研究生英語考試(讀寫3)

UNIT1Vocabulary1landmark（地標(biāo)，標(biāo)志性建筑） merge（合并） trigger（發(fā)動(dòng),引發(fā)）transformation（改變,轉(zhuǎn)變）convergence（聚合的場(chǎng)所）manuscript（草稿，手稿） reconstruct（重建） rummage（搜尋，翻找）encode（將……編碼） amass（積聚，積累） evolutionary（進(jìn)化的，發(fā)展的） feast（盡情享受，參加宴會(huì)）1. TheNewberryLibraryinChicago,oneofthemostprestigiousresearchlibrariesinthenation,containsnumerouscollectionsofrarebooks,maps,andmanuscript.2. Thesunisadifficultlandmarkfornavigationbecauseofitsapparentmotionfromeasttowest,butbeesarebornknowinghowtocompensateforthat.3. Toourdialoguethebabypaidnoattention,hesimplyfeastedonthemusicofthewordsandseemedtohavebeengreatlydelightedtopulluncleJonah’sgraymustache.4. Morethan90percentofWarsawwasdestroyedduringWorldWarII(1939-1945),butthehistoricOldTownsectionwaspainstakinglyreconstructed.5. Duringthe14thcenturyinItaly,theriseofcommercecreatedanewclassofwealthymerchantswhoamassedlargecollectionsofsculptures,paintings,andtheartofantiquity.6. ModernCanadawasformedinaneventthatCanadianscallConfederation,in1867,whenthreecoloniesofBritainmergetocreateapartiallyindependentstateoffourprovinces.7. DiscussioncontinuedabouttheroleofgoldinthestructureofinternationalreservesandaboutthetransformationoftheIMFintoaninternationalcentralbankfornationalcentralbanks.8. Wheneverpeoplesuccessfullyrecallapriorexperience,theymusthaveencoded,stored,andretrievedinformationabouttheexperience.9. Simplesugars,refinedfromnaturallyoccurringsugarsandaddedtoprocessedfoods,requirelittledigestionandarequicklyabsorbedbythebody,triggeringanunhealthychainofevents.10. Theconceptofculturalconvergencesuggeststhatdifferentgroupsatdifferenttimesandplacesmightcreateorusesimilarmaterialsortoolsinsimilarways.1. 芝加哥的紐伯里圖書館是美國(guó)最負(fù)盛名的研究圖書館之一，收藏了大量的珍本書籍、地圖和手稿。2. 太陽在航行中是一個(gè)困難的地標(biāo)，因?yàn)樗雌饋硎怯蓶|向西運(yùn)動(dòng)的，但蜜蜂生來就知道如何補(bǔ)償太陽。3. 孩子對(duì)我們的對(duì)話毫不在意，他只是盡情地享受著歌詞的音樂，似乎非常高興地拉著約拿叔叔的灰胡子。4. 在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間(1939-1945年)，華沙90%以上的地區(qū)被摧毀，但是歷史悠久的老城區(qū)卻經(jīng)過了艱苦的重建。5. 在14世紀(jì)的意大利，商業(yè)的興起創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)新的富有的商人階層，他們收集了大量的雕塑、繪畫和古代藝術(shù)品。6. 1867年，英國(guó)的三個(gè)殖民地合并成一個(gè)由四個(gè)省組成的部分獨(dú)立的國(guó)家，加拿大人稱之為聯(lián)邦。7. 繼續(xù)討論黃金在國(guó)際儲(chǔ)備結(jié)構(gòu)中的作用，以及將國(guó)際貨幣基金組織轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦鲊?guó)中央銀行的國(guó)際中央銀行。8. 當(dāng)人們成功地回憶起以前的經(jīng)歷時(shí)，他們必須對(duì)有關(guān)該經(jīng)歷的信息進(jìn)行編碼、存儲(chǔ)和檢索。9. 從天然糖中提煉出來的單糖添加到加工過的食品中，幾乎不需要消化，就會(huì)被身體迅速吸收，引發(fā)一系列不健康的連鎖反應(yīng)。10. 文化趨同的概念表明，不同的群體在不同的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)可能會(huì)以相似的方式創(chuàng)造或使用相似的材料或工具。Vocabulary21. AjointprojectofbothBritishandAmericansponsors,a(n)（B）Mayflowerwasconstructed,manned,andsentacrosstheAtlanticinmuchthesamemannerasherseventeenth-centuryprototype.