官方真題Official4托福閱讀Passage1原文文本 題目 答案解析(原TPO)

Word版本，下載可自由編輯官方真題Official4托福閱讀Passage1原文文本題目答案解析(原TPO)DeerPopulationsofthePugetSound

TwospeciesofdeerhavebeenprevalentinthePugetSoundareaofWashingtonStateinthePacificNorthwestoftheUnitedTheblack-taileddeer,alowland,west-sidecousinofthemuledeerofeasternWashington,isnowthemostTheotherspecies,theColumbianwhite-taileddeer,inearliertimeswascommonintheopenprairiecountry;itisnowrestrictedtothelow,marshyislandsandfloodplainsalongthelowerColumbia

Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeer'sWheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborButthisisfair-weatherWhatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetoDeermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlateEvenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarboreal

ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundTheearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameFamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedTheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstTokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximately150elkand20Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossibleLateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBayCompany,deerpopulationscontinuedtoDavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortinArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthe

ReductioninnumbersofgameshouldhavebodedillfortheirsurvivalinlaterAworseningoftheplightofdeerwastobeexpectedassettlersencroachedontheland,logging,burning,andclearing,eventuallyreplacingawildernesslandscapewithroads,cities,towns,andNodoubtthenumbersofdeerdeclinedstillRecallthefateoftheColumbianwhite-taileddeer,nowinaprotectedButfortheblack-taileddeer,humanpressurehashadjusttheoppositeWildlifezoologistHelmutBuechner(1953),inreviewingthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthat"sincetheearly1940s,thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximately320,000deer(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeithersexandanyageannuallyforanindefinite"

ThecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanFirst,themajorpredatorsofdeer—wolves,cougar,andlynx—havebeengreatlyreducedinSecond,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofButthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheGreattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacif