GPS實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

PAGE24中英文資料對照外文翻譯(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)GPSReal-TimeSupervisorySystemandApplicationintheConstructionofFaceRockfillDamABSTRACTAccordingtothequalitycontrolneedsoffillingconstructionofthefacerockfilldam,bymeansoftheglobalsatellitepositioningtechnology,thewirelessdatacommunicationtechnology,thecomputertechnologyandthedataprocessingandanalysistechnology,andintegratingwiththerollercompactionmachine,theGPSreal-timesupervisorysystemisdevelopedinthispaper.Itcanbeusedtoreal-timelysupervisetheconstructionqualityoftherollercompactionforfillingengineering.ThecompositionandappliedcharacteristicsofGPSsystem,andthekeytechniqueproblemandsolutionofthedesignarediscussed.TheheightaccuracyofGPSsystemisanalyzedandthepreliminaryapplicationisintroduced.KEYWORDS：GPS;fillingconstruction;qualitycontrol;integratedsystem;facerockfilldamIntroductionAtpresent,inthequalitymanagementoffillingconstructionofthefacerockfilldam，thequalitycontrolmethodof“dualcontrols”ismainlyadopted,ofwhichoneismanuallycontrolingtheparametersofrollercompactionincludingthicknessandroughnessoffillinglayerandrolledtimesandrolledspeedofcompactionmachines,theotherisinspectingthetestholesamplingmanuallyinthearea.Themethodplayapositiveroleinpromotingdomesticdevelopmentofconcretefacedrockfilldam.However,thetraditionalmanualmanagementmechanismcan＇tmeetthedemandsofmo-dernmechanizedconstructionandscheduleanymore,withincreasingofscaleofcon-cretefacerockfilldam.ConcretefacedrockfilldamofShuibuyaprojectinQingjiangRiverofHubeiProvince,China,rankingfirstindamheightofthesametypeintheworld,isashighas233m.Theprojecthasatotalfillingvolumeof1.6×107m3andmorethan6×105m3forpeakfillingvolumeofasinglemonth,sodemandsmuchmoretocontrolthequalityoffillingconstructionofthedam.Forthesakeofsupervise-ingthefillingconstructionqualityquicklyintime,itisveryimportanttodevelopasupervisorysystemoftheconstructionqualityoftherollercompactionforfill-ingengineering,whichhascharacteristicsofreal-time,continuity,automationandhighprecision.Thesupervisorysystemhasagreatmeaningforimprovingtheconst-ructionqualityofShuibuyaproject.Asabrand-newtechnologyofmodernspatialsatellitesnavigationandposition-ingsystem,GPShasgraduallyreplacedthenormalopticalandelectricalsurveyingequipmentinmoreandmorefields.Since1980s,especiallyafter1990s,GPStechno-logyhasleadthespatialpositioningtechnology,combiningwithmoderncommuni-cationtechnology，toarevolutionarychange.Themethodforsimultaneouslydeterm-ineingthreedimensionalcoordinatesbyGPShaschangedthetraditionalpositioningtechnologyfromlandwithinshoretoentireoceanandouterspace,fromstaticstokinematics,frompointpositioningtonetworkdifference,fromafterwardsprocessingtoreal-timepositioningandnavigation,andabsoluteandrelativepositioningprécisi-oncomingtometerlevel,centimeterlevel,evensubmillimeterlevel,therefore,expandsthefieldsofapplicationandeffectineverywalkoflife.Thefastdevelopmentandimprovementofmoderndatacommunicationtechnology,computertechnology,electricaltechnologyandthespatialpositioningtechnologyonbehalfofGPSmakesupervisionofhighprecisionreal-timecontinuityandautomationfeasible.Accordingtotherequirementsofconstructionqualitymanagementforrollercompactioninfillingengineering,bymeansoftheglobalsatellitepositioningtechnology,thewirelessdatacommunicationtechnology,thecomputertechnologyandthedataprocessingandanalysistechnology,andintegratingwiththerollercomp-actionmachine,in2004WuhanUniversityandQingjiangHydroelectricDevelop-mentCorp.Ltd.Jointlydevelopedareal-timesupervisorysystemsuitableforthequalitymanagementneedsofrollercompact-ioninfillingengineering,i.e.real-timesupervisorysystemoffillingconstructionquality(GPSsystemforshortafterwards).Thesystemhascomprehensivefunctionsofreal-time,highprecision,continuity,automationetc.,socanbeappliedtoreal-timesupervisingconstruct-ionqualityoffillingcompactionfordam,road,protectiondike,airportetc.andbecomesaneffectiveassistantofensuringtheconstructionqualityforproject.Combiningwithengineeringneedsandsystemcharacteristics,thecomposition,keytechniquesandschemesofthesystemarediscussedinthispaper.Theheightaccuracyofthesystemisanalyzedandthepreliminaryapplicationisintroduced.1CompositionandcharacteristicsofGPSReal-timesupervisorysystem1.1CompositionofthesystemHardwareunitofthesystemmainlyincludes3partsasfollows:1)ReceivingsystemofGPSsatellitesignals;2)Wirelessnetworkdatacommunicationsystem;3)Computersystem.Fig.1IllustrationofthesystemnetworkstructureAccordingtotherequirementsofcompactionforfillingandram-mingengineeringandconstructionqualitymanagementtosystem,thesystemiscomposedofsupervisorycenter,networkrelaystation,localesub-controlstation,GPSreferencestationandmobileterminals(includingrollercompactionmachinesandqualitysupervisorwork-ingvehicle),regardingtheeffectofwirelesscommunicationfromtopographicenvironment.Fig.1istheillustrationofconstructionqualitysupervisorysystemforfillingcompactionproject.Ifthetopographicenvironmentisgoodandthedistancebetweenthefillingconstructionon-the-spotandthesystemsupervisorycenterisnotlong,thenetworkrelaystationcanberemoved.1.1.1SupervisorycenterSupervisorycenteristheheartofthesystem,wherethedifferentialdataofGPSreferencestationareemittedtotheGPSmobilestations,andatthesametime,receiv-esthepositioninformationfedbackbythemobilestationscontinuouslyandreal-timelythroughwirelessdatacommunication.Combiningtheneedsofconstruction,electronicdisplayscreenequippedinthesupervisorycentercanreal-timelydisplaytheaccuratemovinglocationandstatusinformationoftherollercompactionmachin-esaswellasthequalitysupervisorworkingvehicleforcompactionplanesofthedam,remotelymonitorthestateofcompactionqualityoffillingengineering,andofferleadersthebasisofdecision.Theprocessing,analysis,storageofthesystemdataandsoonarecarriedoutinthesupervisorycenter.1.1.2Localesub-supervisorystationLocalesub-supervisorystationistheextensionofthesystemcontrolcenter,andprovidesconvenienceforlocalesupervisor.Byaccessinginformationofthesystemsupervisorycenter,thesupervisorcanmasterthestatusofengineeringconstructionandtheconstructionqualityintimejustintheconstructionlocalesupervisorroom.Oncequalitydeviationappears,thesupervisorcantacklewiththeconstructionsideontheconstructionlocale,remindingtheconstructorsandaskingthemforrectifying.1.1.3GPSreferencestationGPSreferencestationissetforincreasingthesupervisoryprecisionofthesystembymeansofDGPStechnology.WesetaGPSreceiveronaknownsiteasareferencestationandcarryoutGPSobservation,thenemittheGPSobservationdataandknownlocationinformationofthereferencestationreal-timelytotheGPSmobilestations,andprocessthedataalongwithmobilestations'GPSobservationdatabymeansofdiferentialprocessingofcarrierphases,consequen-tlycalculatethespatiallocationinformationofthemobilestations,whosepositioningprecisioncanincrease.ThemethodaboveisnamedDGPStechnol-ogy.Ingeneral,GPSreferencestationshouldbesetupinthesupervisorycenterforthesakeofconvenientsupportingpow-er,managementandmaintenance.Toensurethesupervisoryprecision,itisstressedthatthedistancebetweentheGPSreferencestationandtheconstructionareamustbelessthan5-6km,andthedistancecontrollingrequirementcanbesatisfiedinpractice.1.1.4MobileterminalMobileterminalincludessystem-requiringequipmentsinstalledintheprojectsupervisorycarandrollercompactionmachines.1)MobileterminalinstalledintherollercompactionmachineAmobileterminalinstalledinarollercompactionmachineismainlycomposedofanintegratedsystemunit,aGPSreceiverantennaandawirelesscommunicationantenna.Thesystemunitintegratesmainequipmentsofindustrialplatformcomputer,GPSreceiver,wirelesscommunicationandsoon.Mobileterminalismobilesuper-visoryequipmentlikeGPSmovingstation,andcarriesoutGPSmobileobservation.Itscontrolitemsmainlyincludetherolledtrack,rolledspeed,androlledtimesoftherollercompactionmachines.Mobileterminalsfeedbacktheeffectiveobservationresulttothesupervisorycentercontinuouslyandreal-timely.Meanwhile,theplatformcomputerreflectstheworkstatusoftherollercompactionmachinereal-timely,bymeansoffiguresandtablesinthesystemunitofdriver＇scaboftherollercompactionmachine.Theoperatoroftherollercompactionmachinecancheckoutwhetherhisorherworkmeetsthequalityrequirementonthedisplayscreen.2)MobileterminalinstalledintheprojectsupervisorycarProjectsupervisorycaristheworkingvehicleforconstructionqualitysuper-visingthatisequippedexclusivelyfortheprojectsupervisors.Itsmaintasksarecarr-yingoutGPSmobileobservationandsupervisinglocalequality.Itsmainitemsofobservationarethethicknessvariationsofpavinglayerbeforeandafterthecompact-ion,supportingdataforcontrollingthepavingthicknessandroughnessoffillinglayerandcalculatingthecompactedrate.Thesupervisorycaralsofeedstheobservationresultsbacktosupervisorycenter.Besides,accordingtothesystemsupervisorydata,itconductsthelocaleconstructionfromthepointofriewofqualitymanagement.Mobileterminalinstalledintheprojectsupervisorycarandmobileterminalinstalledintherollercompactionmachineresembleeachother.1.2MaincharacteristicsofthesystemMaincharacteristicsofGPSreal-timesupervisorysystemareasfollows.1)Continuousreal-timesupervision.Datacommunicationachievesbi-direct-ionaltransmissioninarealsense.Themovementtracksandvelocitiesoftherollercompactionmachinescanbedisplayedreal-timely,andthreedimensionallocationinformationatthesamplingrateofonesecondcanbedisplayedreal-timelyonthedisplayscreen,nomatterwhetheritisinthesupervisorycenter,onlocalesubsuper-visorystationorinmobileterminals.Theobservationdataofthesystemarecont-inuous,andtheprocessedresultsatintervalofonesecondmeetenoughtheneedofcontinuityofsupervisorydatafromthesystem.2)Highdegreeofautomation.Inthewholesystem,itisfullyautomaticthatemittingthedifferentialdataofreferencestationtomobileterminals,feedingbackthepositioninformationofterminalstosupervisorycenter,displayingthemovementtrackandvelocitiesofallrollercompactionmachinesbothinthesupervisorycenterandinthemobileterminals,storingandproceedingdataandfeedbackanalyzing,etc.3)Easyandconvenientoperation.Thesupervisorycenterandnetworkrelaystationofthesystemaredesignedfullyaccordingtotheneedoffullautomation,andthepartsoperatedmanuallymainlyconcentrateonmobileterminals.Theoperationofthemobileterminalsisveryeasyandconvenient,whichcontainsonlyseveralsimplenecessarystepssuchasturningonandofftheunitetc.Besides,theequipmentsofmobileterminalarecompact,ofsmallweightandsizeanditsloadingandunloadingisalsoveryeasy.4)Highprecision.ThanktoGPSRTKtechnologyadoptedfordataprocessingofthesystemandthedistancebetweenthemobileterminalsofShuibuyaprojectandGPSreferencestationdoesnotexceed3km,itshorizontalprecisionachieves±(1-2)cm,whichfullymeetssupervisoryqualityneedsofhorizontalpositionofthecompactionconstruction,andcanefficientlysupervisethemovementtrack,velocityandrolledtimesoftherollercompactionmachines.Inregardtoelevation,aslongasthemobileterminalsoperateinagivenwayandrationalelevationfittingmodelisadopted,theprecisionofthesystemalsoachieves±(1-2)cm(readtheanalysisafterwards),whichcanmeetthecontrolneedsofthicknessandroughnessoffillinglayersofthecompactionconstruction.5)Allweathered24-hoursworkofmanymobileterminals.Inthecaseofusing10mobileterminalssimultaneously,thesystemhasacommunicationratenolessthan100Kbps,andcansupporttheapplicationofpoint-to-point,point-to-multipointandnetworkrelaystation.Thesystemdoesnotsufferfromtheeffectofweather,andmeetstheneedofall-weathered24-hoursworkofdamproject.2Keyproblemandsolutionofthesystemdesign1)Real-Timesupervisionofrolledparameters.Parametersoftherollercompactionmainlyreferstomovementtrack,velocity,rolledtimesoftherollercompactionmachinesformobileterminals,whichneedreal-timesupervision,andcanbeusedtocontrolconstructionquality.Therefore,inordertoensurethereal-timefeedbackofpositioningdata,thewirelesscommunicationdatalinksneedtoachievethefunctionofpoint-to-multipointandbi-directionalhighcommunicationrate.TheoptimaldesignforsolvingtheproblemistochoosethemodeofradioorGSMmobilephone.Takingaccountoftheeconomyandpractice-ability,thesystemadoptswirelessfrequencyaugmentedcommunicationtechnology,achievestransmittingGPSdifferentialdataofthereferencestationreal-timelytoeachmobileterminal,feedingbackthethreedimensionalspatiallocationinformationofeachmobileterminalreal-timelytosupervisorycenterandsupportingpositionresultsatintervalofonesecond.Thisway,notonlythesystemofeachrollercompactionmachinecanreflectitsownstatusofcompaction.Real-timelyonthedisplayscreen,butalsothesupervisorycenterandlocalesub-supervisorystationcansupervisetheworkingstatusofeachmobileterminalreal-timely.2)Precisionofobservationdata.TheprecisionofGPSRTKiscm-levelingeneral,consideringthatthedistancebetweenthemobileterminalsofShuibuyaprojectandGPSreferencestationdoesnotexceed3km,itshorizontalpositioningprecisionfullymeetscalculationprecisionneedsofthemovementtrack,velocityandrolledtimesoftherollercompactionmachines.Inordertoensuretheelevationprecisionofthicknessandroughnessoffillinglayer,besideschoosinghighperform-anceandanti-noisedual-frequencyGPSreceivers,adoptingpropermethodforacqui-ringthreeelevationsdataofbeforefilling,afterfillingandaftercompactionandelev-ationfittedmodel,canmaketheelevationaccuracyincrease.Byanalysis,theelevate-ionprecisioncanachieve±(1-2)cm,whichfullymeetsthecontrolneedsofthick-nessandroughnessoffillinglayers.3)Stabilityofthesystem.Becausethefillingconstructionofmodernfacerock-filldamlastsall-weathered24-hourswithoutbreak,andmanyrollercompactionmachinesworksimultaneously,itisrequiredthatthesupervisorycenter,networkrelaystationandeachmobileterminalofthesystemworkstablyforalongtime.Becauseofthefixedsetofsupervisorycenterandnetworkrelaystation,ifthereissurelyprovisionofworkpower,andwithoutmanualdestructionandincorrectmanipulation,thereisnoproblemforrunningonnormalcondition.Butthemobileterminalsetintherollercompactionmachinenotonlysuffersfromthevibrationeffectofroller,butalsoisincorrectlymanipulatedeasilywhenthedriversuffersfromworktiredness,therefore,thestabilitydesignofintegratedsystemunitofmobileterminalbecomesakeyproblem.4)Power-supplyway.Becausethereferencestationissetinthesupervisorycenter,power-supplyofitsGPShost,radioofemissionandreception,andsuperviso-rycomputerhasnoproblem.Asinvolvingeachmobileterminal,itreferstothepower-supplyproblemsofGPShost,radioofemissionandreception,platformcomputerandfanforheatemissionetc.Experimentworktakesout-setaccumulatorjarstoprovidepower,whichcanensureworkinashorttime,butcannotbeusedinalongtimeworkofproject,sothereisneedtousetherollercompactionmachinetosupplypowerintheformaloperationofsystem.Theproblemkeyofpower-supplyispracticalityandtoensurethatitdoesn'tmakedestructiontothesystemequipment,inthisway,exclusivepowercomponentandrelevantcableconductorandadapterconnectoraredesignedandproduced.3ElevationaccuracyanalysisofthesystemInordertoevaluatetheelevationaccuracyofthesystem,onafillingsurfaceoftheexperimentalfield,usingalightcarandtakingthemovementtrackcoveringthewholesurfacealmosteven,threegroupsofdataofthesameelevationsurfaceareobtained.OnegroupofmovementtrackisillustratedasFig.2(theunitismeter).Asfarasthreegroupsofdatacollectedintheexperimentareconcerned,becausethevelocityofthecararedifferentandintervaldistanceoftwoneighboredtracklineareunequal,theamountsofdotsofthegroupsaredifferent,theyare906,922and639respectively.Itisnecessarytoadoptgridmethodtomakefitting,regardingthedatadotscollectedinfactlikeinFig.2isirregular.Gridmethodisarrayingmatrixlikegridofsmallsquares,andcalculatingelevationofeachgridpointbydistanceweig-htedaveragemethodorleastsquarecurvedsurfacefitting.Inthispaper,distanceWeightedaveragemethodisadoptedtocalculatetheelevation.Themethodisdependentontheassumptionthattheelevationofanypointinthefieldiseffectedbytheelevationofsurroundingpoints,andtheeffectisinverselyproportionaltothedistancebetweenthem.Tocalculatetheelevationofagridpoint,firstlymakeasearchingcirclewhosecenterisatthegridpointandradiusisalimitativevalue,andrequirethattherearesomedatapointsinthesearchcircle,thencalculatetheelevationofthegridpointbydistanceweightedaveragemethod.Theothergridpointsarecalculatedseriallyinthiswayaswell.Fig.2TrackdiagramforongroupofexperimentaldataSupposingthatthecoordinatesofacertaingridpointisx0,y0,thecoordinatesofanotherpointinthesearchingcircleisxi,yi,thenthedistancebetweenthesepointsis:Di=Hencetheelevationofthegridpointis:H0=Inthetermoffactualsituationofthethreegroupsofdatacollectedinexperiment,aimingatestablishinggridtoanalyzeconveniently,firstlymakeatransformationofcoordinateproperly,thenestablisha1m×1mgridpointsfigurewhichhasalengthof32m,andawidthof11m(figureisomitted).Thereare310pointsinall.Adoptingdistanceweightedaveragemethodabove,theelevationsofgridpointsinthethreegroupsofdataarecalculatedrespectively.Inordertoestimatetheheightaccuracyofthesystem,assumethattheelevationaccuracyofeachgridpointisequal,thencalculatedifferentialelevationsdjkofthesamegridpointsintwogroupsofdata,thereaftercalculatetheexternalaccordaccuracyinthetermoffollowingformula,mH=wherep=1,andsetdi(12)=Hi(1)－Hi(2)，di(23)=Hi(2)－Hi(3)(i=1,2,3…,310)，n=2×310=620，=IfsetsearchingcircleradiusRrespectively1.0m,1.5mand2.0m,makeastatisticsandcalculationoftheheightaccuracymHofeachgridpointofthesysteminthewayabove,theresultsare±1.37cm,±1.32cmand±1.30cmrespectively.Theincreaseofsearchingcircleradiusimprovestheheightaccuracyofsystem,butnotobviously.Itisknownastheheightaccuracyofthesystemtestachieves1.4cm,itfullymeetstheneedofqualitycontrolforpavingthicknessandroughnessoffillinglayers.4PreliminaryapplicationofthesystemBecausethedevelopmentofGPSreal-timesupervisorysystemintheconstruc-tionoffacerockfilldamisapioneerinourcountry,andtherearenorelevantreportsaroundtheworld,sotherearenoavailableexperienceforimitating.Inthisway,duringthesystemdevelopment,thepanelofdevelopmentgodeepintoconstructionsiteformanytimes,askabouttheconstructiontechniqueofrollercompaction,holdextensiveintercourseswithtechniciansofconstruct-ion,supervisionandmanag-ement,getfamiliarwithworkperform-anceofrollercompactionmachine,andcarryoutrepeatingexperim-entscombiningthepracticalprojectoffillingcompactionandthecompactionexperimentfieldofShuibuyaproject.Alltheworkestablishesthebasisoffinalizingtheproductdesignofthesystem.Atpresent,foursetsofsampleequipmentofmobileterminalintegratedunithavebeendevelopedandallofthemhavebeenputintorunninginthefillingcompactionofShuibuyaproject.Atthesametime,thefurtherperfectingofthesystemanddevelopmentofproductareinactivepreparation.Fig.3showstherollercompactionmachinewithmobileterminalsuperviseoryintegratedsystem.Fig.4showsthesoftwareinterfaceofsupervisorycentersystem.Fig.3ApplicationofthemovingremoteFig.4MaininterfaceofthesystemmonitoringandcontrollingsystemandcontrollingcentralAccordingtoavailableexperimentandapplication,thewholestatusofthesystemisgood.Becauseconstructionunitsofmodernprojectmoreandmorepursueeconomybenefit,howtobringapplicationofthesystemintosecuritysystemofconstructionqualityandestablishrelativemeasurementsistheprimaryrequisitelysolvedproblemforthedepartmentofadministration.Meanwhile,inordertoapplytoeachkindofcompactionmachineandbenefitforsupervisionofconstructionquality,thesystemneedsafurtherimprovementandperfectingintheaspectofunitbodilyformandmoduleintegrationofmobileterminal.WiththeopeningofcurtainofChina＇sWestgreatexploitationandstart-upoflotsoffoundationalconstructionprojects,therearelarge-scaledsoil-rockmaterialprojectsandrelevantrollercompacti-onintheprojectsofroad,railway,airport,waterconservancy,powerstation,etc.