由英國(guó)和美國(guó)贊助的聯(lián)合項(xiàng)目，一件“五月花”的復(fù)制品被建造、載人，并以與她17世紀(jì)的原型相似的方式橫跨大西洋。A.model B.replica C.original D.facsimile2. （D）A.negligible B.slight C.abundant D.scanty3. InMay,theCourtruled,6-2,thatthepolicecan（A）throughhouseholdtrashleftatthecurbsidewithoutobtainingasearchwarrant.A.rummage B.examine C.search D.investigate4. Theresistanceofinsectstoinsecticidesisweakeningtheseonceseemingly（C）weaponsinthebattleagainstdisease.A.vulnerable B.supreme C.invincible D.irrepressible5. Sincethe1970smostimmigrantshavecomefromAsia,increasingstillfurtherthe（A）ofthepopulation.A.diversity B.difference C.uniformity D.diversion6. Mostcosmologistsbelievethattheuniversebeganasadensekernelofmatterandradiantenergywhichstartedtoexpandaboutfivebillionyearsagoandlater（C）intogalaxies.A.separated B.joined C.coalesced D.collapsed7. Housingdevelopmentsofsimilar-lookingsingle-familyormultiple-familydwellings,builtbyspeculators,（A）ontheedgesofcities.A.spread B.jumped C.sprang D.poured8. TheteamofsixAmericans（C）anancienttradeandmigrationroutebyski,dogsled,andtraditionalwalrus-hideboattocallattentiontothecommonculturalheritageofthearcticEskimos.A.realized B.returned C.retraced D.reacted9. Thankstoa（D）combinationofadvancingtechnologyandgovernmentincentives,renewableenergymayfinallybecomingofage.A.persuasive B.popular C.physical D.potent10. Themake-upofmanissocomplicated,thechangesofenvironmentso（B）,thatitisimpossibletofocusthespotlightofunderstandingonanyonefactorasthecauseofcrime.A.infinitive B.intricate C.informal D.interactiveClozemisconception（誤解） lead （）endure（） interpret（解釋）evolutionary（進(jìn)化論的） heredity（遺傳） highlight（突出） adapt（適應(yīng)）fit（適合） provide（提供） retrace（追溯） molecular（分子）Formorethan100years,scientistshavesought—andfound—evidenceforevolution.Thefossilrecorddemonstratesthatlifeonthisplanetwasvastlydifferentmillionsofyearsago.Fossils,furthermore,(provide)evidenceofhowspecieschangeovertime.Thestudyofcomparativeanatomyhas(highlight)physicalsimilaritiesinthefeaturesofwidelydifferentspecies—proofofcommonancestry.Bacteriathatmutateanddevelopresistancetoantibiotics,alongwithotherobservableinstancesofadaptation,demonstrate(evolutionary)principlesatwork.Andthestudyofgenes,proteins,andother(molecular)evidencehasaddedtotheunderstandingofevolutionarydescentandtherelationshipbetweenalllivingthings.Researchinalltheseareashas(led)tooverwhelmingsupportforevolutionamongscientists.Nevertheless,evolutionarytheoryisstill,insomecases,thecauseof(misconception)ormisunderstanding.Peopleoftenmisconstruethephrase“survivalofthe(fittest).”Somepeople(interpret)thistomeanthatsurvivalistherewardforthestrongest,themostvigorous,orthemostdominant.IntheDarwiniansense,however,fitnessdoesnotnecessarilymeanstrengthsomuchasthecapacityto(adapt)successfully.Thismightmeandevelopingadaptationsformoreefficientlyobtainingfood,orescapingpredators,or(enduring)climatechange—inshort,forthrivinginagivensetofcircumstances.100多年來，科學(xué)家們一直在尋找并發(fā)現(xiàn)了進(jìn)化的證據(jù)?