第十六章句子(思維導(dǎo)圖+知識(shí)梳理+好題精煉)2022-2023初中英語(yǔ)中考語(yǔ)法歸納

第十六章句子思維導(dǎo)圖知識(shí)梳理一、句子的分類句子是一個(gè)語(yǔ)言單位.它由詞或詞組按一定的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則組成,表達(dá)一個(gè)完整獨(dú)立的思想.在談話時(shí)句子與句子之間有停頓,在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)句末有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)).句首的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě).(一)按使用目的可分四類1.陳述句2.疑問(wèn)句3.祈使句4.感嘆句(二)從結(jié)構(gòu)上看句子可分為以下三種類型1.簡(jiǎn)單句2.并列句3.復(fù)合句二、陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句(一)陳述句陳述句用來(lái)說(shuō)明事實(shí)或說(shuō)話人的看法,讀降調(diào),句末用句號(hào).陳述句的結(jié)構(gòu)分為肯定式和否定式兩種.陳述句的語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后.1.陳述句的肯定結(jié)構(gòu)(1)陳述句的語(yǔ)序一般是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后.某些類型的句子由there,here引起,謂語(yǔ)為come,go的句子,常用倒裝語(yǔ)序.HerecomesLiLei!李磊來(lái)了！Herearethreebooks.Youmayreadany.這里有三本書(shū),你可以讀任何一本.(2)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致,句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須一致.如:Mymotherwasatworkyesterday.我母親昨天上班了.①謂語(yǔ)只跟主語(yǔ)的中心詞保持一致,修飾詞不影響主語(yǔ)的數(shù).Awalletwithmoneyandcreditcardwasstolenfromher.她裝有錢(qián)和信用卡的一個(gè)皮夾被偷了.②therebe結(jié)構(gòu)和其他倒裝句中,謂語(yǔ)通常放在主語(yǔ)的前面,這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),要看后面的主語(yǔ)而定.Thereisnowaterintheglass.杯子里沒(méi)有水.Therearen'tanyflowersinfrontofthehouse.房前沒(méi)有花.③由and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞,或由“both...(and)...”連接的兩個(gè)成分作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式.BoththestudentsareAmerican.這兩個(gè)學(xué)生都是美國(guó)人.Bothyouandheareright.你和他都對(duì).由and所連接的兩個(gè)名詞,有時(shí)指同一個(gè)人和同一件事,此時(shí)and后面的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù).若后面的名詞前有定冠詞修飾,意味著是指兩個(gè)人或兩件事,謂語(yǔ)就要用復(fù)數(shù).Breadandmilkisgoodforourhealth.面包和牛奶對(duì)我們身體有益.Thedoctorandwriterhascome.那位醫(yī)生兼作家來(lái)了.④表示數(shù)量、時(shí)間、距離、金錢(qián)等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式.用于數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算的數(shù)字作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)通常也用單數(shù)形式.Ahundredmilesisalongway.100英里是一段長(zhǎng)路.Tenyearsisamomentinhistory.10年在歷史上是一瞬間.2.陳述句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)(1)凡陳述句中的謂語(yǔ)部分有助動(dòng)詞be,have/has(有)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,may,must,could,will,shall,might時(shí)其否定式只需在它們后面加上not即可.Sheisn'tastudent.她不是個(gè)學(xué)生.Wehaven'tbuiltmanynewfactoriesthisyear.今年我們沒(méi)建多少新工廠.Hecouldn'tbeathief.他不可能是個(gè)小偷.(2)如果陳述句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是行為動(dòng)詞,其否定式(句)要在行為動(dòng)詞前面加donot,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱單數(shù),要在動(dòng)詞前面加doesnot,然后把第三人稱單數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為動(dòng)詞原形.動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式時(shí),在動(dòng)詞前加didnot,并改過(guò)去式為動(dòng)詞原形.Hedoesn'tlikeredshirts.Helikeswhiteones.他不喜歡紅色襯衣.他喜歡白色襯衣.Hedidn'tgotoschoolyesterdayandIdidn'tgotoschooleither.他昨天沒(méi)去上學(xué),我也沒(méi)去.Don'tdrawonthewall.不要在墻上亂畫(huà).(3)當(dāng)have用作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),有兩種情況:一是當(dāng)have(has)或had的意義是“有”時(shí),它的否定句既可以在后面加not,也可以在它前面加don't(doesn't)或didn't;疑問(wèn)句既可以將它移到句首,也可以在句首加do(does)或did.Shehasnot(hasn't)anicebicycle.Shedoesn'thaveanicebicycle.她沒(méi)有一輛漂亮的自行車(chē).Hassheanicebicycle?Doesshehaveanicebicycle?她有一輛漂亮的自行車(chē)嗎?二是當(dāng)have(has)或had的意義不是“有”而是“吃、玩、買(mǎi)、使得”等意義時(shí),變成否定句或疑問(wèn)句時(shí)要借助助動(dòng)詞do(does)或did.Hedoesn'thaveagoodtimeatweekend.