinformation,bidderinquiry,criteriamanagement,andsecuretransfer.通過Web協(xié)作改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)審查摘要:深入分析了網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)作的影響表明,它是一種非常有效的媒介進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)審查和提供了許多超過傳統(tǒng)的用手工方法去評(píng)論收集和解決問題的方法。結(jié)果從兩個(gè)聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)顯示的信號(hào)來(lái)看并不能減少參政黨要求的進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審和數(shù)量所需的時(shí)間。通過對(duì)美國(guó)工程兵項(xiàng)目使用web協(xié)作來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)審查的的過程進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的結(jié)果表明，使用web設(shè)計(jì)審查協(xié)作可以節(jié)約73%的會(huì)議時(shí)間和旅行成本。CE數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)主題詞:互聯(lián)網(wǎng);經(jīng)濟(jì)分析;設(shè)計(jì);評(píng)論。 概述一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的過程包含以下幾步：規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、采購(gòu)、建設(shè)和使用。決定在規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)階段比在決定在構(gòu)建和使用階段對(duì)整個(gè)設(shè)備的購(gòu)置成本有著更大的影響。建設(shè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展委員會(huì)報(bào)告指出，50%的在建設(shè)過程和啟動(dòng)階段遇到的問題與在設(shè)計(jì)階段的信息交換管理有關(guān)。在構(gòu)建階段設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的改變將導(dǎo)致成本和時(shí)間超支。聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)告，通過正式審查的設(shè)計(jì)可以大大降低這種設(shè)施的總成本。這是因?yàn)椋谠O(shè)施建造的過程中原本的設(shè)計(jì)需要更少的變化和修正。此外，F(xiàn)FC報(bào)道，30%-50%的在結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件階段由于錯(cuò)誤而做出的改變都與對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)文件的誤解有關(guān)。因此，一個(gè)正式的設(shè)計(jì)審查的過程應(yīng)該包含很多的質(zhì)量管理計(jì)劃以及提供專業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)管理服務(wù)。設(shè)計(jì)審查的目標(biāo)現(xiàn)代設(shè)施和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)是一種相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，在這種設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)過程中通常需要一組來(lái)自不同地方的專家。對(duì)這種全面設(shè)計(jì)的評(píng)價(jià)通常都是由團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的工程師、建筑師、項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理以及來(lái)自不同地方的最終用戶來(lái)進(jìn)行。此外，設(shè)計(jì)審查應(yīng)該由一個(gè)獨(dú)立的團(tuán)隊(duì)來(lái)進(jìn)行，以避免任何利益上的聯(lián)系。設(shè)計(jì)審查是一個(gè)關(guān)于相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的利益、目標(biāo)，以及必須及時(shí)解決的問題的信息交流的過程。一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)審查過程應(yīng)該包含以下幾點(diǎn)：檢測(cè)在設(shè)計(jì)過程中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤、遺漏和不一致等問題；識(shí)別導(dǎo)致建設(shè)成本增加的不適當(dāng)?shù)氖┕し椒ê筒牧?；證明符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范和規(guī)定；識(shí)別會(huì)導(dǎo)致設(shè)備難以維護(hù)和操作的組件和構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)；提高工程質(zhì)量,集成、施工能力和可維護(hù)性；減少建設(shè)過程中訂單的改變，那么建設(shè)過程中延期的現(xiàn)象會(huì)隨之下降；減少在施工工程中對(duì)信息數(shù)量的要求；在項(xiàng)目周期的其他階段獲取知識(shí)，可以從這些知識(shí)中獲得回報(bào)；提高客戶滿意度和建設(shè)有用性的設(shè)施。設(shè)計(jì)審查的好處設(shè)計(jì)審查的過程是實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量管理計(jì)劃和改善設(shè)計(jì)功能的一個(gè)重要組成部分。在不同的項(xiàng)目中進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)審查的過程會(huì)取得不同的好處。設(shè)計(jì)審查過程有三個(gè)直接的好處：首先，這個(gè)過程可以避免在項(xiàng)目投標(biāo)之前由于檢測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)錯(cuò)誤、遺漏或者不一致的問題導(dǎo)致的未來(lái)不可意料的事件發(fā)生。因此，也可以避免索賠和工程延期。其次，設(shè)計(jì)審查的過程可以大大提高設(shè)備或者土建工程的質(zhì)量。這些改進(jìn)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦喽喙δ艿脑O(shè)施，減少環(huán)境的影響，使居住者更安全。第三，設(shè)計(jì)審查系統(tǒng)不僅僅能通過提高效率來(lái)降低設(shè)計(jì)審查的成本、參與者的數(shù)量以及完成設(shè)計(jì)審查的必要時(shí)間，而且也可以縮短交付周期。減少交付時(shí)間將為客戶提供更早的入住機(jī)會(huì)。更早的入住就給客戶節(jié)約了更多的時(shí)間。設(shè)計(jì)審查過程一個(gè)項(xiàng)目在設(shè)計(jì)階段的時(shí)候往往會(huì)進(jìn)行幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)估。為每個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)審查的數(shù)量取決于項(xiàng)目的規(guī)模大小、復(fù)雜性、本質(zhì)性和用于購(gòu)買設(shè)備的采購(gòu)方法。例如，審查經(jīng)理對(duì)工程兵項(xiàng)目的評(píng)估，平均而言，沒一個(gè)新的設(shè)計(jì)、報(bào)價(jià)、建設(shè)項(xiàng)目有三個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審過程：概念設(shè)計(jì)、95%設(shè)計(jì)、設(shè)計(jì)提交。設(shè)計(jì)或者建造項(xiàng)目，每個(gè)項(xiàng)目需要四個(gè)或五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審：在兩個(gè)評(píng)論之前需要提案和兩個(gè)或三個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案。對(duì)于通過傳統(tǒng)手段獲取的小型項(xiàng)目，評(píng)論的數(shù)量可能有兩個(gè)：35%的設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審和5%的設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審。一個(gè)通過典型的歷史方法進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)審查過程，這個(gè)過程開始于設(shè)計(jì)師提交設(shè)計(jì)或者部分設(shè)計(jì)之前，然后項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理將審查文件提交給審查小組的