英語論文分析學(xué)習(xí) 第3節(jié) methodology課件

The

contents

of

a

research

article

or

thesisAbstractIntroductionmethodologyresultsDiscussion/conclusionModel

buildingStructure

of

methodology

sectionClassification

of

research

methods2023/8/20Warming

up

question:

what

kind

of

research

methods

do

you

use

inyour

field.?2023/8/20researchExploratoryconstructiveempiricalQuantitativeresearchMethodologysectionQualitativeresearchpractice12023/10/27definitionQualitativea

non-numerical

datacollection

orexplanation

based

onthe

attributes

of

thegraph

or

source

of

dataQuantitativethe

systematic

empiricalinvestigation

ofobservable

phenomenavia

statistical,mathematical

orcomputationaltechniques.2023/10/27purposeTo

categorize

dataintopatterns

(i.e.,

pattern

orthematic

analyses)

asthe

primary

basis

fororganizing

andreporting

results。to

develop

and

employmathematical

models,theories

and/orhypotheses

pertainingtophenomena.指的是采用統(tǒng)計(jì)、數(shù)學(xué)或計(jì)算技術(shù)等方法來對社會現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性的經(jīng)驗(yàn)考察。這種研究的目標(biāo)是發(fā)展及運(yùn)用與社會現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的數(shù)學(xué)模型、理論或假設(shè)2023/10/27The

process

of

measurement:定量研究中最重要的過程是測量的過程，因?yàn)檫@個過程根本上連結(jié)了現(xiàn)象的“經(jīng)驗(yàn)觀察”與“數(shù)學(xué)表示”。量化數(shù)據(jù)包括以統(tǒng)計(jì)或百分比等數(shù)字形式呈現(xiàn)的各種資料。central,because

itprovides

thefundamentalconnection

betweenempirical

observationand

mathematicalexpression

ofquantitativerelationships.2023/10/27Data

collectionQualitative

data:include

interviews

andgroup

discussions,observation

andreflection

field

notes,various

texts,

pictures,and

other

materials.Quantitative

data:

any

data

that

is

innumerical

form

suchasstatistics,

percentages,etc.2023/10/27Difference:

For

example,

if

you

are

asked

to

explain

inqualitative

terms

a

thermal

image

displayedinmultiple

colours,then

you

would

explain

the

colour

differencesrather

than

the

heat's

numerical

value.2023/10/27researchExploratoryconstructiveempiricalQuantitativeresearchMethodologysectionQualitativeresearchpractice12023/10/27What

is

the

function

of

a

methodology

chapterof

a

research

paper?The

methodology

should

contain

a

detaileddescription

of

what

you

did

and/or

used.The

Methodology

should

contain

sufficientdetail

for

readers

to

replicate

the

workdoneand

obtain

similar

results.Other

namesMaterials

and

methodsProcedureExperimentsExperimentalsimulationMethodologymodelGeneral

structure

of

the

methods

SectionLook

at

the

samples

and

decide

the

generalstructure

ofitTypical

feature:Section

+

subsection---First

level

heading---Second

level

heading---Third

level

headingAPA

formatlevel-1First

levelheadingSecondlevelheadingtitlemethodologyparticipantsTool

materialmaterialsWorkmaterialdesignresultsprocedure2023/10/27General

structure

of

the

methods

Section4.

how

the

data

were

analyzedthe

organism(s)

studiedthe

experimental

OR

sampling

designthe

protocol

for

collecting

data(our

focus),2023/10/271.the

organism(s)

studied

(plant,animal,

human,

etc.)when

relevant,

theirpre-experiment

handling

and

care,when

and

where

the

study

was

carried

out

(only

if

locationand

time

are

important

factors);2023/10/272.

the

experimental

OR

sampling

designhow

the

experiment

or

study

was

structured.For

example,

controls,

treatments,

what

variable(s)

weremeasured,

how

many

samples

were

collected,

replication,the

final

form

of

the

data,

etc.2023/10/273.

the

protocol

for

collecting

data(

our

focus)how

the

experimental

procedures

were

carried

out2023/10/274.

how

the

data

were

analyzedqualitative

analyses

and/or

statistical

procedures

used

todetermine

significance,

data

transformations

used,

whatprobability

was

used

to

decide

significance,

etc.2023/10/27Building

amodel1.