他周末玩得不開(kāi)心.Doeshehaveagoodtimeatweekend?他周末玩得開(kāi)心嗎?(二)疑問(wèn)句是用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題的句子.疑問(wèn)句末尾用問(wèn)號(hào)“?”.疑問(wèn)句有四類:一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反義疑問(wèn)句.1.一般疑問(wèn)句對(duì)某一種情況提出質(zhì)疑,通?？梢杂脃es或no回答的問(wèn)句稱為一般疑問(wèn)句.一般疑問(wèn)句通常讀升調(diào).(1)把系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前可以構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句.-AreyoufromAmerica?你是美國(guó)人嗎?-No,I'mfromAustralia.不是,我是澳大利亞人.-Areyoustudents?你們是學(xué)生嗎?-Yes,weare.是的.(2)如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是行為動(dòng)詞,它前面又無(wú)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,這時(shí)要在主語(yǔ)前面加上助動(dòng)詞,構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句.-DoyouspeakEnglish?你說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎?-Yes,alittle.是的,會(huì)說(shuō)一點(diǎn)兒.-Doeshestudyhard?他學(xué)習(xí)努力嗎?-No,hedoesn't.不努力.(3)一般疑問(wèn)句與陳述句的轉(zhuǎn)換.陳述句中(單句)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞be、助動(dòng)詞have/has等詞時(shí),變一般疑問(wèn)句只需將它們移至句首,然后將句號(hào)改成問(wèn)號(hào)即可.如:Areyougoingtothetheatre?你要去劇場(chǎng)嗎?Haveyouanapple?你有蘋(píng)果嗎?MustIgonow?我現(xiàn)在必須走嗎?如果陳述句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是行為動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞),變成一般疑問(wèn)句須在句首加助動(dòng)詞do(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱單數(shù)形式時(shí),在句首加does,將原第三人稱動(dòng)詞改成動(dòng)詞原形).謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式時(shí),句首加did,將動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式改成動(dòng)詞原形,其他情況一律在句首加do.Doesheswimeveryday?他每天游泳嗎?2.特殊疑問(wèn)句用what,who,which等疑問(wèn)代詞或when,where,why,how等疑問(wèn)副詞引起的疑問(wèn)句,叫做特殊疑問(wèn)句.這種疑問(wèn)句要求具體回答而不能用yes或no回答.句末要用問(wèn)號(hào),句子讀降調(diào).特殊疑問(wèn)句由特殊疑問(wèn)詞(疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞)加一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成.如:WhatcanIdoforyou?有什么事要幫忙嗎?Howdoyougotoschooleveryday?你每天都怎么上學(xué)?Whomareyoulookingfor?你找誰(shuí)?點(diǎn)撥將陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),通常遵守下列原則:就物體提問(wèn)用what;就人提問(wèn)用who,whom;就時(shí)間提問(wèn)用when(如果是就具體的時(shí)間提問(wèn)還可用whattime);就地點(diǎn)提問(wèn)用where;就方式提問(wèn)用how或bywhat;就for引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)用howlong;就in引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)用howsoon;就距離提問(wèn)用howfar;就原因提問(wèn)用why;就數(shù)詞提問(wèn)用howmuch或howmany(數(shù)詞后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用howmuch,是可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用howmany);就周期、頻率副詞提問(wèn)用howoften.3.選擇疑問(wèn)句選擇疑問(wèn)句是說(shuō)話人對(duì)問(wèn)題提出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的選項(xiàng),讓對(duì)方選擇回答.其結(jié)構(gòu)是一般疑問(wèn)句或特殊疑問(wèn)句加選擇部分,選擇部分用or連接,朗讀時(shí)前面用升調(diào),最后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)用降調(diào).回答時(shí)須選擇回答,不能用yes或no回答.-Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?你的朋友是男孩兒還是女孩兒?-Sheisagirl.她是女孩兒.4.反義疑問(wèn)句反義疑問(wèn)句由兩部分組成,前一部分是陳述句,后一部分是簡(jiǎn)短的提問(wèn),中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi).如果反義疑問(wèn)句的前一部分為肯定形式,后一部分就用否定形式.反之,如果前一部分為否定形式,后一部分則用肯定形式.讀時(shí),反義疑問(wèn)句的前一部分用降調(diào),后一部分在表示疑問(wèn)時(shí)用升調(diào),在表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)用降調(diào).對(duì)反義疑問(wèn)句的回答,不管問(wèn)題的提法如何,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就用yes,事實(shí)是否定的,就用no.第一部分是否定句,其英語(yǔ)回答和漢語(yǔ)回答有區(qū)別.-Youwon'thavesupper,willyou?你不吃晚飯了,是嗎?-No,Iwon't.是的,我不吃了.Hewenthomelateyesterday,didn'the?昨天他回家很晚,是嗎?TheTVsethasn'tbeenrepaired,hasit?那臺(tái)電視機(jī)還沒(méi)有修理好,對(duì)嗎?HehasneverbeentoShanghai,hashe?他從沒(méi)到過(guò)上海,對(duì)嗎?(1)在陳述句中的主語(yǔ),如果是:something,anything,nothing,everything等時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用it.Everythingisallright,isn'tit?一切都正常,不是嗎?Nothingiswrong,isit?沒(méi)什么不正常的,對(duì)吧?(2)在陳述句中的主語(yǔ),如果是:anybody,everyone,everybody,somebody,noone等時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用they或he.Nobodylikesthisnovel,dothey?沒(méi)有人喜歡這本小說(shuō),對(duì)嗎?Everyoneknowshiminourclass,don'tthey?我們班每個(gè)人都認(rèn)識(shí)他,對(duì)嗎?EverybodylikesBeijing,don'tthey?大家都喜歡北京,是嗎?Anyoneknowstheanswer,doesn'the/don'tthey?任何人都知道答案,是嗎?(3)陳述句中包含有no,little,never,hardly等詞構(gòu)成否定形式,簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句應(yīng)用肯定形式.Wehaveneverarguedbefore,havewe?我們過(guò)去沒(méi)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)過(guò),對(duì)吧?(4)如果陳述句是therebe結(jié)構(gòu),在疑問(wèn)尾句中,there可作主語(yǔ).Thereissomethingwrong,isn'tthere?出事了,不是嗎?Thereisnobodyintheroom,isthere?房間里沒(méi)人,對(duì)嗎?(5)陳述部分是I'm...句型的,附加部分一般是aren'tI或ain'tI.I'mquitetall,aren'tI/ain'tI?我個(gè)子挺高,是不是?(6)陳述部分是Iwish..結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其附加部分用mayI構(gòu)成,前后用肯定式.Iwishtogohome,mayI?我想要回家,可以嗎?(7)陳述部分是祈使句時(shí),附加部分問(wèn)句一般用willyou或won'tyou.Givemeahand,willyou?幫幫我,好嗎?Comeinandsitdown,won'tyou?進(jìn)來(lái)坐下,好嗎?(8)Let's...后面附加問(wèn)句,常用shallwe/shan'twe,有時(shí)也用OK.但以letus/me/him開(kāi)頭的祈使句,其后用willyou,won'tyou.Let'snotwatchTVbeforesupper,shallwe?咱們?cè)谕盹埱皠e看電視,好嗎?Letmehaveatry,willyou/won'tyou?讓我試一試,好嗎?(9)陳述部分的主句是Ithink(suppose,expect,believe,imagine...)加that從句時(shí),附加部分的主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞要和從句中的謂語(yǔ)保持一致.要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象.Idon'tthinkhewillbebackinanhour,willhe?我想他不會(huì)在一小時(shí)內(nèi)回來(lái),是嗎?(10)陳述部分是You'dbetter...結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加問(wèn)句應(yīng)用hadn'tyou/shouldn'tyou;若當(dāng)陳述部分是you'dlike...和you'drather..結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),附加部分應(yīng)用wouldn'tyou.You'dbettercomebackearly,hadn'tyou/shouldn'tyou?你最好早點(diǎn)回來(lái),好不好?(11)當(dāng)陳述句部分中的謂語(yǔ)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must時(shí),則要根據(jù)must的實(shí)際意義來(lái)決定附加問(wèn)句:當(dāng)must表示“必須”時(shí),附加問(wèn)句是“mustn't+主語(yǔ)”.當(dāng)must表示“必要”時(shí),附加問(wèn)句是“needn't+主語(yǔ)”.當(dāng)must表示“推測(cè)”意義時(shí),附加問(wèn)句要根據(jù)陳述部分的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)采用相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞形式.Hemustworkhardnextterm,mustn'the?下學(xué)期他必須努力學(xué)習(xí),對(duì)不對(duì)?Theymustrenewthebooks,needn'tthey?他們要重新再借那本書(shū),對(duì)不對(duì)?(三)祈使句祈使句是表示請(qǐng)求、命令、建議等的句子,通常也稱“無(wú)主句”.說(shuō)話的對(duì)象是第二人稱you,you常被省略.句末可以用感嘆號(hào)也可以用句號(hào).1.肯定祈使句這種祈使句在初中英語(yǔ)中是常見(jiàn)的句式之一,有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,在動(dòng)詞前加do或在祈使句末尾加上呼語(yǔ).有時(shí)為了表達(dá)客氣的語(yǔ)氣,常在句首或句尾加please.在句尾加時(shí),要用逗號(hào)與句子的前部分隔開(kāi).Stoptalking!停止說(shuō)話！Writedownthenewwords,please.請(qǐng)把生詞寫(xiě)下來(lái).Dobesuretowritealettertome.一定要給我寫(xiě)封信.2.祈使句的否定式:祈使句的否定式在句首加上don't,有時(shí)加neverDon'tworryaboutyourson.別為你兒子擔(dān)心.Don'ttalkinclass.課上別說(shuō)話.3.以let引導(dǎo)的祈使句以let引導(dǎo)的句子也是一種祈使句,常用來(lái)表示建議或表明說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度.如果說(shuō)話人也參加所講的動(dòng)作,則在祈使句前面加Let's.let型祈使句的否定形式有兩種:一種是在let前直接加don't,另一種是在let's后加not.Letusdecidewhethertogoornot.