研究生實用英語寫作7-the-whole-composition課件

TheWholeComposition★StepsinWritingaComposition

★Organizationofacomposition

★TypesofWriting

1.StepsinWritingaCompositionPlanacomposition:workoutathesisoratheme;providefactsordetailsWriteanoutline:eitheratopicoutlineorasentenceoutlineWritethefirstdraftRevisethefirstdraft:checkifthereareanygrammarorspellingmistakes,andiftheparagraphsareproperlyorganizedExample1:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon

“autobiography”?Workoutathesis/purposeWhichdimension/aspectdoyouwishtotellothers?Character?Family?career?love?friends?Character.I’mopen-mindedanddiligent.Whatmaterialsdomeneedtosupportthiscenter?Brainstorm:Myname,mybirthdate,myhometown,myfamilymembers,mymother’sjob,myfather’sjobandcharacter,myelementaryschool,highschool,collegetime,hardworkinuniversity,myleisure-timerelaxation,myworkingexperience,etc.Outline:

I:Myname,myage,myfamilypoorbutharmonious.Surroundedbyparents’loveandcare,Ihavebeenkindandopen-mindedtoothers.Whilehavingwitnessedparents’sweatandtears,Ihavebecomediligentand

independent.

II:Inprimaryschool(sharefoodwithanotherpoorerpupilbutneverletparentsknowthat,andfinallygetstomachtrouble)

III:Inhighschool(winthe1stprizeineachtest)

IV:Inuniversity(dopart-timejobstosupportlivingandstudyexpense)

V:Thereisstillalongwaytogoinmylife,butwithkindness,self-relianceanddiligence,IamconfidentthatIcanrealizeallmydreamsandgoals.Iamsogratefultomydearestparents,fortheyhavetaughtmethemostimportantqualitiesforaperson.Example2:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon

“Snowskiing”?

Firstwenarrowdownthetopictothisone:

Snowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.

Nowlet’scollectmaterialsbybrainstorming:1.

Howwouldyoudescribeit?2.

Wheredopeopleplayit?3.

Howmanypeopleareneeded?4.

Whatkindofequipmentisnecessary?5.

Howcanthisactivityexcitepeoplementallyandaffectpeoplephysically?6.

Whywouldyourecommendittosomeone?7.Isitadangeroussport?Ifso,howtoavoidthepotentialdangers?SnowSkiingOutdoorrecreation;energeticactivity;individualfunactivity;seebeautyofmountains(theAlps,Switzerland);wonderfulsceneryandwildlife;beneficialtoourhealth;goodforphysicalfitness;excellentyetchallengingexercise;adventurous;notgoodforallages;Skiingequipment:skisuit,skiboot,skipole;anexpensivesportCanbedangerous;considertheweatherconditions,theslopeconditions(especiallydownhillskiing),avalanche;obeythewarningsigns;considerone’sownabilityNowlet’sselectandorganizethematerials,andformanoutline:SnowSkiing

ⅠSnowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.ⅡTheymustconsidertheweatherconditions.A.TemperatureB.

WindC.

StormyorclearweatherⅢTheymustconsidertheslopeconditions.A.

IcysurfacesB.

RocksandtreestumpsC.

VisibilityD.

CrowdsⅣTheymustconsidertheirownability.A.

BeginnerB.

IntermediateC.

ExpertⅤTheymustobeythewarningsigns.A.

Out-of-boundsmarkersB.

“Slow”signsC.

HazardsⅥSnowskiingisasafeandenjoyablewintersportifskierstakeafewprecautions.2.OrganizationTHEESSAY

IntroductoryParagraph-GeneralStatements(RefertoPage36)THESISSTATEMENTBodyParagraphs-TOPICSENTENCE(RefertoPage42)SupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)

TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)

TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)ConcludingParagraph-CONCLUDINGSENTENCE(S)(RefertoPage38)FinalThoughts2.OrganizationSomeprinciples:unity,coherence,continuity,completeness,properweighttosupportingdetailsTheopeningparagraph:differentwaystostartacompositionThebodyparagraphs:(Refertothe7waystoorganizeaparagraphandrefertotheexampleonPage43).Theconcludingparagraph:differentwaystoendacomposition(RefertoPage38orrefertothewaystoendaparagraph).FourpurposesoftheopeningparagraphItstatesthetopicoftheessay.Itgivesbackgroundinformationonthetopic.Itshouldarousethereader’scuriosityaboutorinterestinthetopic.Itoftenindicatesthefocus,purpose,ordirectionoftheessay.Howtowriteagoodopeningparagraph?Giveastrikingfact(suchasfigures,statistics,studies,orresearches)oroddproblemthatcanarousecuriosityorinterestandthatisrelatedtotheessaytopic.Askaquestionthattheessaywillanswer.Useavividquotationfromagoodsource.Tellastorythatillustratesthemainpointoftheessay.Writeadirectopening,settingthemoodorscene.

Quotation

Everythinginthisuniverseisperpetuallyinastageofchange,afactcommentedonbyphilosophersandpoetsthroughtheages.Ifweflickthroughanybookofquotationswefindnumerousstatementsaboutthefluctuatingworldwelivein:“Everythingrolledon,nothingstaysstill,”claimstheancientGreekphilosopherHeraclitusinthesixthcenturyB.C..Inthesixteenthcentury,EdmundSpenserspeaksof“theever-whirlingwheelofchange,thewhichallmortalthingsdothaway,”while“timeandtheworldareeverinflight”isastatementbythetwentiethcenturyIrishpoetWilliamButlerYeats—totakejustafewrandomsamples.Language,likeeverythingelse,joinsinthisgeneralflux…(LanguageChange:ProgressorDecay?JeanAitchison)Quotation

Ifthesaying“Youarewhatyoureat”holdstrue,wecouldallendupbeingverydifferentpeoplefromourancestors.Modernscienceandagriculturehadfreedourcountryandmanyothernationsfromtraditionaldietsbasedlargelyonnaturalfarmproducts.Manykindsofnewfooddosaveustimeandtrouble,buttheyareoftencostly,intermsofbothdollarsand,ultimately,health.TellmewhatyoueatandIwilltellyouwhatyouare，即告訴我你平時吃什么，我就可說出你是怎么樣的一個人。后來才變成現(xiàn)在這句話"youarewhatyoueat"即：你要健康就要注意你的飲食健康。Fact,figures,statistics,studies,orresearches

Everytwo-and-a-halfminutessomeoneintheU.S.isrobbedatgunpoint,andeveryfortyminutessomeoneelseismurderedwithagun.Theweaponsfindtheirwayintothehandsofthecriminalsinamannerthatalmostnobodyunderstands.Eachyearpoliceseizeabout250,000handgunsandlonggunsfromthepeopletheyarrest.Giventhenumberofgunsthatthemanufacturersproduceeachyear(2.5millionlonggunsand4millionhandguns)thesupply-and-demandequationworksagainstthehopeofanorderlysociety.

Questions

Whatwillthelifebelikeonauniversitycampus?Dothestudentsofauniversityhaveaworkloadasheavyasthepupilsofahighschool?Isiteasytogetalongwiththeinstructorsandprofessors?ThesequestionslingeredonmymindeversinceIreceivedtheletterofadmissionfromShandongUniversityofTechnology.AndIwassoanxioustogoandseethecampuswithmyowneyesthatIevencouldhardlyfallasleepthenightbeforemyenrolmentbecauseIwouldbeginalifecompletelynewtome.

Directopening

Ahackeroriginallyreferstoapersonwhochopsorcutsroughlyandirregularlywithahatchet.Butwiththewidespreadapplicationofcomputerstovariousaspectsofourlifeandwork,ithasassumedanewmeaning.Ahackernowisacomputeruserwhoisabletouseorchangetheinformationinotherpeople’scomputersystemswithouttheirknowledgeorpermission.Manyhackersareverytalentedpeoplewhohaveacquiredcomputerknowledgeallbythemselves.

Practice:

Exercise2&3onPage40.3.TypesofWritingDescription:Itispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.(Referto“Ahandbookofwriting(byDingWangdao)”,Pages158-172).

“theearliestcoinsinChina”\“dragonlanternshows”Narration:Itistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Initsbroadestsense,narrativewritingincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.(RefertoPages172-181).“themostimportantdayinmylife”\”thestampincident”Exposition:Itisperha