Write

a

short

description

of

what

the

writeris

doing

in

each

sentence.2.

try

to

make

your

model

general,

so

that

youwill

be

able

to

use

it

to

generate

methodologysection

in

your

field.

E.g.

don’t

include

contentwords,

such

as

groundwater

.Example:

sentence4:

the

writer

providesdetails

about

what

was

done

and

used.Model

analysis-Sentence

1sentence

1.

The

current

investigation

involvedsampling

and

analyzing

six

sites

to

measurechanges

in

groundwater

chemistry.introductory

sentence:The

writer

offers

a

general

view

of

the

entiresubsection,

including

the

purpose

of

theinvestigation.Model

analysis-Sentence

1Q:

Why

do

I

need

to

introduce

theMethodology?A:

1.reader-friendly

to

start

with

someintroductory

material.2.

to

make

theentry

to

Methodology

smoothfor

the

reader.Model

analysis-Sentence1practice:

read

the

3

examples

and

decidewhatare

the

ways

to

introduce

the

Methodology?3

ways2023/10/27Model

analysis-Sentence1Example1:offer

a

general

view

by

outlining

theparameters

of

the

work,e.g:----the

number

oftests,----the

equipment

/material/software

used----the

purpose

of

theinvestigationTo

help

readers

to

get

a

general

idea

of

thissectionModel

analysis-Sentence1example2:Provide

background

information

about

thematerials

or

about

the

source

of

thematerials/equipmentRelate

to

the

structure

of

MethodModel

analysis-Sentence1example3:Refer

back

to

something

in

the

previoussection

(introduction),---

restate the

aim

of

theproject---or

the

problem

you

are

hoping

to

address.Model

analysis-Sentence2Sentence

2.

The

sites

were

selected

from

the

LondonBasin

area,

which

is

located

in

the

south-east

ofEngland

and

has

been

frequently

used

to

interpretgroundwater

evolution.2,3,4The

writer

provides

background

informationand

justifies

the

choice

of

locationbyreferring

to

previous

researchModel

analysis-Sentence2Q:

Why

do

I

need

to

justify

or

give

reasons

forwhat

I

did?

Isn’t

it

obvious?A:

To

communicate

with

the

reader1.

this

is

exactly

what

I

did/used2.

I

had

good

reasons

for

those

decisionsSo

that

readers

trust

the

choices

you

made.Model

analysis-Sentence3Sentence

3.

A

total

of

18

samples

was

collected

andthen

analyzed

for

the

isotopes

mentioned

earlier.The

writer

provides

an

overview

of

theprocedure/method

itselfModel

analysis-Sentence3Q:

If

I

gave

general

overview

at

the

start

of

thissubsection,

why

should

I

also

give

an

overviewof

the

procedure

itself?A:Reasons:1.

sentence3

starts

a

new

paragraph,

signalinga

newtopic2.

to

provide

a

general

framework

to

thereader

so

that

details

can

be

easily

slotted.Model

analysis-Sentence4Sentence

4.

Samples

1-9

were

collected

in

thoroughly-rinsed

25

ml

brown

glass

bottles

which

were

filled

tothe

top

and

thensealed

tightly

to

preventcontamination.The

writer

provides

details

about

whatwasdone

and

used

and

also

shows

that

care

wastaken.Model

analysis-Sentence4Q:How

much

detail

do

I

need

to

provide?A:Slightly

too

much

information

is

better

thantoo

littleMake

sure

that

other

researchers

will

beableto

reproduce your

work

and

obtain

similarresultsModel

analysis-Sentence5Sentence

5.

The

filled

bottles

were

shipped

directly

totwo

separate

laboratories

at

Reading

University,where

they

were

analyzed

using

standard

methodssuitably

miniaturized

to

handle

small

quantities

ofwater.5The

writer

continues

to

describe

whatwasdone

in

detail,

using

language

whichcommunicates

that

care

was

taken.Model

analysis-Sentence66.