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentofthesystemnotonlyappliestosupervisoryneedofcompactionqualityinsoil-rockmaterialprojects,butalsoappliestoreal-timesupervisionofregionalengineeringsecurityandmovingcarrier,therefore,itsapplicationmarketprospectisverywide.REFERENCES1JiangGC(2002)Qualitycontrollingofrollercompactioninhighrockfilldam.GuizhouHydropower,16(4):75-78(inChinese)2WuXM(2002)DesignresearchofGPSreal-timesupervisorysystemofrollercompactionqualityinfacerockfilldam.Hydropower,(10):30-32(inChinese)3HuangSX,ZengHE(2004)HeightaccuracyestimationoftherollercompactionexperimentbasedonGPSreal-timemonitoringsystem.JournalofGeomatics,29(5):39-40(inChinese)GPS實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)以及在面板堆石壩上的應(yīng)用摘要根據(jù)質(zhì)量控制需要的填筑施工的面板堆石壩,采用歐氏全球衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)、無線數(shù)據(jù)通訊技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)和數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析技術(shù),結(jié)合碾壓機械進(jìn)行集成,對GPS實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)進(jìn)行了論述。它可以用于對通信建設(shè)的碾壓填工程進(jìn)行實時質(zhì)量監(jiān)督。本篇論文討論了GPS系統(tǒng)的的組成和應(yīng)用特點，關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題和設(shè)計方案，還分析了GPS系統(tǒng)的高精度問題，并且對GPS系統(tǒng)的初步應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了研究。關(guān)鍵詞：全球定位系統(tǒng)；填筑工程；質(zhì)量控制；集成系統(tǒng)；面板堆石壩介紹目前,管理填筑施工面板堆石壩的質(zhì)量主要采用“雙重控制”的質(zhì)量控制方法，其中一種是手動控制碾壓參數(shù)，參數(shù)包括厚度、充填層的粗糙度、和壓實機的滾次和軋實速度；另一種是在該區(qū)域?qū)兹舆M(jìn)行手動測試。該方法對國內(nèi)混凝土堆石壩的發(fā)展具有積極的推動作用。然而，隨著混凝土面板堆石壩規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，傳統(tǒng)的手工管理機制不再滿足當(dāng)代機械化施工和進(jìn)度的需要。位于中國湖南省清江流域的水布埡混凝土面板石堆大壩，在所有相同類型的大壩中，以233米的高度排名世界第一。該工程總充填量為1.6×107立方米并且一個月的最多灌裝量超過6×105立方米，所以需要更多的量來控制大壩填筑施工的質(zhì)量。為了及時地監(jiān)督大壩的填筑施工質(zhì)量，為灌裝工程開發(fā)一個碾壓方面的工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)督系統(tǒng)是非常重要的，這個系統(tǒng)具有實時、連續(xù)、自動化和高精度的特點。監(jiān)督系統(tǒng)對于提高水布埡工程的工程質(zhì)量具有很大的意義。作為一種全新的當(dāng)代空間衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航和位置定位系統(tǒng)，GPS已經(jīng)在越來越多的領(lǐng)域逐漸代替了普通光學(xué)和電子測量儀。自從20世紀(jì)80年代，特別是在90年代以后，GPS技術(shù)已經(jīng)結(jié)合現(xiàn)代通信技術(shù)引領(lǐng)空間定位技術(shù)進(jìn)行一次革命性的變革。通過GPS技術(shù)同時確定三維坐標(biāo)的方法已經(jīng)從具有近海安的陸地至整個海洋和外層空間,從靜力學(xué)到運動學(xué),從單點定位到網(wǎng)區(qū)分,從后處理到實時定位和導(dǎo)航改變了傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)，并且由于絕對和相對點位精度已經(jīng)達(dá)到米級、厘米級、亞毫米級，GPS的應(yīng)用和影響領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)擴(kuò)大到各行各業(yè)。現(xiàn)代數(shù)據(jù)通訊技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、代表GPS的空間定位技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展和完善使實時連續(xù)地、自動地監(jiān)督高精度具有可行性。根據(jù)在灌裝工程中對于碾壓方面的工程質(zhì)量管理的要求，利用GPS技術(shù)、無線數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析技術(shù)，并結(jié)合碾壓機，在2004年，武漢大學(xué)和清江水電開發(fā)責(zé)任有限總公司共同研發(fā)了一種在灌裝工程中適于監(jiān)督碾壓方面質(zhì)量問題的實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，也就是填筑施工質(zhì)量的實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)（后來簡稱為GPS）。這個系統(tǒng)具有實時、高精度、連續(xù)性、自動化等綜合功能，所以能應(yīng)用于對大壩、公路、保護(hù)堤、飛機場等的灌裝壓實實時監(jiān)督，因而成為一個確保工程的施工質(zhì)量的行之有效的助手。結(jié)合工程的要求以及此系統(tǒng)的特征，本論文主要討論此系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、方案設(shè)計，分析GPS系統(tǒng)的高精度問題，并且對GPS系統(tǒng)的初步應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了研究。1GPS實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成和特征1.1構(gòu)成該系統(tǒng)的硬件裝置主要包括以下三個方面：1)GPS衛(wèi)星信號的接受系統(tǒng)2)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)據(jù)通信系統(tǒng)3)計算機系統(tǒng)圖1.