讓我們來(lái)決定是否要去.Let'sstopnowandfinishlater.咱們今天就到這里,以后再干吧！Let'snottalkaboutit.我們別談?wù)撍?4.以no開(kāi)頭的禁止性祈使句,no后接名詞或v.-ing形式.Nophotos!禁止拍照！Noparking!禁止停車(chē)！(四)感嘆句1.用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話時(shí)的驚異、喜悅、氣憤等情緒.感嘆句一般以“What(a/an)+名詞”或“How+形容詞(副詞、動(dòng)詞)”開(kāi)頭,句末用“！”Whatagoodidea(itis)!真是個(gè)好主意！Whatalovelyboy(heis)!他是一個(gè)多可愛(ài)的男孩兒！Whataninterestingbook!多有趣的一本書(shū)！Whathappychildrentheyare!他們是多幸福的孩子！HowwellshespeaksEnglish!她英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得真棒！Howhehatedthesebeasts!他是多么恨這些野獸?。owinterestingthefilmis!這部電影是多么有趣?。owhardheworks!他工作是多么努力??！點(diǎn)撥What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句,如名詞是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),即可用Whata/an+形容詞＋名詞······!如名詞是復(fù)數(shù),即可用What+adj.+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))＋······如名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,要用What+adj.+名詞(不可數(shù))2.特殊感嘆句(1)在陳述句、祈使句或疑問(wèn)句句尾加感嘆號(hào)變成感嘆句,表示某種強(qiáng)烈的感情.Heissuchaniceman!他真是個(gè)好人！Sheissogood-naturedandsohard-working!她那么善良,那么勤勞！Thegardenlookssolovelytoday!這花園今天真美?。?2)疑問(wèn)句形式的感嘆句有些感嘆句采取一般疑問(wèn)句形式,以否定詞開(kāi)頭,句尾用感嘆號(hào),在口語(yǔ)中用降調(diào).Isn'titalovelyview!多美的景色?。asn'titabsurd!真荒謬！(3)有時(shí),用一個(gè)詞或詞組表示強(qiáng)烈的感情的句子也是感嘆句.Wonderful!太好了！Really!真的嗎！Dearme!哎呀！GreatHeavens!天哪！Mygoodness!我的天?。?4)以there、here引導(dǎo)的感嘆句.Theresheis!她在那兒！Herehecomes!他來(lái)了！HerecomesTom!湯姆來(lái)了！(5)以i或ifonly開(kāi)頭,表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望或遺憾.if也可表示沮喪、驚奇或惱怒.IfonlyIhadnotcomebackalone!假如我不是一個(gè)人回來(lái)的就好了！(6)以may開(kāi)頭,表示愿望.Mayyousucceed!祝你成功！Mayyoubothbehappy!祝二位幸福！(7)以who開(kāi)頭,表示驚奇.Whowouldhavethoughtit!誰(shuí)能想得到??！Whoelsecouldhavedoneit!還有誰(shuí)會(huì)做這種事！三、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句(一)簡(jiǎn)單句簡(jiǎn)單句是由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成的句子.簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1.主語(yǔ)＋不及物動(dòng)詞(＋狀語(yǔ))Wework.我們工作.Therainstopped.雨停了.Hecanswim.他會(huì)游泳.Thechildiscrying.孩子在哭.Thesunrisesintheeast.太陽(yáng)從東方升起.Mr.Greenworkshard.格林先生工作努力.2.主語(yǔ)＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)Theyarestudents.他們是學(xué)生.Thebikeisnew.那輛自行車(chē)是新的.Themapisonthewall.地圖在墻上.Thechildrenfeltveryhappy.孩子們感到很高興.Beijingisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.北京變得越來(lái)越美.3.主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)(＋狀語(yǔ))ShespeaksEnglish,她說(shuō)英語(yǔ).Theylikethedeliciousfood.他們喜歡美食.Mr.Wureadsthenewspaper.吳先生看報(bào).Weoftenhavedumplings.我們常吃餃子.Whatdoyouhaveforlunch?你平日午飯吃什么?4.主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋直接賓語(yǔ)Sheboughthersonanewcoat.她給她兒子買(mǎi)了一件新大衣.Pleasetellmethewaytothestation.請(qǐng)告訴我去車(chē)站的路.5.主語(yǔ)＋及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋(賓語(yǔ))補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Hewon'tletmego.他不讓我走.TheycalledthebabySarah.他們管那嬰兒叫薩拉.LastnightwhenIpassedherroom,Iheardhersinging.昨天晚上,我經(jīng)過(guò)她房間時(shí),聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在唱歌.(二)并列句并列句是由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子.1.表示并列關(guān)系的連接詞有and,notonly...butalso等連詞Theytalkedhappilyandtheyforgottogivethemoneyforthecoat.他們愉快地談著,(卻)忘記了付衣服錢(qián).Notonlyareyoufunny,butalsoyouarewitty.你不僅風(fēng)趣而且機(jī)智.Hedidnotgo,nordidhisbrothergo.他沒(méi)有去,他的兄弟也沒(méi)有去.2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,用連詞:but,yet,still,while,however,nevertheless等Itisverygood,yetitcanbebetter.