Samples

10-18

were

prepared

in

our

laboratoryusing

a

revised

version

of

the

precipitation

methodestablished

by

the

ISF

Institute

in

GermanyThe

writer

describes

what

was

done

byreferring

to

existing

methods

intheliterature.Model

analysis-Sentence6Q:Why

should

I

refer

to

other

research;

whynot

just

describe

the

method

I

used?A:1.

it

is

unlikely

that

you

created

the

entiremethod

you

used

all

by

yourself.2.

in

many

cases,

part

of

it

will

be

taken

from

amethod

used

by

someone

else,

which

may

bewell

known,

so

if

you

give

the

researchreference

you

do

not

need

to

give

every

detail.Model

analysis-Sentence77.

This

method

obtains

a

precipitate

throughtheaddition

of

BaCL22H2O;

the

resulting

precipitate

canbe

washed

and

stored

easily.The

writer

provides

more

detailedinformation

about

the

method

and

showsitto

have

been

a

good

choice.Model

analysis-Sentence7Justification

is

common

throughout

thissection:Aims:answer

possible

criticisms

or

doubts

aboutyour

choices,to

assure

the

reader

that

your

choices

weremade

on

the

basis

of

goodreasons.Model

analysis-Sentence8Sentence

8.

The

samples

were

subsequently

shippedto

ISF

for

analysis

by

accelerator

mass

spectrometry(AMS).The

writer

provides

more

details

ofthemethodModel

analysis-Sentence99.

All

tubing

used

was

stainless

steel,

and

althoughtwo

samples

wereat

risk

of

CFC

contamination

as

aresult

of

brief

contact

with

plastic,

variation

amongsamples

was

negligible.The

writer

mentions

a

possible

difficulty

inthe

methodologyModel

analysis-Sentence9Q:

Don’t

this

discuss

a

result

of

what

wasdone?A:

No.

it’s

actually

saying

that

the

problems

inthe

methodology

didn’t

affect

the

results.Model

analysis-Sentence9Q:

How

can

I

talk

about

problems

in

my

workwithout

like

a

failure?A:

use

vocabularythatminimises

the

problem,minimises

your

responsibility,maximises

the

good

aspectsand

suggests

a

solution.The

model1.

The

writer

offers

a

general

overview

of

theentire

subsection,

including

the

purpose

of

theinvestigation.2.

The

writer

provides

background

informationand

justifies

the

choice

of

location

by

referringto

previous

research.3.

The

writer

provides

an

overview

of

theprocedure

/method

itself.The

model4.

The

writer

provides

details

about

what

wasdone

and

used

and

also

shows

that

care

wastaken.5.

The

writer

continues

to

describe

what

wasdone

in

detail,

using

language

whichcommunicates

that

care

was

taken.6.

The

writer

describes

what

was

done

byreferring

to

existing

methods

in

the

literature.2023/10/27The

model7.

The

writer

provides

more

detailedinformation

about

the

method

and

shows

it

tohave

been

a

good

choice.8.

The

writer

provides

more

details

of

themethod.9.

The

writer

provides

a

possible

difficultyinthe

methodology.2023/10/27We

can

streamline

these

so

that

our

modelhas

four

basic

components.This

is

a

“menu”

from

which

you

select

itemsappropriate

to

your

research

topic.E.g.

if

you

constructed

the

equipmentyourself,

you

won’t

need

to

give

the

source

ofthe

equipment

used

in

component1.If

there

were

no

problems,

you

won’t

need

thefourth

component

at

all.2023/10/27Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section1.

provide

a

general

introduction

and

overviewof

the

materials/methods

and

give

the

sourceof

materials/equipment

usedfound

in

sentence1The

current

investigation

involved

samplingand

analyzing

six

sites

to

measure

changes

ingroundwater

chemistry.Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section2.

Supply

essential

background

informationWords

or

phrases

used

to

describeinstruments,

equipment

or

locations,Found

in

Sentence

2The

sites

were

selected

from

the

London

Basinarea,

which

is

located

in

thesouth-east

ofEngland

and

has

been

frequently

used

tointerpret

groundwater

evolution.2,3,4Sample

analysis:In

which

sentence(s)

is

the

author

providingthe

source

of

materials

and

backgroundinformation?1-32023/10/27Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section3.

provide

specific

and

precise

details

aboutmaterials

and

methods(i.e.

quantities,temperatures,

duration,

sequence,

conditions,locations,

sizes)This

includes

verbs

which

specifically

describewhat

you

did/used.Instead

of

writing

only

was

done

or

was

used,there

are

many

other

choices.Sentence4Samples

1-9

were

collected

in

thoroughly-rinsed

25

ml

brown

glass

bottles

whichwerefilled

to

the

top

and

thensealed

tightly

toprevent

contamination.5.