；涗洷砻?，數(shù)百萬年前地球上的生命與現(xiàn)在大不相同。此外，化石提供了物種如何隨時(shí)間變化的證據(jù)。比較解剖學(xué)的研究不同物種特征上的物理相似性-證明共同祖先。細(xì)菌變異并對(duì)抗生素產(chǎn)生耐藥性，以及其他可觀察到的適應(yīng)性實(shí)例，證明了(進(jìn)化)原則在起作用。對(duì)基因、蛋白質(zhì)和其他(分子)證據(jù)的研究增加了對(duì)進(jìn)化的理解以及所有生物之間的關(guān)系。所有這些領(lǐng)域的研究導(dǎo)致這些科學(xué)家壓倒性的支持進(jìn)化論。然而，在某些情況下，進(jìn)化論仍然是(誤解)或誤解的原因。人們經(jīng)常誤解“適者生存”這個(gè)短語。有些人(解釋)這意味著生存是對(duì)最強(qiáng)壯、最有活力或最具統(tǒng)治力的人的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。然而，在達(dá)爾文的意義上，適應(yīng)性并不一定意味著力量，更重要的是成功(適應(yīng))的能力。這可能意味著為了更有效地獲取食物，或躲避捕食者，或(持久的)氣候變化而發(fā)展適應(yīng)——簡(jiǎn)而言之，為了在給定的環(huán)境下茁壯成長(zhǎng)。TranslateWiththepublicationofOntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,CharlesDarwinin1859showedconclusivelythatspeciesevolvedandwerenotimmutableovertime.ThisrevolutionaryideapermittedanexplanationofthefossilrecordthatdidnotneedtoinvoketheBiblicalstoryoftheFloodortheviewthatallextinctanimalsandplantshadperishedasaresultofthisglobalcatastrophe.Itbecamepossibletocomparemodernandfossilanimalsandtoconstructlineagesthroughtimethatdocumentedthechangesthathadoccurred,andthedistributionoffossilformsbegantotakeonnewsignificance.Itbecameapparentthatassemblagesoffossilsbetrayclimaticpreferencesatanygiventimeandclimaticchangethroughtime.Another12yearselapsedbeforeDarwinappliedhistheoryofevolution—anditsmechanism,naturalselectionactinguponapoolofnormalbiologicalvariation—tothecaseofman;thedelaymorelikelywasbecauseoflackoffossilevidencethanlackofcourage.Theso-calledDarwiniantautology,“Thesurvivalofthefittestisthesurvivalofthosebestfittedtosurvive,”givesaninsightintotheadaptationsoflivingorganismsthatleadtoanincreaseintheirchancesofsurvivalandofleavingmoreoffspringthantheirrivals.Theclosertheadaptationtotheenvironment,thegreaterthechancesofsurvival.Thispathwayleadstospecialization:fishneedwaterinwhichtoswim,birdsneedwingswithwhichtofly,koalasneedeucalyptusleavestoeat—nothingelsewilldo.隨著《物種起源》的發(fā)表，查爾斯·達(dá)爾文在1859年就決斷性地宣稱了物種是在進(jìn)化的，而且并非經(jīng)久不變。這種革命性的觀念可以用化石記錄做出解釋，而無須求助于《圣經(jīng)》中大洪水的故事，也無須求助于那種認(rèn)為由于這場(chǎng)全球性的災(zāi)難所有動(dòng)植物都滅絕了的觀點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)可以對(duì)現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物和化石動(dòng)物進(jìn)行比對(duì)以劃定年代表，其中記錄下曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過的很多變遷，而各類化石的分布也開始具有了新的重要意義。顯然，某個(gè)化石集中的地方反映出某一特定時(shí)段內(nèi)的氣候特征和長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)的氣候變化。12年后，達(dá)爾文才把他的進(jìn)化論應(yīng)用于人類，其中包括進(jìn)化機(jī)制、自然選擇對(duì)眾多的正常生物變異所起的作用。之所以拖這么長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間與其說是因?yàn)橛職獠蛔悖共蝗缯f因?yàn)槿鄙倩C據(jù)。達(dá)爾文所反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的“適者生存就是最適應(yīng)生存的物種才能生存”使人類對(duì)有機(jī)生命體的適應(yīng)能力有了深入了解。有機(jī)生命體的適應(yīng)能力增加了其存活的機(jī)會(huì)，也增加了其比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手繁殖更多后代的機(jī)會(huì)。越適應(yīng)環(huán)境，生存下去的幾率也就越高。這條道路導(dǎo)致了特化作用：魚需要水才能游，鳥有了翅膀才能飛，樹袋熊只吃桉樹的葉子——其他東西都無法取代。Unite2Vocabulary1 ratchet complexion（面色，臉色） dismal（悲傷的，悲慘的） penalize（處罰某人） backlash taint（強(qiáng)烈抵制） infuse（將（某特性）灌輸給或注入（某人/某事物）） heritage（遺產(chǎn)，繼承物） dwindle（逐漸減少） diversify（使某物多樣化） leapfrog（跳躍） rally（集合，集會(huì)）1. Wealsoneedtofurtherreformandreorganizestate-ownedforeigntradebusinessesanddiversifyforeigntradeentitiesandexportchannels.2. Whilenoorganizationhasclaimedresponsibilityfortheattacks,actionsagainstterrorismmustremainconsistentandtheintensitymustnotdwindletoo.3. Remembertoremovesunblockcreamsatnight.Tryamoisturizingandrelaxingmask,andwepromiseyouarenewedglowingcomplexionthenextday.4. Somecompaniesmaymakethingsworseiftheyseektoratchetdowntheirmedicalexpensesbylimitingbenefitsforpsychologicalorpsychiatriccare.5. Weshouldrallyourselvesaroundourgovernmentandensurethatoureconomycanwithstandtheturmoilsahead.6. Otheruniversitieshaveexpressedinterestinadoptingthedesegregationpolicy,butwanttheirnameskeptsecrettoavoidabacklash.7. Agroupleadershouldhavethegiftofbeingabletoinfuseenthusiasmintothemostskepticalmemberofthegroup.8. Inthebusinessfield,youknow“timeismoney”and“timeislife”.Manycompaniespenalize（懲罰）theirstaffforbeingsluggish(行動(dòng)遲緩的slow)whileatwork.9. Chinawilllaunch（開啟，發(fā)動(dòng)star）amassivesurvey（大量的調(diào)查）ofitsunderwaterrelics（水下遺產(chǎn)）inanefforttobetterconserve（維持，保持）thecountry’sculturalheritage.10. Thefastdevelopmentofmobiletechnology（快速發(fā)展的移動(dòng)技術(shù)）mayenablethedevelopingworldtoleapfrog（飛躍，蛙跳）thePCera（時(shí)代）altogether.（enablesthtodosth）深化國(guó)有外貿(mào)企業(yè)改革和重組，促進(jìn)對(duì)外貿(mào)易主體和出口渠道多元化。雖然沒有任何組織聲稱對(duì)襲擊事件負(fù)責(zé)，但打擊恐怖主義的行動(dòng)必須保持一致，而且力度也不能減弱。記得在晚上把防曬霜拿掉。嘗試保濕和放松面膜，我們保證你會(huì)在第二天恢復(fù)容光煥發(fā)的膚色。有些公司通過限制心理或精神疾病治療的福利來降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用，這可能會(huì)使情況變得更糟。我們應(yīng)該團(tuán)結(jié)在政府的周圍，確保本港的經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠經(jīng)受住未來的動(dòng)蕩。其他大學(xué)也表達(dá)了對(duì)廢除種族隔離政策的興趣，但希望他們的名字保密，以避免遭到反對(duì)。一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該有這樣的天賦，能夠?qū)崆樽⑷氲綀F(tuán)隊(duì)中最持懷疑態(tài)度的成員身上。在商業(yè)領(lǐng)域，你知道“時(shí)間就是金錢”和“時(shí)間就是生命”。許多公司因員工工作時(shí)行動(dòng)遲緩而懲罰他們。為了更好地保護(hù)國(guó)家的文化遺產(chǎn)，我國(guó)將開展大規(guī)模的水下文物調(diào)查。