新概念第四冊(cè)課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記 Lesson37全套

[全]新概念第四冊(cè)課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記：Lesson37【課文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatisthemostimportantfactor,bothingovernmentorbusiness,forkeepingrunningcostslow?Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether.Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry.Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.Wherethecostofgovernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.Thismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost--thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation.Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilities.andtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow.Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.Asadministrativeoverheadsrise,sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.Itispreciselythesamewithanation.Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,thegovernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofpoliceandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.Butifanationisdisunited,thegovernmentcannotbesurethattheactionsofthepeoplewillbeintheinterestsofthenation;anditwillhavetowatch,check,andcontrolthepeopleaccordingly.Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment.RAYMONDFROSTTheBackwardSociety【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語】hubn.(活動(dòng)的)中心disunitedadj.分裂的correspondinglyadv.相應(yīng)地backwardadj.落后的incurv.承擔(dān)administerv.管理adminstrativeadj.行政管理的analogousadj.類似的overheadsn.一般費(fèi)用initiativen.主動(dòng)，積極性checkern.檢查人員foremann.監(jiān)工dividendn.紅利undulyadv.過度地【課文注釋】1.disunitedadj.分裂的例句：Moreover,whentheemployeesaredisunited,unhappinessisboundtosetin.更何況大家都不團(tuán)結(jié)時(shí)，不愉快事件頻頻。Youarewretched,disunitedindividuals.你們?cè)阃噶?，分崩離析了。disunitevt.使分離,使不和例句：Theissuedisunitedthepartymembers.該問題在黨員中造成分裂。2.correspondinglyadv.相應(yīng)地例句：Thelanguagecorrespondinglybecamestiffer.講話的語言也相應(yīng)地變得更加強(qiáng)硬。3.economicresources經(jīng)濟(jì)資源4.backwardadj.向后的,落后的例句：Hetookabackwardstepandranaway.他向后退了一步,跑了。Thispartofthecountryisstillbackward.這個(gè)國家的這個(gè)地區(qū)仍很落后?！驹~義辨析】back,backward,hind,behind這些詞均有“在后，向后”之意。back:作為副詞或形容詞時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)所修飾物的位置以及動(dòng)作運(yùn)動(dòng)方向。backward:可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或遲鈍的。hind:指成對(duì)并且分前后的東西的“后面的”。behind:指一物同它物相對(duì)的位置或場(chǎng)所。5.stayinbusiness維持營業(yè)6.beanalogousto與...相似例句：Thehumanheartisanalogoustoapump.人的心臟和泵類似。7.initiativen.①主動(dòng)權(quán)，主動(dòng)性例句：Intheeconomictrendofthenewera,havingtheinitiativeisthekey.在新時(shí)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)大潮中，擁有主動(dòng)權(quán)是關(guān)鍵。Iputitalldowntoherhardworkandinitiative.我把這一切歸因于她工作又勤奮又主動(dòng)。②首創(chuàng)精神例句：Itisinnovationplusinitiativethathaskeptitthriving.創(chuàng)新與進(jìn)取精神使得它蓬勃發(fā)展。adj.①創(chuàng)始的例句：Thearticlesofincorporationusuallynametheinitialdirectors.通常情況下，公司的組織章程應(yīng)記載創(chuàng)始董事的姓名。②初步的例句：Thepanel'sinitialfindingshavenowbeenmadepublic.這個(gè)委員會(huì)的初步調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)公布于眾。③自發(fā)的例句：ShetookaninitiativepartintheWildlifeConservationSociety.他們自發(fā)牽制住了敵人。8.asfallswithintheirsphere屬于他們分內(nèi)的。9.keepsomeoneinline控制住某人例句：It'sdifficulttokeepagroupofyoungchildreninline.讓小孩都老老實(shí)實(shí)的可真不易.【反義詞】outofline例句：Don'tgetoutoflineatdinneroryouwillbepunished.晚飯時(shí)給我老實(shí)點(diǎn)要不我就收拾你.10.keeptheminorder管理他們11.intheinterestsof符合......的利益例句：Weworkintheinterestsofthepeople.我們是為人民群眾的利益而工作。12.undulyadv.過度地，不適當(dāng)?shù)乩洌篈neccentricperson,especiallyonewhoisundulyzealous.異人古怪的人，尤指過分狂熱的人【參考譯文】如果一個(gè)國家實(shí)際上處于分裂狀態(tài)，使之聯(lián)合起來就是政府的事了。這樣的一來就增加了政府的開支，從而相應(yīng)地減少了可以用來發(fā)展國家的那部分經(jīng)濟(jì)資源。不應(yīng)忘記，在一個(gè)貧窮落后的國家里，那部分財(cái)力是很有限的。凡是政府管理費(fèi)用高的地方，用于發(fā)展國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的資金就會(huì)相應(yīng)地減少。把國家的狀況同私人企業(yè)的狀況加以比較，就可以看清這個(gè)問題。一個(gè)企業(yè)為了繼續(xù)經(jīng)營，不得不支出一定的費(fèi)用和開銷。就我們的目的而言，我們只關(guān)心一種費(fèi)用--企業(yè)行政管理費(fèi)。一家企業(yè)的行政管理開支類似于一個(gè)國家的政府管理所用的開支。如果企業(yè)中的每個(gè)人都在真誠地為提高企業(yè)利潤而工作，那么企業(yè)的管理費(fèi)用就會(huì)降低到相應(yīng)的程度。如果企業(yè)的每個(gè)人都信得過，人人都認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)，在各自的工作范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮主動(dòng)性，行政管理費(fèi)用就會(huì)降低。行政管理費(fèi)用降低的原因是：每項(xiàng)工作只需要一個(gè)人去完成，用不著另外再有一個(gè)人檢查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有關(guān)人士匯報(bào)他的工作。