2023年考研外語(yǔ)提分試卷5

考研外語(yǔ)提分試卷5

一、UseofEnglish

1、Thekeypositionandroleofwomenintheprocessof

developmentisincreasinglybeingrecognized.(1)the

threegreatWorldConferencesofWomenweremoreconcerned

(2)recognizingandcompilingapproachesto(3),we

cancurrentlyconfirmageneralsharpeningofawareness.Ithas

becomeclearthattheThirdWorldCultures,inearliertimes

stronglymatriarchal,havebeenweakened(4)thisrespect

bythemethodsofcolonialeducationwhicharealmost(5)

directedtowardsthemale.Ofthemanycriticismsofthis

situationletonevoicebeheard:''Developmenteducationgroups

andprogrammesareverymuch(6)andlackwoman's

perspective”.So,too,thehopesplacedinvocational

training-"vocationalization”—asanaidtoequalityhavebeen

disappointedsincethisinitsturnwastolargeextentfocused

onthemale.

Inthesecircumstancesweshouldnotbesurprisedthatuntil

nowwomenhave(7)atleastintheeducationalprocesses

whichhavebeenintroduced.Only20%attendprimaryschooland

the(8)ofthosewholeaveearlyishighest(9)girls.

Becauseofthelackofbasictrainingonlyaround10%takepart

inAdultEducationprogrammes.Henceitisvitallyimportant

to(10)aturning-pointbyincreasingthe(11)ofthe

need(12)education.

HenceevenPrimaryEducationforgirlsshouldbe(13)

towardsthebasicneedsandnecessitiesandprovideanswers

whichareassimpleaspossible.Inruraldistrictssuchanswers

willbedifferentfromthose(14)inurbanareas.The

educationofgirlsandwomenmusttoalargedegreebean

educationforthelifetheywilllead,tailored(15)a

woman，sposition.Insayingthisweareinfactdemandingthat

theeducationofwomen,likealleducationalworkintheThird

World,shouldbean(16)partofthecommunity.(17)

therearemanypartnersinthisprocessschool,family,small

businesses,governmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations.

Theeducationalskill(18)keepingthisinterplayactive

insuchawaythatthereisnodeficiencyinmaterialcontent.

Animportantconsequenceofthisisthe(19)ofthedesire

toquestion,which,ontheonehand,pressesforfurther

educationandontheotherforits(20)application.

A.Although

B.For

C.Nevertheless

D.Because

2、⑵

A.with

B.of

C.upon

D.over

3、(3)

A.salvage

B.revolution

C.liberty

D.liberation

4、(4)

A.in

B.of

C.upon

D.with

5、⑸

A.specially

B.distinctively

C.exclusively

3

D.respectively

6、(6)

A.males-dominating

B.female-dominating

C.male-dominating

D.females-dominating

7、(7)

A.pooled

B.joined

C.taken

D.participated

8、(8)

A.percentage

B.number

C.fraction

D.part

9、(9)

A.in

B.between

C.of

D.among

10、(10)

工4

A.secure

B.strike

C.save

D.hit

11、(H)

A.acknowledgement

B.awareness

C.affirmation

D.agreement

12、(12)

A.for

B.of

C.in

D.with

13、(13)

A.aimed

B.targeted

C.directed

D.manipulated

14、(14)

A.offered

B.provided

5

C.told

D.given

15、(15)

A.for

B.to

C.with

D.at

16、(16)

A.synthetic

B.combined

C.integrated

D.comprehensive

17、(17)

A.Subsequently

B.Consequently

C.Accordingly

D.Reversely

18、(18)

A.consistsof

B.accountsfor

C.consistsin

D.leadsto

6

19、(19)

A.waking

B.awakening

C.rising

D.arising

20、(20)

A.practical

B.useful

C.material

D.artificial

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Manyoftheworld,sbiglakesarethreatenedbypollutionor

hugedrainageschemes.Butthereisleastonefairlybrightspot.

TheGreatLakesandSt.LawrenceRiversystembetweenCanada

andtheUnitedStates,whichtogetheraccountforafifthof

theworld'snon-polarfreshwater,aremuchhealthierthanthey

were.Cantheystaythatway?

ThoughLakeMichiganiswhollytheUnitedStates,allfivelakes

aregovernedbytheBoundaryWatersTreatyof1909,implemented

byanindependentbi-nationaljointcommission.In1978,both

countriesagreedtotrytocleanupthewaterinthelakes,

severalofwhichwereheavilypolluted.Theyhavedonesothough

infacttheimprovementowesasmuchtoeconomicchangeasto

governmentaction.Steelandotherheavyindustryhavegiven

waytocleanerindustriesandservices,bothinOntarioandin

Americanlakesidestates.Theresult:testsonfishandbirds

showresiduesofheavymetalshavedeclined(thoughdangerous

levelsofmercuryarestillfound),whileinpasttenyearsthe

riversnearTorontohavebeensuccessfullystockedwithsalmon.