移動(dòng)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展可能會(huì)使發(fā)展中國(guó)家完全跳過PC時(shí)代。Vocabulary21. ObamabecamethefirstpersonofAfrican-American（B）toacceptamajorparty’snominationforpresident.A.source B.descent（血統(tǒng)）C.root（根） D.trace（marksleft/footsteps）2. Accordingtosomeexperts,itispossiblethatTVviewingmay（A）otheractivitiesthatpromoteconcentration,suchasreading,games,sportsandplay.A.supplant（替換掉）B.supplement C.supply D.supervise3. Hesaidthemedicalcommunity（醫(yī)學(xué)界）was（C）byageneralunwillingnesstoacceptresponsibilityandalackofawarenessonthepartofitsmembersabouttheirlegalobligations.A.reset（重置） B.bewildered C.beset（受困于） D.perplexed4. tofacilitatecooperationbetweenthetwocountries’enterprises.A.counterpart（代指相對(duì)應(yīng)的人或物）B.counteraction C.alliance D.agreement5. China’seconomieswillbemore（D）whenChinaadoptsmodernagriculturaltechniquesthatmakefarmersmoreproductiveandthefoodsupplymoresecure.A.restrictive（受限制的）B.resistantC.resolute（下決心，意志堅(jiān)定）D.resilient（彈性大，復(fù)原的快）6. Issuessuchasculture,traditionandidentity,whichareabstract,arestrangeanddifficulttobelieveandmayeven（A）asenseoffearandresistance.A.evoke B.recall C.revolve D.evolve7. SurgingeconomiesinChinaandIndiahavehelpedpushoilpriceshigheroverthepastyear—andtensionsinoil-producingnationssuchasNigeriaandIranhaveaddedto（增加）speculation（臆想，推測(cè)）thatglobal-demandwillcontinueto（B）supply.A.restrain（限制）B.outstrip（多于）C.outlive（超過，比……長(zhǎng)）D.excel（beexcellent，優(yōu)于，比…好）8. AbouttheEastSeagasfielddispute,Konosaidalthoughtheissueishardtoresolve,itisnot（D）whenbilateral（雙邊）trustisstrengthened.A.unexplainable（不可解釋的） B.inexplicable（不可解釋的） C.inescapable（難以名狀的） D.inextricable（無法避免的，解不開的）9. Phelps（菲爾普斯）iscompetinginhissecondmeetsincehisthree-monthsuspension（吊銷）byUSASwimmingendedlastmonth.Hewas（D）afteraphotosurfacedofhimusingamarijuanapipe.A.performed B.persuaded C.permitted D.penalized（懲罰）10. U.S.consumershavemoreconfidenceintheeconomythantheyhavehadforthepastsevenmonths,butoverallsentimentisstill（D）,accordingtoasurveyreleased（公布結(jié)果）onFridaybytheUniversityofMichigan.A.excited B.displeased C.cheerful D.dismal（低迷的）Cloze imply beset colonization absorb taboo overlook assimilation integrate abolition immigrant host occurThemeltingpotideaismoststronglyassociatedwiththeUnitedStates,particularlyinreferenceto“model”immigrantgroupsofthepast.Pastgenerationsof(immigrant)totheUnitedStates,itisarguedbysome,becamesuccessfulbyworkingtoshedtheirhistoricidentitiesandadoptthewaysoftheirnewcountry.Typically,immigrants(absorbed)thewaysofthe“(host)”society,whilelooseningtovaryingdegreestheirconnectiontotheirnativeculture.This“EllisIsland”versionofthe“meltingpot”narrative,equatingthemeltingpotwiththemixingofEuro-Americanimmigrants,hasbeencriticizedbecauseit(overlooks)thehistoryofAfrican-Americans,whocametoNorthAmericamainlyasslavesthroughtheAtlanticslavetrade,andNativeAmericans,whowerewipedout,displacedorenslavedduringtheEuropean(colonization)oftheAmericas.The“meltingpot”processhasbeenequatedwithculturalassimilationandacculturation.The“meltingpot”metaphor(implies)bothameltingofculturesandintermarriageofethnicities,yetculturalassimilationoracculturationcanalso(occur)withoutintermarriage.ThusAfrican-Americansarefullyculturally(integrated)intoAmericancultureandinstitutions.Yetmorethanacenturyafterthe(abolition)ofslavery,intermarriagebetweenAfrican-Americansandotherethnicitiesismuchlesscommonthanthatbetweendifferentwhiteethnicities,orbetweenwhiteandAsianethnicities.Intermarriagebetweenwhitesandnon-whites,andespeciallyAfrican-Americans,haslongbeena(taboo)intheUnitedStates,andwasillegalinmanyUSstatesuntil1967.大熔爐的觀點(diǎn)與美國(guó)聯(lián)系最為緊密，尤其是在提到過去的“模范”移民群體時(shí)。一些人認(rèn)為，過去幾代移民到美國(guó)的人之所以成功，是因?yàn)樗麄兣[脫自己的歷史身份，采用了新國(guó)家的方式。典型的情況是，移民們吸收了“東道主”社會(huì)的生活方式，同時(shí)在不同程度上放松了他們與本土文化的聯(lián)系。這種“埃利斯島”版本的“大熔爐”敘事，將“大熔爐”等同于歐美移民的混合，因?yàn)樗雎粤诉@一點(diǎn)而受到批評(píng)主要通過大西洋奴隸貿(mào)易來到北美的非洲裔美國(guó)人，以及在歐洲殖民美洲期間被消滅、流離失所或被奴役的印第安人的歷史。“大熔爐”過程被等同于文化同化和文化適應(yīng)?！按笕蹱t”的比喻既意味著文化的融合，也意味著種族的異族通婚，但文化同化或文化適應(yīng)也可以在沒有異族通婚的情況下發(fā)生。因此，非裔美國(guó)人在文化上完全融入了美國(guó)的文化和制度。然而，奴隸制廢除一個(gè)多世紀(jì)后，非洲裔美國(guó)人和其他種族之間的通婚，遠(yuǎn)不如不同白人族裔之間，或白人和亞洲族裔之間的通婚常見。在美國(guó)，白人與非白人，尤其是非裔美國(guó)人之間的通婚一直是禁忌。1967年以前，通婚在美國(guó)的許多州都是非法的。TranslateAmericanshavealsolearnedmuchfromthecustomsandideasoftheimmigrantsandareofteninfluencedbytheminsubtleandinterestingways.Immigrantsbringtheirnativecultural,political,andsocialpatternsandattitudes,variedacademicandreligiousbackgrounds,aswellastheirethnicarts,sports,holidays,festivals,andfoods.TheyhavegreatlyenrichedAmericanlife.Forimmigrantsfromallpartsoftheworld,theUnitedStateshasbeena“meltingpot”inwhichtheforeignershavesometimesremainedculturallyandlinguisticallywhattheywereintheirnativelands,evenastheymovetowardbecomingcitizensoftheUnitedStates,acountrywhosepeopleshareacommonculturaloutlookandsetofvalues.Themeltingpotdoesnotmeltawayallrecollectionsofanotherwayoflifeinanotherplace—norshouldit.Onthecontrary,immigrantsshouldmaintainthelanguages,skills,religions,customsandartsoftheirownheritage,evenwhiletheyareworkingtowardsenteringthemainstreamofAmericanculture.目前，美國(guó)正在從一個(gè)主要由歐洲移民構(gòu)成的國(guó)家向由來自世界各地（如亞洲、拉丁美洲等）的移民構(gòu)成的國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)變，其移民數(shù)量驟增。這些移民渴望擺脫本國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)困境，希望到美國(guó)這個(gè)充滿機(jī)遇的國(guó)家尋求更好的受教育的機(jī)會(huì)和更富足的生活。盡管他們帶來的本國(guó)文化與美國(guó)本土文化時(shí)有沖突，但大多數(shù)移民都學(xué)會(huì)了如何適應(yīng)并熱愛這片收養(yǎng)他們的土地。