這很好,但還可以更好.Noddingtheheadmeansagreement,whileshakingitmeansdisagreement.點(diǎn)頭表示贊成,而搖頭表示不贊成.Aclockhasnomouthbutitcantalk.鐘沒(méi)有嘴,但它能說(shuō)話.Summerishot,butwinteriscoldhere.這兒是夏熱冬冷.Theplanhadcertainweaknesses,neverthelesswedecidedtoadopt.這個(gè)計(jì)劃雖然有某些缺點(diǎn),但我們還是決定采納.3.表示選擇關(guān)系,用連詞:or,either...or,neither...nor,not...but,orelse,otherwise等Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.快一點(diǎn),要不然趕不上火車(chē)了.Eitheryouareright,orIam.要么你對(duì),要么我對(duì).Milkmustbekeptinacoolplace,orelseitwillgobad.牛奶要放在陰涼地方,否則會(huì)變壞.Neitherhasheimprovedhiswork,norishewillingto.他既沒(méi)有改進(jìn)他的工作,而且也不愿意改進(jìn).Doitnow,otherwiseitwillbetoolate.現(xiàn)在就干,要不就太遲了.4.表示因果關(guān)系,用連詞:for,so,therefore等Myfatherdidhisworkcarefully,sohenevermadeanymistakes.我父親工作很認(rèn)真,所以他從不出差錯(cuò).Shemightbeill,forsheisabsentfromschool.她沒(méi)有來(lái)上學(xué),可能是病了.Youareintheright,thereforeweshouldsupportyou.你是對(duì)的,所以我們應(yīng)當(dāng)支持你.(三)復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是指有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),其中有一個(gè)或多個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一或一些成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等.在這里我們只列舉含賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句.1.賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中用作賓語(yǔ)的從句,叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的有:連詞that(that可省略),whether/if;連接代詞who,what,which,whose;連接副詞when,where,why,how等.(1)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句.能跟這類賓語(yǔ)從句的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有:see,say,tell,answer,know,decide,findout,suggest,wonder,show,discuss,understand,advise等.Shesaidthatshewouldcome.她說(shuō)她要來(lái)的.LiLeiaskedJimwhyhisfamilymovedtoFrance.李磊問(wèn)吉姆為什么他家搬到法國(guó).CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothezoo?您可以告訴我怎么去動(dòng)物園嗎?WhomdoyouthinkImetthismorning?你猜我今天早上碰見(jiàn)誰(shuí)了?SheunderstoodwhatIwastalkingabout.她理解了我談話的內(nèi)容.點(diǎn)撥當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,believe,suppose,imagine時(shí),如果賓語(yǔ)從句要表示否定意義,往往通過(guò)否定主句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),這叫做“否定的轉(zhuǎn)移”.主句的主語(yǔ)通常是I或we,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).Idon'tthinkit'snecessarytobuyabiggercomputer.我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要買(mǎi)一臺(tái)較大的微機(jī).ButIdon'tthinkchickenscanswim.但是我想雞不會(huì)游泳.(2)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ).Shewasneversatisfiedwithwhatshehadgot.她從不滿足于她已取得的.Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanhelpthosehandicappedchildrentogotoschool.她總是想如何能幫助殘疾兒童上學(xué).(3)形容詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句.形容詞sure,glad,certain,afraid,pleased,happy等之后也可跟賓語(yǔ)從句.I'mglad(that)youhavecome.我很高興你來(lái)了.Iamsurethatyouwillbeasuccessinthefuture.我確信你將來(lái)會(huì)成功.I'mafraidthatyoucan'tcatchthetrain.我恐怕你趕不上火車(chē)了.(4)主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài).賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)原則上應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致.①當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài).IknowthatshewillleaveChinatomorrow.我知道她明天將離開(kāi)中國(guó).Hebelievesthathehaslearnedenough.他相信他學(xué)到了足夠多的東西.②當(dāng)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句須用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式.Shetoldpeople(that)FranzLisztwasherteacher.她對(duì)人們說(shuō)弗朗茲·李斯特是她的老師.Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.他問(wèn)誰(shuí)的書(shū)法最好.