四川大學2015考博真題

四川大學2015年博士研究生入學考試英語試題I.ReadingComprehension(30%;onemarkeach)Directions:Readthefollowingsixpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebyChoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneSpeechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnaturaltomanaswalking,andonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceusthatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insoberfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatterfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybroughtintoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalheredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,theveryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobeprimarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,thenormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearntheart,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirthtotakeonallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalking.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman.Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisborninthelapofasocietythatiscertaintoleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthereiseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustascertainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsystemofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmentintowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyforeignone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhisnewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelyatvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatvariesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabilityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfromsocialgrouptosocialgroup,theproductoflong-continuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries...notasconsciously,perhaps,butnonethelessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walkingisanorganic,aninstinctive,function;speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,“cultural”function.1.ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage",istheclosestinmeaningto（）[A] Thisisnotthecasewithlanguage[B] Soislanguageandnetanythingelse[C] Nosuchathingexistsinlanguage[D] Notsomuchwithlanguage2. Therealdifferencebetweentheabilitytowalkandtheabilitytotalkisthat（）.[A] theformerislikebreathingwhilethelatterisnot[B] theformerdoesnotrequiresocialinteractionwhilethelatterdoes[C] theformerrequiresmuscularmovementwhilethelatterdoesnot[D] theformerispredestinedwhilethelatterisnot3. WhichofthefollowingisNOTanideaoftheauthor?（）[A] Languageisbiologicallyprogrammedbuthastobeacquiredlateron.[B] Onlywhenachildgrowsupinacommunitycanhelearntotalk.[C] Languageinteractionisawaytoimpartculture.[D] Formaleducationisnecessaryforthelearningoflanguage.4. Whentheauthorsaysthevariabilityofwalking"ispurposeless",hemeansthat（）.[A] anypersonwhowalkswouldnothaveapurpose[BIinallculturespeoplewalkaimlessly[C] culturedoesaffectthewayspeoplewalk[D] purposeinwalkingvarieswithone'sability5. Theauthorwrotethispassageinorderto（）.[A] argueforapoint [B]provideinformation[C]narratealegend [D]debatewithhisrivalsPassageTwoTheobserverdoesnothavetolookfartodiscoverthatWesternsocietyisyouthorientedandyouthworshiping.Thephenomenonshowsitselfinmanyways.First,adultsdoalltheycantobeyouthfulandtoremainyoungbecauseoldageisfearedandyouthfulnessadmired.Beautyandcosmeticindustrieshavemadebillionsofdollarsbyencouragingthisemulationofagelessness.Second,muchofwhatparentsdoisfortheiryoung.Thousandsofparentsmakedailysacrificesfortheirchildren.Thenumerousbenefitsheapeduponchildrenareevident.Manymotherssay:"Iwouldgivemylifeformychildren."Thisfeelingdoesnotapplytoallparents,butitappliestoenoughofthemtobeproofpositivethattoday'sadultscareabouttheiryoungpeople.Third,mostadultssaythatthemajorityofyouthtodayare"prettygoodkids."Thispointofviewcanbefairlywellsubstantiated.Moststudiesthatfocusonnormaladolescentsagreethatthemajorityarenotproblems,notinturmoil,notdeeplydisturbed,notatthemercyoftheirimpulses,notresistanttoparentalvalues,notpoliticallyactive,andnotrebellious.InarecentGalluppoll,97percentofteenssaidtheygotalongwiththeirparentseitherverywellorfairlywell.Only3percentsaidtheydidnotgetalongatallwell.Sometimes,parentscarryapositiveviewoftheirteenagerstoanover-idealizedextreme.Theyrefusetobelievetheirchildrenareeveratfaultorevercapableofdoingwrong,andtheytendtoattackanyfriend,teacher,ortownofficialwhotriestotellthemotherwise.Despitethisover-idealizationmostyouthsarenotproblems---tothemselvesortotheircommunities.Misconceptionsareforagedbyfocusingonlyonthedrug-addicted,delinquent,anddisturbedoronthesocialrebelswhoareinfactaminority.Finally,althoughmostyouthstodayarenotactivistrebelslikethoseofthelate1960sandearly1970s;youthfulidealismisstillmuchinevidence.Adolescentsaremuchconcernedaboutsocialissuessuchasjuvenilecrime,drugabuse,theenergycrises,unemployment,women'sliberation,materialismandindifferenceinsociety,pollution,andtheenvironment.Theyalsoshowgenuineconcernfortheunderdog,indicatedbytheirfrequentpoliticalalliancewithblacksorthepoor.Theywillgivegenerouslyandworkhardtohelpthestarvingoverseasorwillcometothedefenseofconvictedcriminalsiftheyfeeltheircauseisjust.Clergyandothercaringadultsapplaudyouthswhojointhe"love"generationtofindmoremeaningfulrelationshipsthanthose17. Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A] Ultimately,artificialsunwillsubstitutethenaturalsunlighttokeeppeoplehealthy.[B] Evensportsandotheractivitiescannotcompensateforthelackofsunlight.[C] Inthesunlight,onlyitsbluishrayisimportantforhumanhealth.[D] Peopleontheequatordonothavetoworryaboutbiologicalcycle.18. Humanbeingsneedsunlightexposureespeciallyinthemorningbecause[A] theirbodyclockwouldstopregulatingworkatnight[B] thesunlightregulatescertainhormonetokeeppeopleenergetic[C] themorningsungivesoffthefullspectrumofrays[D] the19dlcenturyarchitectshadalreadyfounditnecessarytomaximizethesunpenetration19. Mostlikely,theauthorofthispassageis[A] amedicaldoctor [B]astudentwholovessports[C]anewsreporter [D]atownofficialinSweden20. In"theHealthyHomesresearchersplantokitoutthefirstexperimentalhomewithintwoyears",thephrase"kitout"means"to[A] ruleout [B]installinthekitchen[C]equipanduse [D]sendkidsoutdoorsPassageFiveMigratorybirdsmaybespreadingvirusesthatcausebirdfluaroundtheworld,sayscientists.Outbreaksinpoultrymaybecomemorecommoninthefuture,especiallyinill-preparedcountries,theywarn.AseverestrainfoundataduckfarmintheUKlastyearmayhavebeencarriedbywildbirdsoutofRussia,accordingtoDutchresearchers.Thevirusisalowhumanhealthrisk,butwildbirdsonlongmigratoryroutesshouldbemonitored,theysay.H5N8isastrainofbirdfluthatappearedlatelastyearinRussia,EastAsia,NorthAmericaandfourEuropean.countries,includingtheUK.Theinfectionsledtomillionsofpoultrybeingculled.IntheUK,duckswereaffectedatafarminDriffield,Yorkshire.AnotheroutbreakofbirdfluinHampshirethisweekisoftheH7N7formofthevirus,whichislesssevere.ScientistsattheErasmusMedicalCenterinRotterdam,Netherlands,saythepresenceoftheH5virusinamigratorybirdinRussiaandotherdetectionsinwildbirdsandpoultryis"worrisome"."Morepoultryoutbreakscouldoccurinthefuture,especiallyincountriesthatareill-prepared,"ateamledbyDrRonFouchierwroteinthejournal,Science."Despitethecurrentlylowpublichealthrisk,theoutbreaksshouldbemonitoredclosely,giventhatseveralanimalspeciesaresusceptibleandthatinfluenzavirusesaregenerallyunpredictable."WildbirdswithlongmigratoryroutesshouldbemonitoredforexposuretoH5N8andcontrolmeasuresinpoultryshouldbeupdated,astheyappeartobe"insufficient",theyadded.Scientistsarealsoinvestigatingotherwaysthatbirdfluvirusescanspreadaroundtheworld,includingthroughillegalpoultrytradeandcontaminationofvehiclesorequipment.ArecentreportfromtheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthoritysaidtherouteofspreadofthediseaseremaineduncertain.ItsaidallaffectedfarmsinEuropehadkeptbirdsinside,suggestingdirecttransmissionfromwildbirdstofarmedpoultrywasunlikely.ExpertssaidtherewerenoknowndirectmigrationroutesfromEastAsiatoEurope,butinfectedmigratorybirdsfromEastAsiacouldintheorypassthevirusontootherspeciesatbreedingandstopoverplacesinEurasia.DrDerekGathererofLancasterUniversitysaidmoreresearchintofluinwildbirdpopulationsintheUKwasneeded,especiallyinspeciesmigratinginfromEurope."TheBritishresponsetobirdfluisorientedtowardsagriculture-that'sfinebecauseofcourseweneedtoprotectourpoultryindustry-butinordertoreallyunderstandbirdfluweshouldalsostudyitinitsnaturalsetting,"hetoldBBCNews."Thenwe'llhaveabetter'earlywarningsystem'forwhatmightbeathreattoagricultureinthefuture."UKofficialssaidtestshadconfirmedtheHampshireoutbreakwasofalowseverityH7strainofthedisease,whichisamuchlesssevereformthantheHSN8strainfoundinYorkshireinNovember.ChiefvetNigelGibbenssaid:"Wehavetakenimmediateactiontocontainthisoutbreakaspartofourrobustproceduresfordealingswiftlywithavianflu."Thisisalowseverityformofthevirusandwearetakingactiontoensurethatthediseasedoesnotspreadordevelopintoamoresevereform.Weareinvestigatingthepossiblesourcesoftheoutbreak.Iwouldurgepoultrykeepersinthesurroundingareatobevigilantforanysignsofdiseaseandtoensuretheyaremaintaininggoodbio-securityontheirpremises."TheDepartmentforEnvironment,Food&RuralAffairssaidwardenpatrolsfordiseasedwildbirdsoccurredineightWildfowlandWetlandsTrustreservesinGreatBritain,andanumberofotherreserveswerepatrolledbyvolunteersfromOctobertoMarch.AnyonefindingfiveormorewildbirdsdeadinthesamelocationisadvisedtoreportthemtotheDeltahelpline.21. In"Theinfectionsledtomillionsofpoultrybeingculled",theword"culled"means[A]canceled [B]raisedincult[C]sold [D]killed22. Theoutbreakofbirdflushouldbemonitored,because.[A] poultryindustrythreatensbio-securityinmanycountries[B] theH5virusfromRussiaismoredangerousthanotherspecies[C] wildbirdsspreadvirusallalongtheirmigratoryroutes[D] itisnotsurehowmanyanimalscanbeaffectedbybirdflu23. Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A] Thesouthernhemisphereoftheearthisfreefrombirdflu.[B] Evenifbirdsarekeptindoors,theymaynotbesafefrombirdflu.[C] Ifacountryiswell-prepared,itneversuffersfromfluoutbreaks.[D] Atpresentscientistshavefoundcontrolmeasurestopreventbirdflu.24. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisknowntobetrueofbirdvirus?[A] Itmaysurviveevenifitisnotinthebirdbody.[B] Ittransmitsdirectlythroughtheairandbloodtransfusion.[C] ItisunlikelytocauseillnessearlyinSpring.[D] Itleadstoillegalpoultrytrades.25. Thispassageismostlikelytobe.[A] awarningfortouristsissuedbythegovernment[B] amedicaladvicefromuniversityresearchcenter[C] a.newspaperreportforpublicinformation[D] anacademicessaypublishedinprofessionalmagazinePassageSix"Education"meansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Tosomeelementaryandsecondaryschoolchildren,itcan.beanexcitingintellectualexperience;tothosepoorlymotivatedorpresentedwithadullandunimaginativecurriculum,itcanbeadeadeningordeal;tocollegestudents,educationmaybeameanstoacquiringthequalificationsforajob,awayofescapinglowlysocialclassorigin,or.atimeforexperimentingwithavarietyofsocialandpersonalidentities;toparents,,educationfortheirchildrenmayrepresenttherealizationoftheirownunfulfilledaspirations;tothosewhooperatetheschools....teachers,principals,andadministrators---educationmeansajob,aplacewherecareeraspirationsmayberealizedorfrustrated,whereviablerelationshipswithcolleaguesandsupervisorsmustbeworkedout.Thislistofthemeaningsofeducationcouldbeexpandedindefinitely.However,itshouldbesufficienttoillustratethemultiplemeaningsofeducationtopeopleinvariousrolesandsubgroupsinthesociety.Whatdoeseducationmeantothesociologist?Howdoeshebegintostructureandmakesenseoutofthismultifacetedphenomenoncallededucation?Basically,sociologistsregardeducationasadistinctivelysocialphenomenonor"institution"which,likeothersocialphenomena,isamenabletoobjectivescientificanalysis.Asociologicalperspectiveoneducationrequiresthatone"stepback"fromthatwhichheisexamining,setasidehispersonalandculturalbiases,andtakealong,hardlookatthephenomenonofeducation.Thisisnotaneasytask.Attimesitismademoredifficultbythefactthatteachers,administrators,andconcernedsegmentsofthepublicmayexpectimmediateanswerstothequestionsofpolicyandtechniquetoemergefromthesociologist'sresearchoneducation.Sociologists,ontheotherhand,areprimarilyconcernedwithbuildingabodyofverifiedknowledgeabouteducationandonlysecondarilywiththeproblemofapplyingtheirfindingsandconclusionstotheconcernsoftheeducationalpractitioners.Thoughmostresearchoneducationbysociologistshassomepolicyimplications,sociologistsvaryintitleextenttowhich.theyspellouttheseimplications,intheirwork.Ultimately,theextenttowhichthisisdoneisamatterofstyleandmostsociologistshaveadoptedastyleinwhichpolicyimplicationsareleftimplicitratherthanoneinwhichexplicitprogrammaticstatementsandpolicyrecommendationsaremade.Thereadersarethenlefttoextract(iftheycareto)theimplicationsoftheresearchandideaspresentedforquestionsofpolicyandaction.26. Accordingtotheauthor,educationenablesstudentstohaveallthefollowingEXCEPT[A] anexplanationofschooleducation[B] anenrichedlifeoflearning[C] achancetomoveupthesocialladder[D] enlargingone'scircleoffriends27. Thephrase"thismultifacetedphenomenon"mostlikelymeans"aphenomenonthat[A]isfacilitatedinmultipleways [B]hasmanyaspectsofsignificance[C]doesmultiplications [D]undergoesmanychanges28. Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat?[A] Everystudentcanrealizetheirdreamsinonewayoranotherthrougheducation.[B] Forteachersjobopportunitiesarerareoutsidetheareaofeducation.[C] Parentshopetohavetheirowndreamscometrueintheirchildren.[D] Studentswithlowmotivationusuallydonothavedreams.29. Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbederivedfromthispassage?[A] Educationalsociologistsmuststepbackfromthereal-tireproblemsofeducation.[B] Educationaltechnologyisatopicforresearchineducationalsociology.[C] Researchersofeducationalsociologyareallimpartialintheirobservations.[D] Educationaltheoriesandpracticesaretwodifferententerprises.30. Whatquestionmighttheauthormostlikelycontinuetodiscussafterthispassage?[A] Whyiseducationmultifaceted?[B] Whatdoessociologymeantostudents,teachers,parentsandothersconcerned?[C] Whatistheroleofeducationaltechnologyinteachingpractices?[D] Whyiseducationalresearchnecessaryandwhatareitstopics?II.Vocabulary(10%;0.5markeach)31. Thetwomenarewell witheachothersincetheyoncestudiedinthesameuniversity.[A]recognized [B]acquainted [C]acknowledged[D]identified32. WhenhysteriaaboutAIDSfirstinfectedthemediainearly1980s,thoseidentifiedas wereallatthemarginsofsociety.[A]feasible [B]accessible [C]vulnerable [D]attainable33. You'dbetterfromtalkingtoomuch,forthemoreyoutalk,themoremistakesyoumaycommit.[A]refrain [B] resort [C] reframe [D] resist34. Howcanyoubesotothesufferingsofpeopleinpovertyintheworld?[A]unpopular [B] indifferent [C]neutral [D] vigorous35. Hewassoabsorbedinhisworkthathewastothingsgoingonaroundhim.[A]oblivious [B] digestible [C]dormant [D] introvert36. Becauseallthepartsofthismachineare,itisconvenienttoreplacethem.[A]normalized[B]mechanized[C]modernized[D]standardized37. ThisCanoncameracanbetotakepicturesincloudyornightconditions.