美國(guó)人從移民的習(xí)俗和觀點(diǎn)中也學(xué)到了許多東西，其生活的各個(gè)方面都受到了移民的影響，這種影響常常是潛移默化、妙趣橫生的。而移民不僅帶來了本國(guó)在文化、政治和社會(huì)生活方面的模式和態(tài)度、不同的學(xué)術(shù)和宗教背景，同時(shí)也帶來了各民族獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)、體育、節(jié)假日和食品等等。他們極大地豐富了美國(guó)人的生活。對(duì)于來自世界各地的移民而言，美國(guó)成為了一個(gè)“大熔爐”——他們逐漸成為美國(guó)公民，與其他美國(guó)人同享一套文化價(jià)值觀，與此同時(shí)，這些移民有時(shí)還保留了本國(guó)的文化和語言。大熔爐并不會(huì)將移民們?cè)诒緡?guó)生活的記憶完全抹去——本來也不該如此。相反地，在融入美國(guó)主流文化的同時(shí)，移民們?nèi)匀粦?yīng)該保留語言、技能、宗教、習(xí)俗和藝術(shù)等方面的民族遺產(chǎn)Unite3Vocabularyabundance（豐富，充裕） archetypal（原型的） downplay（貶低，輕視，減輕…的重要性）motivation（動(dòng)機(jī)，誘因）sprawl（v.散亂的延伸） perpetual（持續(xù)的，永恒的） inequality（不平等）mobility（移動(dòng)性，可動(dòng)性）aspire（渴望，有抱負(fù)）esteem（尊重，看重） lampoon （用作品等諷刺或嘲笑某人某物）communal（全體共用的，分享的）1. ThetemperatureoftheregionswestoftheRockyMountainsismuchmilder;however,theupperplainslieatadistancefromthesea-coast,andarecoveredwithperpetualsnow.2. Gagcartoonsusuallymakefunofgroupsofpeopleratherthanlampooningindividuals.Andtheyareoftenfoundinmagazines,suchastheNewYorker,andongreetingcards.3. Someofthemostsignificantthreatstocoralreefsresultfromhumaneffortstoexploittherichdiversityandabundanceoflifetheysupport.4. Long-distanceeventswerethemostprestigiousandthosewhoexcelledatlongerdistanceswereheldingreatesteembyotherathletes.5. NotedAmericanmythologistJosephCampbelldiscussesthearchetypalheroinhisbookTheHerowithaThousandFaces.Hetellsthereadersofthebasicelementsofahero’srisetoprominence:separation,initiationandreturn.6. Becausemanypeopleparticipateintheshapingofafolksong,thisprocessiscalledcommunalre-creation.7. AsBushpubliclydownplayedtheseriousnessoftheeconomy’sslump,hisownadvisersweresplitonhowmuchandwhatkindofactiontotaketocounteractit.8. AfterEuropeancoloniesinAfricaandAsiabegantowintheirindependence,theyalsoaspiredtobecomerecognizedasnationsintheinternationalsystem.9. Asaresultofeasierandfastertransportation,theUnitedStatesandworldeconomieshavebecomedependentonthemobilitythatautomobiles,trucks,andbusesprovide.10. Americanfamiliesstillchoosetoliveineithersuburbsorthesprawlingsuburbancitiesthathavegrownupinnewerregionsofthecountry.1. 落基山脈西部地區(qū)的氣溫要溫和得多;然而，上平原離海岸有一段距離，終年覆蓋著積雪。2. 插科打諢的漫畫通常是取笑一群人，而不是諷刺個(gè)人。它們經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在《紐約客》等雜志和賀卡上。3. 對(duì)珊瑚礁的一些最嚴(yán)重的威脅源于人類努力開發(fā)它們所支持的豐富的生物多樣性和豐富性。4. 長(zhǎng)距離比賽是最有聲望的，那些在長(zhǎng)距離比賽中表現(xiàn)出色的運(yùn)動(dòng)員受到其他運(yùn)動(dòng)員的尊敬。5. 著名的美國(guó)神話學(xué)家約瑟夫·坎貝爾在他的書《千面英雄》中討論了原型英雄。他向讀者講述了英雄崛起的基本要素:分離、成長(zhǎng)和回歸。6. 因?yàn)樵S多人參與民謠的塑造，這個(gè)過程被稱為公共再創(chuàng)造。7. 當(dāng)布什公開淡化經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的嚴(yán)重性時(shí)，他自己的顧問在采取多少措施以及采取何種措施來應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的問題上出現(xiàn)了分歧。