③當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理時(shí),即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài).Myfathertoldmethesunrisesintheeast.爸爸告訴我太陽(yáng)從東方升起.(5)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接.①當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí),用that引導(dǎo).Iknowthatyouareastudent.我知道你是一名學(xué)生.HetoldusthathehadbeentoAmericafourtimes.他告訴我們他去過(guò)美國(guó)四次.②當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句用whether/if連接,句尾標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)取決于主句.Letmeknowwhetheryouarecoming.告訴我你是否要來(lái).Heaskedmeif(whether)IknewJohn.他問(wèn)我是否認(rèn)識(shí)約翰.Iwanttoknowwhether(if)helivesthere.我想知道他是否在那兒住.點(diǎn)撥當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),連接詞就用原特殊疑問(wèn)詞,但一定要注意從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序,時(shí)態(tài)與主句相呼應(yīng),句末標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)由主句決定.2.狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句在整個(gè)復(fù)合句中起狀語(yǔ)作用,用來(lái)修飾主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞,有時(shí)用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子.它通?？梢苑譃闀r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句8種.(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句,常由下列從屬連詞或短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)when當(dāng)······時(shí)while在······過(guò)程中after在·····之后till(until)直到······,直到······才themoment······就·····hardly...when剛······就as一邊······一邊;當(dāng)······時(shí)before在······以前assoonas-······就since自從······以來(lái)nosooner...than剛······就①when引導(dǎo)的從句:表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句之前.如:Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.我們到達(dá)時(shí),天正下著雨.ThetrainhadleftwhenIgottothestation.當(dāng)我到達(dá)車(chē)站時(shí),火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了.②as引導(dǎo)的從句:表“當(dāng)······時(shí)”,或“一邊······一邊······”;主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)伴隨.ShewentoutasIenteredtheroom.在我進(jìn)入房間時(shí),她走了出去.Hesingsashegoesalong.他一邊走路,一邊唱歌.③while引導(dǎo)的從句:表示“當(dāng)······過(guò)程中”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)主句和從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在同一時(shí)期發(fā)生.MymotherwascookingwhileIwasdoingmyhomework.在我寫(xiě)作業(yè)時(shí),我媽媽正在做飯.IfellasleepwhileIwasreading.我看著看著書(shū)睡著了.④before引導(dǎo)的從句:一般主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句之前.Turnoffthelightbeforeyougoout.出去前,要關(guān)燈.IsaidgoodbyebeforeIleft.在我離開(kāi)之前,我道了別.Wewon'tleavebeforeshecomesback.她回來(lái)后我們?cè)匐x開(kāi).⑤assoonas和themoment引導(dǎo)的從句:表示“－······就······”.I'lltellyouaboutitassoonasschoolisover.一放學(xué)我就告訴你這件事.Buyyourticketassoonasyougettothestation.你一到車(chē)站就買(mǎi)票.⑥after引導(dǎo)的從句:表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后.Wefoundtheletterlongafterhehadgoneaway.他出去很久以后,我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)那封信.IwenttobedatabouttenafterIdidmyhomework.我做完家庭作業(yè)之后大約十點(diǎn)鐘去睡覺(jué)的.⑦since引導(dǎo)的從句:表示“自從······以來(lái)”.WherehaveyoubeensinceIsawyoulast?自從上次我見(jiàn)到你以后,你到哪里去了?Mr.SmithhasneverbeentothecinemasincehecametoGuilin.史密斯先生自從來(lái)到桂林以后從未去看過(guò)電影.⑧在由“...until/till...”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句須用否定結(jié)構(gòu);當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句則不一定用否定結(jié)構(gòu).till和until均可用在“..until/till...”句型中,但在句型“Notuntil...”和“Itwasnotuntil...that從句”中只用until,不用till.如:ItwasnotuntilthemeetingwasoverthathebegantoteachmeEnglish.直到散會(huì)之后他才開(kāi)始教我英語(yǔ).Shedidnotgotobeduntil/tillhecamebackat11o'clocklastnight.