The

filled

bottles

were

shipped

directlytotwo

separate

laboratories

at

ReadingUniversity,

where

theywere

analyzed

usingstandard

methods

suitably

miniaturized

tohandle

small

quantities

of

water.5Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section4.

justify

choices

madePhrases

that

introduce

the

reasons

for

thechoices

you

made,

“in

order

to”

verbs

that

specify

the

advantages

of

thechoices

you

made,

“enable,

facilitate”Sentence2:The

sites

were

selected

from

the

London

Basinarea,

which

is

located

in

thesouth-east

ofEngland

and

has

been

frequently

used

tointerpret

groundwater

evolution.2,3,4Sample

analysis:In

which

sentences

is

the

author

trying

tojustify

the

choice

made12)

Measurements

from

a

given

subject

werecollected

at

least

two

weeks,

and

in

manycases

several

months

apart

to

preventreplication

of

exact

landmark

or

caliperplacement.2023/10/27Sample

analysis:In

which

sentences

is

the

author

trying

tojustify

the

choice

made14)

These

precautions

minimized

thepossibility

of

measurement

bias

frommanually

recording

(and

therefore

knowing)the

measurement

values

as

they

were

beingcollected.2023/10/27Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section5.

indicate

that

appropriate

care

was

takenThis

includes

adjectives

(careful)

as

wellasadverbs(carefully)Sentence

4.

Samples

1-9

were

collected

in

thoroughly-rinsed

25

ml

brown

glass

bottles

whichwerefilled

to

the

top

and

then

sealed

tightlytoprevent

contamination.Sentence5

The

filled

bottles

were

shipped

directly

totwoseparate

laboratories

at

Reading

University,where

they

were

analyzed

using

standardmethods

suitably

miniaturized

to

handle

smallquantities

of

water.5Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section6.

relate

materials/methods

to

other

studiesThis

provides

you

with

ways

to

distinguishbetween

procedures/materials/tests

whichwere1)

exactly

the

same

as2)

similar

to3)

significantly

different

fromThose

used

by

other

researchers.sentence6.

Samples

10-18

were

prepared

in

ourlaboratory

using

a

revised

version

of

theprecipitation

method

established

by

the

ISFInstitute

in

Germany.Revised

version:

similar

toSample

analysis:In

which

sentences

the

author

is

referringtoother

study

/

method?5-92023/10/27Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

section7.

indicate

where

problems

occurredThis

includes

ways

ofminimising

the

problem,minimising

your

responsibility,

maximisingthe

good

aspects

and

suggesting

a

solution

tothe

problem.Vocabulary

for

the

Methodology

sectionsentence9.All

tubing

used

was

stainless

steel,

andalthough

two

samples

were

at

risk

of

CFCcontamination

as

a

result

of

brief

contactwithplastic,

variation

among

sampleswasnegligible.Sample

analysis:In

which

sentence

is

the

author

indicating

aproblem?1111)

No

mandibular

measurements

werecollected

owing

to

a

lack

ofosteometricdatafor

these

measurements

for

the

five

subjectsselected

for

the

study.2023/10/27Sample

analysis:In

which

sentence

is

the

author

indicating

aproblem?14)

These

precautions

minimized

thepossibility

of

measurement

bias

frommanually

recording

(and

therefore

knowing)the

measurement

values

as

they

were

beingcollected.2023/10/27What

voice/tense

shall

I

use

in

Methodology?1.

voice:

active

or

passive?Check

with

the

Guide

for

Authors

in

the

targetjournal

to

find

out

whether

passive

or

activevoice

is

required.In

most

cases,

passive

voice

is

used,agentless

passives.What

voice/tense

shall

I

use

in

Methodology?When

describing

an

experiment,

there

areA

)

Standard

procedures:

what

is

normallydone

or

how

a

piece

of

equip