8. 在非洲和亞洲的歐洲殖民地開始贏得獨(dú)立后，它們也渴望成為國(guó)際體系中被承認(rèn)的國(guó)家。9. 由于交通更加便捷和快捷，美國(guó)和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)變得依賴于汽車、卡車和公共汽車所提供的流動(dòng)性。10. 美國(guó)家庭仍然選擇住在郊區(qū)，或者在美國(guó)較新的地區(qū)不斷擴(kuò)大的郊區(qū)城市。Vocabulary1. Togivethesecharacters’（A）fortheiractions,authorshighlightthecharacters’thoughts,feelings,conflictingimpulses,andcapacityforchange.A.motives B.mobility C.movement D.motors2. Thetermphilosophyisusedpopularlytomeanasetofbasic（C）andattitudestowardlife,nature,andsociety.A.qualities B.merits C.values D.variables3. Thebestindicatorofanation’soveralleconomic（B）andbestguidetoitsnationaloutputisthegrossnationalproduct.A.security B.well-being C.comfort D.safety4. The（B）questionofhowbesttopermanentlydisposeoftheradioactivewastefrompowerplantsandothersourcesremainedessentiallyunresolved.A.long-suffering B.long-standingC.time-consuming D.time-honored5. Ofthemanymanifestationsofinflationthemost（D）wastheriseinhouseprices—up18percentonaverageinthefirstsixmonthsoftheyear.A.constant B.considerateC.constructive D.conspicuous6. （A）A.thrift B.caution C.trust D.credit7. （C）A.acts B.laws C.mores D.regulations8. Withtheconstantflowofpopulationtothecities,widespreadeducationalopportunities,anda（D）civilservice,appearedunlikelytoimprove.A.blurred B.blocked C.blended D.bloated9. Thelate1930sandearly1940switnessedthe（A）ofneworganizationsthatwerededicatedtoexpandingeconomicandpoliticaldemocracyintheSouth.A.emergence B.exposure C.evolution D.emigration10. （D）A.Tolls B.Fees C.Charges D.TariffsClozemutual hierarchy support entrepreneur（企業(yè)家）lampoon（諷刺） emerge occupy compose（組成，創(chuàng)作）extend establish rare sovereignBourgeoisiereferredto,originally,thefreeresidentsofEuropeantownsduringtheMiddleAges.Thebourgeoisielaterbecamesynonymouswiththemiddleclass.ThetermwasfirstappliedtothoseinhabitantsofmedievaltownsinFrancewhooccupiedapositionsomewherebetweenthepeasantsandthelandowningnobility;soonitwasextendedtothemiddleclassofothernations.Thesepeoplewereusuallymerchants,tradespeople,andartisansandlaterbankersandentrepreneurs.Withthedevelopmentofmedievalcitiesascentersofcommerce,thebourgeoisiebegantoemergeasanimportantsocio-economicclass.Frequentlytheybandedtogetherintocorporationsorguildstoprotecttheirmutualinterestsfromthemorepowerfullandedgentry.Bythe17thcentury,thismiddleclasswassupportingprinciplesofnaturalrightsandconstitutionalgovernmentagainstthetheoriesofdivinerightandprivilegeofthesovereignandthenobility.Thus,membersofthebourgeoisieledtheEnglishRevolutionofthe17thcenturyandtheAmericanandFrenchrevolutionsofthelate18thcentury.Theserevolutionshelpedtoestablishpoliticalrightsandpersonallibertyforallfreemen.Todaythe