Therearestillworries.Oneproblemisfarming.Thisusesmuch

lakewater929%ofthetotalthatiswithdrawn)fromirrigation,

whilealsopollutingthelakesandriversystems.Thehuge

quantitiesofmanurespreadonfarmsinOntarioandQuebecalso

causespollution,byrunningoffthelandintostreams,rivers

andthenlakes.

Somescientistsalsoworrythatwaterlevelswillfall

permanently.Climatechangeislikelytocutrainfallinthe

GreatLakesbasin,whileevermorewaterwillbedrawnfromthe

lakesbyarisingurbanpopulation.Generalconsumptioninthe

basinwillincreaseby25%inthenext25years,accordingto

aforecastbyaconsultanttothecommission.

Otherthreatsincludesome140exoticspeciesofflora,fish

andshellfishthathavefoundtheirwayintothelakes,some

viaships(ballast.ThezebramusselfromEasternEuropeisthe

mostnotoriousandprobablymostdamagingtotheenvironment.

Itconsumesalotofoxygen(thoughitalsohelpstocleanthe

water).Lastly,thereisthehazardousprospectof

decommissioning0ntario,stwodozenageingnuclearreactors,

whichlinetheshoresofLakeOntarioandLakeHuron.

Fortunately,thelonghistoryofsuccessfulcooperation

betweenthetwocountriesandamongthelocalgovernments

suggestthesethreatscanbemanaged.Bothgovernmentshave

approvedthecommission'splantosetupinternational

watershedboardsacrossthecontinent.Thesearetotakea

“holistic"approachtoecosystems.MaybetheZebramusseland

thefarmrun-offshavemettheirmatch.

Fromthetext,weknowthattheGreatLakes

A.areequallylocatedbetweenCanadaandtheU.S.

B.containasmallpartoftheworld'sfreshwater.

C.aregovernedneitherbyCanadanorbytheU.S.

D.enjoyfresherwaternowthan25yearsago.

2、

Inthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggests

A.thebi-nationaljointcommissionhasdoneitsroutinejob.

B.theBoundaryWaterTreatyof1909hasbecomeout-of-date.

C.thehugedrainageschemesaretoblameforlandrun-offs.

D.theeconomicchangehascontributedtoenvironmental

improvement.

3、

Whichofthefollowingshowsthatwaterqualityhasimproved?

A.Fishandbirdsshowresiduesofheavymetal.

B.Torontohasgrownsalmonsuccessfullyinitswaters.

C.Farminghasprosperedinthelakesideareas.

D.Lakewaterhasbeendrawnforusebythepopulation.

4、

Whichofthefollowingcausesconcernsofthepublicandthe

scientists?

A.Fishfarming.

B.Urbanpopulation.

C.Decreasedrainfall.

D.Morelandslide.

5、

Whatistheauthor(sattitudetotheprospectofthelakes'

environment?

A.Optimistic.

B.Worried.

C.Indifferent.

D.Unclear.

6、Oneoftheleastmentionedeffectsofchangerelatesto

howitaffectsthemanagerleadingthatchange,andhisorher

abilitytoundertaketheleadershiprole.Wehavealready

talkedabouttheeffectsofchangeontheindividualemployee,

andofcoursemanagersaresubjecttothesamereactions,

resistancesandstrains.Sometypesofchange,suchas

restructuring,ordownsizingcanputconsiderablestrainon

theleadersofanorganization.

Oneprimaryconcernregardingchangeisthestressitimposes

onthoseundergoingthechange.Managers,becausetheyhave

obligationstotheirstaff,notonlyhavetodealwithchange

asemployeesbutalsoneedtocarrysomeoftheconcernsoftheir

staffs.Inthecaseofdownsizing,thestresslevelscanbe

extremelyhigh,becausethemanagerischargedwithconveying

veryupsettinginformation.

Stressispartofthejob,butintimesofchange,itiscritical

thatyourecognizethatitmaycauseyoutoactinwaysthat

arelesseffectivethanusual.Aswithanythingconnectedwith

change,themajorconcernisnotshorttermbutlongterm.If

yourstresslevelsresultinmarkedlossofeffectiveness,the

riskisthataviciouscyclewillbesetup,whereineffective

leadershipresultsincreatingmorelongtermproblems,which

increasesyourstress,whichreducesyoureffectivenesseven

more.