[A]adapted [B]adjusted [C] adopted [D]addressed38. Ateacherisonewhopreachesthewayoflife,knowledgeandhelpthestudentsoutoftheirdifficulties.[A]inherit [B]intervene [C] interpret [D]impart39. ManypoetsandartistshavedrawntheirfromNatureaswellasthereallifeexperiencesofordinarypeople.[A]affectation [B] inspiration [C]intervention[D] convention40. Wecannotguaranteethetake-offoftheflight,sincewearehavingsuchafoggyday.[A]puncture [B]pinpoint [C] punctual [D]pernicious41. Whatisinstoreinthefutureisunknown,butwecanthatitgivesusmanyhopes.[A]affirm [B]confide [C] confer [D]overrun42. InChina,allparentshavetosendtheirchildrentoschoolbeginningfromage7,accordingtotheLawofEducation.[A]Compelling [B] Forced [C] Obliged [D]Compulsory43. Althoughitwashisfirstexperienceaschairman,heoverthemeetingwithgreatskill.[A]presided[B]administered[C]mastered[D]executed44. TheChinesemen'sfootballteamwillbedoingtheirbestnextweektothemselvesforlastyear'sdefeat.[A]revive [B] revenge [C] retort [D]remedy45. Whatevergamesyoutakepartin,youhavetototheestablishedrulesofthegame.[A]confine [B] confirm [C] confront [D]conform46. Readingthemindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge;itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadours.[A]maximizes [B] prolongs [C]furnishes [D]rectifies47. AlthoughAsiancountriesaregenerallymoresocialcustomthanWesterncountries,therehavebeennotableexamplesofwomenleadersinbothChinaandIndia.[A]conservative[B]confidential[C]comprehensive[D]connotative48. Peoplethroughouttheworldaredoinganythingtheycantotheseriousproblemofenvironmentalpollution.[A]putupwith [B]submiton [C]complywith [D]copewith49. Thejob-seekerasksthegeneralmanagerifthereisanypositioninhiscompany.[A]empty [B] bare [C]vacant. [D]hollow50. Thehurricanebroughtahugedamagetothecoastalvillage:fishingboats wereandmanyhousescollapsed.[A]wrecked [B]spoiled [C]decayed [D]firedIII. CIoze(10%;0.5markeach)Whethertheeyesare"thewidowofthesoul"is(51);thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.(52)thefirsttwomonthsofababy'slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:a(53)withtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedin(54).Thisattractiontoeyes(55)opposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebaby(56).Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75%ofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99%ofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesare(57)theirmother'sback,infantsdonotacquireasmuch(58)toeyesastheydoinothercultures.(59),Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe"properplaceto(60)one'sgazeduringaconversationinJapanis(61)theneckofone'sconversationpartner".Theroleofeye(62)inaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerfor(63)onesecond,thenglance(64)astheytalk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelisteneror(65)themselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeaway(66).Listeners,(67),keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthatthey(68)atthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerre-establisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyare(69)andeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillendtheconversation.Justh6wcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversational(70)becomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.51. [A]debatable [B] debating [C]despicable[D]discussing52.[A]At [B]Though [C]During[D]for53.[A]mattress [B] mask [C]matter[D]moist54.[A]proliferate [B] pronounce [C]profundity[D]profile55.[A]as [B] in [C]on[D]with56.[A]smiles [B]ages [C]matures [D]sucks57.[A]carriedout[B]carriedwith [C]carriedoff [D]carriedon58.[A]attachment[B]alternation [C]alleviation [D]attraction59.[A]Afterall [B]Tosumup [C]Asaresult [D]Inaway60.[A]focus [B]switch [C]plant [D]omit61.[A]in [B]on [C]