昨晚她直到他11點(diǎn)回來(lái)才睡覺(jué).PleasewaithereuntilIcomeback.請(qǐng)?jiān)谶@兒等我,直到我回來(lái).⑨nosooner..than和hardly...when引導(dǎo)的從句:表示“剛······就······”.從句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),而主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去時(shí).從句常倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到主語(yǔ)前面.HardlyhadIsatinthechairwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.我剛坐下,就有人敲門(mén).(2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句.表示地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)從句,常由下列從屬連詞引導(dǎo)where在·····地方wherever無(wú)論在哪里Weshouldgowhereweareneeded.我們應(yīng)該到需要我們的地方去.Youcantakeitwithyouwhereveryougo.不論走到什么地方,你都可隨身攜帶它.(3)條件狀語(yǔ)從句.表示條件的狀語(yǔ)從句,常由下列從屬連詞或連詞詞組引導(dǎo)if假如,如果unless除非suppose倘若(as)/solongas只要Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,wearegoingtotheGreatWall.如果明天不下雨,我們就去長(zhǎng)城.I'llhelpyoutodayifyouhelpmetomorrow.如果明天你幫助我,今天我就幫助你.Ifyouaretired,youmaygotobed.你如果累了,就去睡覺(jué).Hewon'tbeabletocatchupwithusunlessherunsfaster.他不可能趕上我們,除非他跑得更快一些.Supposewefail,whatshallwedonext?倘若我們失敗了,下一步我們要做什么?Aslongaswedon'tloseheart,we'llfindawaytoovercomethedifficulty.只要我們不灰心,我們就能找到克服困難的方法.點(diǎn)撥條件狀語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一樣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái),當(dāng)從句中的主語(yǔ)是人時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)willdo形式,但此處的will不表示將來(lái)而表示意愿.(4)目的狀語(yǔ)從句.目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常是指由sothat,inorderthat引導(dǎo)的從句,從句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,could,will,would,may,might等.Peopleeatsothattheymaylive.人們吃,目的是為了活.Mybrotherranallthewaytothestationsothathewouldn'tmissthetrain.我弟弟(哥哥)一路跑到車(chē)站,以便能趕上火車(chē).IwanttositnearthewindowsothatIcanseethesewordsclearly.我要坐在窗口附近,以便能看清字.Theytalkedinalowvoiceinorderthattheyshouldnotbeheard.他們談話的聲音很低,有意不讓別人聽(tīng)見(jiàn).(5)比較狀語(yǔ)從句.表示比較的狀語(yǔ)從句,常用下列從屬連詞引導(dǎo)as...as像······一樣notso...as同······不一樣more...than比······更①as...as表示:A同B一樣······.為避免重復(fù),從句中經(jīng)常省略與主句相同的部分.GuilinisasbeautifulasHangzhou.桂林和杭州一樣美.Heworkednearlyasfastasaskilledworker.他干得像熟練工人一樣快.②notso...as表示:A不如B(A同B不一樣).Itisnotsocoldtodayasyesterday.今天不如昨天冷.Itisn'tquitesogoodasIthought.它不如我原先想的那樣好.③more...than表示:A比B更······.Tomworksharderthananyotherstudentinhisclass.湯姆比他班上任何一名學(xué)生都努力學(xué)習(xí).CanadaisalittlebiggerthantheUnitedstates.加拿大比美國(guó)稍大一點(diǎn)兒.(6)原因狀語(yǔ)從句.原因狀語(yǔ)從句由because(因?yàn)?,since(由于;既然),as(因?yàn)?從屬連詞引導(dǎo).because語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng),回答“why”提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題.Iwon'tgowithyoubecauseIambusydoingmyhomeworknow.我不能跟你去,因?yàn)槲艺τ谧鲎鳂I(yè).Becauseitwaswet,Ididn'tgooutforawalk.因?yàn)榈貪?我沒(méi)有出去散步.Hedidn'tbuyit,becauseitwasexpensive.因?yàn)樘F了,他沒(méi)有買(mǎi).Sincealotofpeoplemakemistakesinlife,Mr.SmithwantedtogiveJohnachance.既然許多人一生中會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤,史密斯先生決定給約翰一次機(jī)會(huì).AshedidnotknowmuchEnglish,hegotouthisdictionaryandlookeduptheword"cough".由于他英語(yǔ)懂得不多,他拿出詞典來(lái)查“cough”這個(gè)詞.點(diǎn)撥because,since,as,for的用法區(qū)別(1)because表示直接的原因或理由,表示原因的語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),常表示必然的因果關(guān)系.回答以why引起的特殊疑問(wèn)句,只能用because.(2)since表示對(duì)方已經(jīng)知曉,無(wú)須加以說(shuō)明的原因或事實(shí),語(yǔ)氣比because稍弱.(3)as表示的往往是十分明顯的原因,聽(tīng)者或讀者已經(jīng)知道或能看得出來(lái),語(yǔ)氣較弱,比較口語(yǔ)化.(4)for是并列連詞,它引導(dǎo)的分句不表示直接的原因,而是用來(lái)附帶解釋或說(shuō)明前面一句的情況.for引導(dǎo)的分句常位于第一分句之后,它們之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi).(7)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由although/though(雖然······但是······),evenif(即使),however(無(wú)論怎樣),whatever(無(wú)論什么),nomatterwho(無(wú)論是誰(shuí))等引導(dǎo),我們?cè)谶@里只討論由although/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句.如:Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.他雖然年歲小,但知道的很多.Thoughhehaswalkedalongway,hedoesnotlookabittired.他雖然走了那么長(zhǎng)的路,但看上去一點(diǎn)兒不疲倦.Weenjoyedourselves,although(though)theweatherwasbad.雖然天氣不好,可是我們玩得很開(kāi)心.Thoughweknowthatcleanairisimportant,wearenotdoingenoughtokeepitclean.盡管我們知道清潔的空氣很重要,但我們并沒(méi)有盡力去保持空氣的清潔.Althoughitwascold,(yet)Iwentswimming.盡管冷,我還是去游泳了.Nomatterwhoasksforherhelp.Sheisreadytohelp.無(wú)論誰(shuí)請(qǐng)她幫忙,她都愿意幫助.點(diǎn)撥although和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可以進(jìn)行句式轉(zhuǎn)換,即把從句中的形容詞、名詞或副詞前置,然后把a(bǔ)lthough/though改成as.ThoughAustraliaisverylarge,muchofthelandissand.=LargeasAustraliais,muchofthelandissand.澳大利亞雖然很大,但有大部分陸地是沙地.(8)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句.表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句,通常用下列從屬連詞引導(dǎo)so(結(jié)果)因此、所以that(結(jié)果)使得sothat(結(jié)果)所以so...that如此······以致(so后面跟形容詞或副詞)such...that如此······以致(such后面跟名詞)Itwasverywarm,sothatpeoplecouldswiminriversandlakes.天氣很暖和,人們可以到湖里河里游泳.Theweatherissonicethatallofuswanttogotothepark.天氣那么好,我們大家都想去公園玩.HehassomanybooksthatIdon'tknowwhichoneIshouldborrow.他有那么多書(shū),我不知道該借哪一本.點(diǎn)撥(1)在so...that與such...that中間出現(xiàn)的是單數(shù)名詞,且該名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí),這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)可互換,但要注意它們的詞序不同:such+a/an+形容詞＋名詞＝so+形容詞＋a/an+名詞.(2)如果被修飾的是不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),一般須用such...that.(3)如果不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前有many,much,little,few修飾時(shí),則用so...that.好題精練一、對(duì)句中斜體字部分提問(wèn),并將下列句子改為特殊疑問(wèn)句1.TheBlackshopedtovisitthatschoolagain.____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Tomoftenswimsinthislakeinsummer.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Youmaykeepthesebooksfortwomonths.____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Anndidn'tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseshewasill.____________________________________________________________________________________________5.HevisitedShanghaiwithhistwosisters.____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.Whohopedtovisitthatschoolagain?2.WhatdoesTomoftendoinsummer?3.HowlongmayIkeepthesebooks?4.Whydidn'tAnngotoschoolyesterday?5.Who(whom)didhevisitShanghaiwith?二、讀下列短文,仿照示例補(bǔ)全反義疑問(wèn)句,并回答問(wèn)題Everybodylovedeatingatthecornercoffeeshop.OneofthereasonswasLily,thewaitress.Shewasalwaysfriendly.Nothingseemedtoworryher.Lilysmiledatallofthepeopleintheshopandalwaysgottheordersright.Evenonarainyday,Lily'ssweetsmilewouldmakeeveryonehappy.示例:Thisstoryisaboutsadpeople,isn'tit?→No,itisn't.It'saboutLily,thewaitress.1.Lilywasnotfriendly,____________?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Lilyonlysmiledatherboss,____________?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Lilydidn'tgettheordersright.____________?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Lilydidn'tworkinacoffeeshop,____________?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Lilywasn'tagoodwaitress,____________?____________________________________________________________________________________________答案:1.wasshe?Yes,shewas.Shewasveryfriendly.2.didn'tshe?