Acommonresponsetounpleasantchangeistoignorethe

situation.Avoidancecantakemanyforms.Mostcommonly,the

avoidingmanagerplaysonlyaminimalroleinmovingthe

organizationthroughtheswamp.Afterannouncingthechangeand

doingtheminimumrequired,themanager"hides'fromthechange,

throughdelegation,orattendingtootherwork.Thistactic

involvestreatingthingsas''businessasusual”.

Theoutcomesofthistacticcanbedevastating.Byavoiding

situations,themanagerabdicatesanyleadershiprole,when

staffneedsitmost,duringandaftersignificantchange.In

addition,theavoidanceresultsinthemanagerbecomingoutof

touchwiththepeopleandrealitiesoftheorganization.

Whileavoidanceservesaneedforthemanagerintheshortrun,

itdestroysthemanager'scredibility,andresultsinpoor

decisions.Thelongtermconsequenceofsuchactionisthatthe

organizationtendstodeteriorateintermsofmorale,

effectivenessandproductivity.Sometimesthisdeterioration

isirreversible.

Sometimesthemanagerdealswithchangebydenyingitsimpact.

Usually,thedenyingmanagertakesaverylogicalapproachto

change.Decisionsgetmade,systemsareputinplace,ornew

proceduresaredeveloped.Unfortunately,this"logical”

approachdeniestheimpactofchangeonthepeopleinthe

organization.

Thedenyingmanagertendstorefusetounderstand"whatthebig

dealis〃，andshowslittleempathywithemployeesinthe

organization.

Layingoffemployeesisespeciallystressfulonmanagersin

that

A.themanagersarethebadnewsbearersandannouncers.

B.themanagersareworriedabouttheincreasingamountof

work.

C.themanagersareafraidofbeinglaidoffthemselves.

D.themanagersareconfrontingupsettinginformationfrom

employees.

7、

Whichofthefollowingistrueconcerningstressonmanagers?

A.Stressonlyaffectsmanagersintimesofchange.

B.Stresswillalwaysleadtothesettingupofaviciouscycle.

C.Highlevelofstressmayresultinlesseffective

performance.

D.Highlevelofstressoccurasmanagersadjusttochanges.

8、

Somemanagerstreatthingsas''businessasusual”when

A.theycandealwiththechangeswithgreateaseandskills.

B.theywanttokeepthecompanygoingwithoutbreakingdown.

C.theybegintotakechangesinthecompanyforgranted.

D.theyseektopretendnothingischangingmuchintentionally.

9、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

A.avoidingchangesproduceshort-termbenefittothe

businessbutlongtermlosstoit.

B.thosemanagerswhooftenlosetouchwiththerealitiesof

thecompanytendtoavoidchanges.

C.denyingmanagerscanleadthecompanybetterthanavoiding

managersintimesofchange.

D.managersthatdenytheconsequencesofchangestendtocare

lessabouttheemotionalstateofemployees.

10、

Thebesttitleforthetextmightbe

A.ManagersandStress.

B.NegativeEffectsofChangeonManagers.

C.ManagersandOrganizationalchanges.

D.HowtoDealwithCorporateChanges.

11、Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureis

foundjustinhumans,orifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.When

wespeakofculture,wemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeople

haveincommon.Cultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswe

learn.Itisthepatternsofbehavior,thathelppeopletolive

together.Itisalsothepatternsofbehavior,thatmakeone

groupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup.

Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrength,claws,

longteeth,andotherdefenses.Instead,weusetools,

cooperatewithoneanother,andcommunicateinlanguage.But

theseaspectsofhumanbehavior,or"culture”,canalsobefound

inthelivesofcertainanimals.

Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividing

linebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Lately,however,

wehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannot

onlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisa

majorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusing

it.Forexample,chimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesand

twigsoffabranch,thenputtingitintoatermitenest.When

thetermitesbiteatthestick,thechimpremovesitandeats

themofftheend一notunlikeouruseofafork!

Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearned

theirculture,animalscouldn，tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Or

eveniftheycouldlearn,theywouldnotteachoneanotherin

thewaypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.Agroup

ofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotoUniversityMonkey

CentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientists

whowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Oneday

ayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthe

sand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecame

learnedbehavior,notfromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Now

almostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththis

groupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural“differenceamonganimals.

Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftelling

animalbehavior,fromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledout

learningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldout

thelastfeature一language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecan

nolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attempts

toteachapestospeakhavefailed.However,thisisbecause

apesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthem

languagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoaccept

anotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.Two

psychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandard

AmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeaf

people.Inthislanguage,"talk"ismadethroughgestures,and

notbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.Bythetime

shewasfiveyearsold,Washoehadavocabularyof130signs.

Also,shecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeen

taughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageand

notjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathavereal

meaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethan

one-waycommandandresponse.

Ofcourse,therearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfar

asweknow,noapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchas

religion,law,oreconomics.Also,somechimpsmaybeableto

learnsignlanguage;butthisform,oflanguageislimitedin

itsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspoken

languagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelse

whoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwe

havelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthattheline

dividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink.

Thetextmainlytellsusabout

A.thehistoryofanimallearning.

B.thedifferencebetweenanimals'cultureandthatofhuman

beings.

C.thevariousaspectsofanimals'culture.

D.thedivdinglinebetweenanimalsandhumanbeings.

12、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothetext?

A.Byculturetheauthormeanssomethingthatpeoplehavein

commoninrelationtotheirideas,art,ortheirwayoflife.

B.Allanimalsarefoundtohavethesamecultureashuman

beings.

C.Theabilitytousetoolsusedtoserveasadividingline

betweenhumanbeingsandanimals.

D.Manythingsthatanimalsusedtobeconsideredunableto

doarenowprovedpossible.

13、

Whichofthefollowingexample'stellsusthattheanimalsalso

haveakindofculturedifference

A.ThestudyofagroupofmonkeysinJapan.

B.ThestudyofaChimpanzeenamedWashoe.

C.Thestudyofchimpsusingtools.

D.Thestudyoftermites，behavior.

14、

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtopara.5?

A.Animalsdon'thavetheintelligencethatmanhas.

B.Animalscanhardlyexpresswhattheywant.

C.Animalscanonlyusesignlanguagefortheircommunication.

D.Animalscannotspeakthesamewayasmandoes.

15、

Itisimpliedinthetextthat

A.someanimalsmayalsohavethesameabilitytouselanguage

ashumanbeings.

B.humanbeings,unlikemanyotheranimals,nolongerhave

suchfeaturesasgreatstrenght,claws,longteethandother

defenses.

C.thereseemstobenearlynodifferencebetweenhumanbeings

andotheranimals.

D.monkeysandchimpsseemtohavemoreincommonwithhuman

beingsthananyotheranimals.

16^ThecollapseofEnron,thelargestbankruptcyinAmerican

history,hasrungoutabanneryearforAmericanbusiness

failures.InEurope,thefalloutfromtheSwissairandSabena

insolvenciescontinues.Inthecurrentglobalslump,more

companiesarelikelytogounder.Nowisaperfecttimeto

reconsiderhowtohandlesuchfailures,letthemsink,orgive

themachancetoswim?

InAmerica,bankruptcyhascometomeanasecondchanceforbust

businesses.Thefamous"Chapter11'lawaimstogiveacompany

timetogetbackonitsfeet,byshieldingitfromdebtpayments

andproddingbankstonegotiatewiththeirdebtor.Iteven

allowsaninsolventcompanytoreceivefreshfinanceafterit

goesbust.OntheothersideoftheAtlantic,whencompanies

stumble,almostasmucheffortisspentinfingeringtheguilty

asintryingtosalvageaviablebusiness.BritishandFrench

laws,forexample,canmakeafailingcompany，sdirectorsface

criminalpenaltiesandpersonalliability.Moreover,bankers

havethepower,atthefirstsignoftrouble,topushacompany

intothearmsofthereceivers.Somemodestchangesareafoot,

however.Britainisconsideringmovesthatwouldbringits

rulesclosertoAmerica's.NewlawsinGermanyshouldalsomake

iteasiertorevivesickcompanies,althoughtradeunionsstill

havetheirsay.

Butevenwiththearrivaloftheeuroandmovestowardsasingle

financialmarket,goingbustinEuropeisastrictlylocal

affair.LongbeforeAmericahadasinglecurrency,theAmerican

constitutionprovideduniform,bankruptcylaws,observes

ElizabethWarrenoftheHarvardLawSchool.Europe(spatchwork

ofnationallaws,accordingtoBillBrandtofDevelopment

Specialists,aconsultancy,inhibitslendingandmakesit

difficulttofixailingfirms.

Transatlanticinsolvenciesareevenharder,asaBelgian-based

softwarecompany,LernoutandHauspie,discoveredthisyear.

ItsAmericanreorganizationplanwasthwartedbyaBelgian

judge,whoorderedasaleofthefirm'sassets.AstheEuropean

Unioninchestowardgreaterharmonization,shouldittryto

mimicAmerica?