系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的介紹根據(jù)在灌裝和搗打工程的壓實需要和工程管理對此系統(tǒng)的要求，系統(tǒng)由監(jiān)控中心、網(wǎng)絡(luò)中繼站、現(xiàn)場亞控制站、GPS參考站和移動終端（包括碾壓機和交通質(zhì)量監(jiān)控工作）組成，移動終端是對于地形環(huán)境對無線通信的影響。圖1是灌裝工程中工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的介紹。如果地形環(huán)境好，并且現(xiàn)場的灌裝工程與系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)不是很遠(yuǎn)，那么網(wǎng)絡(luò)中繼站可以去掉。1.1.1監(jiān)控中心監(jiān)控中心是此系統(tǒng)的心臟，它將GPS參考站的微分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)輸入到GPS移動電臺，同時，通過無線數(shù)據(jù)傳輸連續(xù)實時地接受由移動電臺反饋的位置信息。結(jié)合施工的需要，裝備在監(jiān)控中心的電子顯示屏能夠?qū)崟r地顯示碾壓機械以及在水壩壓實平面上的質(zhì)量監(jiān)管工作車輛的精確移動位置和狀態(tài)信息，遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)視灌裝工程壓實質(zhì)量的狀態(tài)，并且提供給領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者基本信息以做出決定。系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)的處理、分析、儲存等等也在監(jiān)控中心操作。1.1.2現(xiàn)場次監(jiān)察站現(xiàn)場次監(jiān)察站系統(tǒng)控制中心的延伸，而且為現(xiàn)場的監(jiān)察人員提供了便利。通過訪問監(jiān)控中心的信息，監(jiān)察人員就能夠在監(jiān)察辦公室實時掌握工程施工和施工質(zhì)量的現(xiàn)狀。一旦出現(xiàn)質(zhì)量偏差，監(jiān)察人員就能夠應(yīng)對施工現(xiàn)場的施工人員，提醒工作人員并要求他們整頓。1.1.3GPS參考站GPS參考站為了利用差分GPS技術(shù)提高系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控精度而設(shè)置的。我們在一個已知點上設(shè)置GPS接收機作為參考站進(jìn)行GPS觀測工作，然后實時向GPS移動電臺輸出GPS觀測數(shù)據(jù)和參考站的已知位置信息，然后利用載波相位的差分處理方式處理連同移動電臺的GPS觀測數(shù)據(jù)，最后計算出移動電臺的空間位置信息，而且定位精度可以提高。以上的方法叫做差分GPS技術(shù)。一般來說，為了方便提供支撐力量，管理和維護(hù)，GPS參考站設(shè)置在監(jiān)控中心。為了確保監(jiān)控精度，必須強調(diào)的是GPS監(jiān)控站和施工區(qū)域之間的距離要少于5-6千米，并且這個距離控制要求要在實踐中滿足。1.1.4移動終端移動終端包含安裝在工程監(jiān)控車?yán)锖湍雺簷C里的系統(tǒng)需求裝備。1)安裝在碾壓機里德移動終端安裝在碾壓機里的移動終端主要包括集成系統(tǒng)單元，GPS接收機天線和無線通信天線。系統(tǒng)單元結(jié)合計算機工業(yè)平臺的主要設(shè)備，GPS接收機，無線通訊等等。移動終端是像GPS移動站似的移動監(jiān)控裝備進(jìn)行GPS移動觀測。它的控制項目主要包括碾壓機的軋制軌跡、軋制速度和軋制次數(shù)。移動終端會連續(xù)實時地向監(jiān)控中心反應(yīng)有效的觀測結(jié)果。同時，利用在碾壓機的司機的系統(tǒng)單元里的數(shù)據(jù)和表，計算機的工作平臺實時反應(yīng)了碾壓機的工作狀態(tài)。碾壓機的操作者要檢核他或她的工作是否滿足顯示屏上的質(zhì)量需求。2)安裝在工程監(jiān)控車?yán)锏囊苿咏K端工程監(jiān)控車是工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)控的工作車輛，它是專門配備給工程監(jiān)控人員的。它的主要工作是進(jìn)行GPS移動觀測工作和監(jiān)控現(xiàn)場質(zhì)量。它的主要觀測項目是壓實前后鋪層厚度的變化，支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)控制攤鋪機攤鋪厚度和填充表面的粗糙度，并且計算壓實率。監(jiān)控車也向監(jiān)控中心反應(yīng)觀測結(jié)果。另外，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)控數(shù)據(jù)，它從點的質(zhì)量管理上進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場施工。安裝在工程監(jiān)控車?yán)锏囊苿咏K端和安裝在碾壓機里德移動終端是類似的。1.2系統(tǒng)的主要特征GPS實時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的主要特征如下：1)連續(xù)實時監(jiān)督。在真實意義上，數(shù)據(jù)通訊接收雙向的傳動裝置。不管它是在監(jiān)控中心，是在現(xiàn)場的監(jiān)控站，還是在移動終端，碾壓機的運動軌跡和速度，以及在一秒的采樣率中的三維位置信息也能實時顯示在顯示屏上的。系統(tǒng)的觀測數(shù)據(jù)是連續(xù)的，在間隔一秒的時間里的處理結(jié)果能夠足夠滿足系統(tǒng)里的監(jiān)控數(shù)據(jù)連續(xù)性的需要。2)高度自動化。在整個系統(tǒng)，向移動終端輸出參考站的差分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，向監(jiān)控中心反應(yīng)終端的位置信息，在監(jiān)控中心和移動終端顯示所有碾壓機的運動軌跡和速度，儲存以及處理數(shù)據(jù)和成果分析。3)操作容易方便。制定監(jiān)控中心和網(wǎng)絡(luò)中繼站的制度是為了滿足完全自動化以及主要集中在移動終端的零件進(jìn)行手動操作的需要。操作移動終端是非常容易且便利的，包含幾個簡單必須的步驟如打開或關(guān)閉該單元等等。另外，移動終端的設(shè)備是非常簡單的，重量輕、尺寸小并且容易安裝和卸載。4)精度高。由于GPSRTK技術(shù)采用的數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)以及設(shè)定在水布埡工程的移動終