CriticsofChapter11thinknot.TheyarguethatAmerica's

bankruptcysystemiswasteful,letsfailedmanagersgo

unpunished,andgivessomecompaniesanunfairadvantage.In

Chapter11,admittedly,lawyersandadvisersgobbleupfees,

butarecentstudyarguesthatthefeesarenolargerthanthose

formostmergersandacquisitions.Onecommoncomplaint,that

managersenjoythehighlifewhilecreditorsgobegging,fails

tostanduptothedatafromAmerica'spreviouswaveof

bankruptciesintheearly1990s.StuartGilsonoftheHarvard

BusinessSchoolfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsoftopmanagers

wereoustedwithintwoyearsofabankruptcyfiling.More

troublingisthatsomeAmericanfirmsseemtoenjoysecondand

thirdtripstobankruptcycourt,cheekilytermedChapters22

and33.Someseethisasevidencethat,toooften,theyuse

Chapter11tokeeprunning.Butthereismoretothestory.

ThecaseofEnronbankruptcy

A.triggersgrand-scaleeconomicrecessioninAmerica.

B.affectstheSwissairandSabenainEurope.

C.marksthemostdramaticeconomicsituationinAmerica.

D.getsmorecompaniesintotroublearoundtheworld.

17、

Astohowtotreatthebustbusinesses,Americadiffersfrom

theEuropeancountriesinthat

A.Americanlawsforbidbankstograntloanstothefailing

businesses.

B.Americanlawsallowsthebustcompaniestodelaydebt

payments.

C.Europeancountriesneverletthebustcompaniesgo

unpunished.

D.it'smoredifficultforasickcompanytoreviveinEurope

thaninAmerica.

18、

Fromthethirdparagraphweknowforsurethat

A.thearrivaloftheeurosmoothesthewaytorecoveryfor

thebustbusinesses.

B.inAmericatheadoptionofasinglecurrencymadeuniform.

bankruptcylawspossible.

C.there'snouniform,bankruptcylawsinEuropeancountries.

D.inEuropeancountriesbankruptcylawsarenotenacted

effectively.

19、

Theword“thwarted“inParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

A.frustrated.

B.accomplished.

C.settled.

D.convicted.

20、

Thelastparagraphismainly

A.toaccusethelawyersandadvisersofmakingbigmoneyby

helpingthoseinsolventcompanies.

B.tointroducethechangesofthebankruptcylaw一Chapter11.

C.toprovetheaccusationisgroundlessthatthemanagersof

bustbusinessesleadacomfortablelifeatthecostofcreditors.

D.toarguethattheEuropeanUnionshouldnotfollowthe

Americanexampleintheirefforttorevivesickcompanies.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalist

ofexamplesorheadings.Choosethemostsuitableonefromthe

listA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybe

certainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutThe

SecretofAmericanCollegesandUniversities'Success.

A.Educationforthemasses

B.Thekeytosuccess

C.ThecharacterofAmerica'ssystemofhighereducation.

D.Promotingdiversity

E.Competitionbreedssuccess

F.Investinginthefuture

Formorethantwocenturies,America'scollegesand

universitieshavebeenthebackboneofthecountry'sprogress.

Theyhaveeducatedthetechnical,managerialandprofessional

workforceandprovidedgenerationaftergenerationofnational

leaders.Theirunparalleledcapacityforresearchhasputthe

UnitedStatesatthecuttingedgeofscienceandofscholarship

inthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Withoutthisvast

networkofuniversities,thenationwouldneverhaveachieved

itscurrentpreeminence.

(41).

Thedecentralization,diversity,academicfreedomandshared

governancethathaveevolvedoverthepasttwocenturieshave

madeAmerica'ssystemofhighereducationoneofthemost

accessibleanddemocraticintheworld.Todayeducatorsfrom

aroundtheglobeareturningtoU.S.institutionsofhigher

learningforinspiration.Theyareapttofindmanyreasonsfor

theexcellenceofAmericanuniversities,includingAmerica's

traditionofphilanthropy,butfourhistoricactsstandoutas

watersheds:

(42).

In1862CongressenactedtheLand-GrantCollegeAct(alsoknown

astheMorrillAct,afterthecongressmanwhoproposedit),

whichessentiallyextendedtheopportunityofhighereducation

toallAmericans一includingsuchdisenfranchisedgroupsas

womenandminorities.Eachstatewaspermittedtoselllarge

tractsoffederallandandusetheproceedstoendowatleast

onepubliccollege.

(43).

Overtheyears,thedecentralizationanddiversityofAmerica's

collegesanduniversitieshavepromotedcompetitionfor

studentsandresources.Competitivepressurefirstarose

duringtheCivi1War,whenPresidentAbrahamLincolncreated

theNationalAcademyofSciencest