試比較艾米麗迪金森與李清照的愛情詩主題之異同-以《沒有人認識這朵玫瑰》和《一剪梅》為例

試比較艾米麗迪金森與李清照的愛情詩主題之異同——以《沒有人認識這朵玫瑰》和《一剪梅》為例IntroductionEmilyDickinsonandLiQingzhaoaretwogreatfemalepoetsinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureandChineseliteraturerespectively.EmilyDickinsonisafamousAmericanpoetessinthe19thcentury.InthehistoryofAmericanliterature,sheisasfamousasWhitman.Shewasbornintoamiddle-classlawyerfamilyinAmherst,Massachusetts.Herlifewasmonotonousandpeacefulinadolescence.Dickinsononcestudiedatthetopwomen’scollege,MountHolyokeCollege,whichisnowveryfamous.Whensheleftschool,Emilyputonallwhiteclothesandrefusedanyvisitors.In1862,shebecameacompleterecluse.Fromtheageoftwenty-five,shehasbeenwritingpoemsinsolitudeforthirtyyearsandleft1775poemsand1409letters.Shepublishedonlysevenpoemsbeforeherdeath,andtherestwerepublishedafterherdeath.AlthoughEmilyhasbeenlivinglikeahermit,shehasarichinnerworld,fullofpassionandyearningforlove.Butloveisatragedytoher.Oneofthepeoplesheloveddiedyoungandtheotherhadawife.ThismeansthatforDickinson,loveisjustahopelesspursuit.LiQingzhao,herpseudonymisYianresident(1084-1155).ShewasborninZhangqiu,ShandongProvince.Herfather,LiGefei,wasanofficialintheMinistryofritesandoneofthefourscholarsinSumen.LiQingzhaoshowedhisextraordinarytalentwhenhewasyoung.Herpoemsarefamousoutsidetheboudoir.InthehistoryofancientChineseliterature,LiQingzhaoisthemostgloriousandattractivewoman.Althoughonlymorethan70ofherworkshavebeenpreserved,shehasmaderemarkableachievements,andisknownasthe"generationofCi"oftheWanyuestyleschoolbylatergenerations.ItisamiracletobeabletoshinesobrilliantlyinthemaledominatedfeudalsocietyinancientChina.ThispaperaimtothroughliteraturestudyandcomparativestudytocompareEmilyDickinsonandLiQingzhao’slovepoems,NobodyKnowsThisLittleRoseandYiJianMei.Themainbodyofthearticleisdividedintothreeparts.Theauthorwillfirstintroducethetwopoems,andthencomparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesontheirlovethemes.Finally,theauthorwillexplorethecausesofsimilaritiesanddifferences.ChapterITwoPoems1.1NobodyKnowsThisLittleRoseNobodyknowsthislittleRoseItmightapilgrimbeDidInottakeitfromthewaysAndliftituptothee.OnlyaBeewillmissitOnlyaButterfly,Hasteningfromfarjourney-Onitsbreasttolie-OnlyaBirdwillwonder-OnlyaBreezewillsigh-Ah!littleRose-howeasyForsuchastheetodie!NobodyknowsthislittleRose,thispoemwaswrittenin1858.From1858to1865,Emilycreated40poems,includingnearly800poems.Butnoonecannoticetheseworkswhilesheisalive.Emilynevermarried.Attheageofeighteen,shemetayounglawyernamedBenjaminFranklinNewton.Theyappreciateeachother.NewtongaveEmilyencouragementandsupport.HegaveherthefirstpoetrycollectionofRalphWaldoEmersonasagift,whichwasagoodbeginningforherlatercreation.NewtonopenedthedoorofimaginationforyoungEmily,andhisencouragementgaveherthecourageandmotivationtostartwriting.Emilyfoundasenseofbelongingwhenshewrotepoems.Butitdidn’tlastlong.In1852,Newtondiedoftuberculosis.Althoughtheymaynotbelovers,NewtonhadagreatinfluenceonDickinson.Therefore,EmilyDickinson,alittlerose,whenitisabouttobloom,hastotakebackherfeelingsandsufferalone.In1855,DickinsonbeganalongjourneytoPhiladelphia.WhereshemetWordsworth,amarriedPresbyterianpriest.LikeDickinson,Wordsworthisalsoaromanticandsolitaryperson.Butwhentheymet,Wordsworthhadawife.EvenifDickinsonisadored,shecanonlyburythisfeelinginherheart.Theroseinthepoemisverymuchliketheauthorwritingherself.Nooneknows,noonecanunderstandsher.Fortunately,oneday,someonepickedherup.Attractingthebee-Newton'smissing,thebutterfly-Wordsworth'srest.Butthebeeandbutterflyfinallylefther.Thebird-somepeoplewhodoesn’tknowEmilyDickinsonamazedatherisolation.Finally,therosewithersinthewind,withersinthetime.1.2YiJianMeiYiJianMeiFragrantlotusbloomsfade,autumnchillsmatofjade.Mysilkrobedoffed,IfloatAloneinorchidboat.Whointhecloudwouldbringmelettersinbrocade?Whenswanscomebackinflight,Mybowerissteepedinmoonlight.Asfallenflowersdriftandwaterrunsitsway,OnelongingleavesnotracesButoverflowstwoplaces.Ohowcansuchlovesicknessbedrivenaway?Fromeyebrowskeptapart,Againitgnawsmyheart.(許淵沖,2006:216)LiQingzhaodescribesthescatteredlotusflowerswith“紅藕香殘”,whichdescribestheshapeandverveofthelotusflowers.Lotushasbeguntowither,butnotyetcompletelywithered,itwiththebleakautumnwindfadedowndaybyday.Aword“殘”vividlydepictsthelotus’sexpressionatthistime.Thewords“玉簟秋”describesthesituationofLiQingzhao.Whenautumncomes,LiQingzhaofeelscoolwhenhesleepsonthebamboomat.Itisnotonlythesenseofskin,butalsothefeelingoflonelinessanddesolationThissentence,“花自飄零水自流”isLiQingzhao'sexclamationof“youthiseasytogrowoldandtimeiseasytopass”.Infact,therearetwomeaningsinthissentence:“花自飄零”meansthatheryouthwitherslikeaflower;“水自流”meansthatherhusbandwentfarawayandleftforalongtime,likealongriverflowingalone.LiQingzhaonotonlylamentsforherbeauty,moreforherhusbandcan'tsharetheyouthwithherself,butletitdisappearinvainandgrieve.“一種相思,兩處閑愁”showsthattheymisseachotherequallyandarealsodistressedbytheirparting.ThisuniqueideaembodiesLiQingzhao’sinfiniteloveandfulltrustforZhaoMingcheng.Itreflectshercheerfulcharacterandherconsiderationforherhusband,whichisdifferentfromthenarrowmindofordinarywomen.ZhouChenghuaputforwardhisviewpointinthebookofLiteratureofSongandYuanDynasties:thispoem,YiJianMeiismainlytoexpressLiQingzhao’smissingforherhusband.Itscharacteristicsareasfollows:first,theaffectionofloveexpressedinthepoemisbeautiful,pureandhearttoheart;itisdifferentfromtheordinarypoemwhichsimplymissesorcomplainshusband.Second,theauthorboldlyeulogizeshislovewithoutanytwistormorbidelement.Itisassweetashoney,alsoasclearaswater,freeandgenerous.Itisquitedifferentfromtheloveofthosewholoveeachotherbutexpressinatwistedway.Thirdly,mostofthelanguageusedinLiQingzhao’spoemissimple,freshandclear.It’seasytounderstand.ChapterIIComparisonofTheThemes2.1Similarities2.1.1TheSimilaritiesofImageImageisacarrierforemotionthinking,whosefunctionistoexpressone’swillortoexpressone’sfeelingsbyscenery.Asthemainbodyofapoem,imageisanemotionalexpressionwithlanguageasitscarrier.Imagesoftenappearinliteraryworks,especiallyinpoems.“Literaryimageistheultimateformofliterarypursuit.Inliteraryworks,imagereferstotheorganicunityofthewriter'ssubjectiveemotionalwillandtheconcreteimageofthings.”InthepoetrycreationofChinaandtheUnitedStates,theuseofflowerimageisoneofthecommonlyusedcreationtechniques.Intheapplicationofflowerimage,roseandlotusarecommonlyusedimages.Thesetwopoems,EmilyandLiQingzhaobothusetheimageofflowers.Theyareroseandremnantlotus.Inthewesternpoetrytradition,theroseoftenrepresentslove.Emilyexpressedheryearningforlovebytakingtheroseashersustenance.Inthispoem,sheisthelittlerose,shedriftedaway,unknown.Shewaswaitingforsomeonetopickherupfromthesideoftheroad.Shewantstofeelthesweetnessoflovebeforeitwithers.Insteadofwitheringaloneinthewind.Theplantcharacteristicofroseisthatitisgorgeouswiththorns.Likerose,Emilyisbright,charmingandtoughinheart.EmilyDickinsonwasbornintoamiddle-classlawyer'sfamily.Shehadagoodeducationandwasadecentgirl.Shewashighlyvaluedbyherfamilyandfriends.Althoughsheonlypublishedsevenarticlesbeforeherdeath,sheattractedgreatattentionofthesocietyandhavealargenumberoffans.Suchawomanwithgoodfamilyconditionsandtalentisfinallyunmarriedforlife.Emilyyearnsforlove,notmarriage.Sheisarosewiththoughts,unwillingtoconfineherselfinamarriagewithoutlovelikeasecularwoman.Emilyonlywantstogetlovewiththosepeoplewhocanunderstandthebeautyandpersistenceofher,justlikebeesorbutterfliesadmirethelittlerose,ratherthananyotherinsect.Sointheend,shechosetolivealoneandnevermarry.LotusisacommonimageinancientChinesepoetry,symbolizingnoblecharacter.Mostscholarsliketocomparethemselvestolotus.Scholarswillplantlotusflowersforenjoycoolinsummerandcreateagoodatmosphereforrecitingpoems.Butmanypoetswillfeelsadwhenflowerswitheredinautumn.Inthispoem,LiQingzhaowrote“紅藕香殘”atthebeginningofthepoem.Becauseinthattime,LiQingzhaoandherhusbandwereseparated.Asautumnapproaches,theoncebloominglotushaswithered.Thepoetwasinalowmoodalldaybecauseshemissedherhusbandverymuch.Justlikethewitheredlotus,ithasnovitality.RoseandremnantlotusaretwocommonimagesinChineseandWesternpoetry.Inthetwopoems“NobodyKnowsThisLittleRose”and“YiJianMei”,thepoetcompareshimselftoaflower,orexpressesherfeelingswithaflower,whichshowsthedelicatefeelingsandintimateloveofwomen.2.1.2TheFemaleConsciousnessFemaleconsciousnessisactuallytheconceptofwomen,whichisahistoricalproduct.Itreferstolookingatthings,observingandthinkingabouteverythinginlifefromtheperspectiveofwomen.Itunifies“human”and“woman”andembodiesthevaluepursuitofbothgenderandgendertranscendence,thatis,femaleconsciousnessincludestwolevels:genderconsciousnessasawomanandsocialconsciousnessasaperson.WhetherinChinaortheUnitedStates,womenareaccessoriesofmenandhavenoindependentpersonality.Womenhavenostatusnotonlyinpoliticsandeconomy,butalsoinliterature.ThroughoutthehistoryofChineseandWesternwriters,thenumberofwomenisverysmall.Ofallhumanemotions,lovehasalwaysbeenwonderful.Butinthepatriarchalsociety,therearefewpoemsaboutwomen’spsychologyandemotionalconsciousness.Evenifthereis,itisalsothefemaleconsciousnessfromthemaleperspective.ButinthepoemsofEmilyandLiQingzhao,wecanclearlyfeeltheself-consciousnessofwomen.Accordingtostatistics,EmilyDickinsonhasmorethan300poemsbeginningwith"I".Sheputthefirstappellationwithstrongself-consciousnessinherpoemstoexpressEmily'sboldrebellionagainstthepatriarchalsociety.Inthaterawhenwomenwereonlymalevassals,Emilyusedhertalentandcouragetoprotestagainstthisunequalsociety.Literarywritingisnottheexclusiverightofmen.Womencanalsoexpresstheirthoughtsinwords.InthepoemthatNobodyKnowsThisLittleRose,EmilyDickinsonexpressesherdesireforlovebydescribingherselfasarose.Unlikeotherwomenofthesameperiod,Emilydaredtobreakthroughtheshacklesofsocietyandwasunwillingtolistentomeninamarriagewithoutlove.Inherpoems,Emilyexpressesherhelplessnessthatisnotrecognizedorappreciated.Shehopestogetloveandmeetsomeonewhocantakeherselftoheart.Inspiteofsocialprejudice,sheexpressedherfeelingsinwordsandshowedstrongfemaleconsciousness.LiQingzhao,wholivesinthepatriarchalsociety,alsothroughpoetrytoexpresstheworldinwomen’seyes.LiQingzhaoisknownas“themosttalentedwomaninChinesehistory”.Whenshewasalittlegirl,shehasshowherdeepconcernandworryabouthercountry.Insuchafeudalsociety,womencan’tspeakoflove,butLiQingzhaodaredtoresistprejudiceanddepictedtheinnerworldofwomeninSongDynastywithhertalentanddelicatestrokes.Let’stodaystillfeelthetendernessofwomenthousandsofyearsago.InYiJianMei,thepoetexpressedhisthoughtsofmissinghishusband.Throughtheimagesof“remnantLotus”,“wildgoose”,“Moon”and“witheredflower”,theendlessyearningforherhusbandisindirectlywritten.Whenwecarefullyreadthispoem,“云中誰寄錦書來”and“一種相思兩處閑愁”.ItconveystousthatLiQingzhaohopesherhusbandcouldmissherequally.Writingpoetryisnotjustawayforaladytopasstime.Althoughlivingindifferentcountriesandtimes,thetwopoetsshowedtheirresistancetosocialinequality.Althoughtheyliveinasocietythathasprejudiceonwomen’spoetrycreation,theydonotgiveuptheirthoughts.Alsonotwillingtobeaman'svassallikeordinarywomen.2.2Differences2.2.1DifferentWaysofExpressionTheBibleandchivalryinWesterncivilizationhavegreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofwesterncultureandliterature.ThestoryofGodcreatehumansandthespiritofcavaliernotonlylaidthefoundationfortheWesterncivilizationtorespectthetraditionofwomen,butalsoshowedthattheloveandcombinationbetweenmenandwomenisanaturalthing.Therefore,itisreasonabletopraisetheloveandwarmlypraisethelove.Therefore,westernpoetsoftenexpresstheirfeelingsboldlyanddirectly.TheearliestlovepoemsinChinacanbetracedbacktothepre-Qinperiod.TheimplicitandeuphemisticLyricwayinTheBookofSongshasagreatinfluenceonthelaterpoetrycreation.Then,Confucianprinciplesofliterarycriticism,suchas“musicwithoutlust,sorrowwithoutsorrow”,alsomadetheliteratitendtoexpresstheirloveinadelicateandnoncatharticway.Intermsofemotionalexpression,theemotionofNobodyKnowsThisLittleRoseisstraightforward,whileYiJianMeiiseuphemistic.Fromtheaspectsofselectedimages,theroseisthesymbolofloveintheWest.Emilydirectlyusestherosecomperedtoherselftoexpressherdesireforlove.LiQingzhaodidn’tmention“l(fā)ovesickness”atallinthelastfilm,butusedaseriesofsadimagestoexpressthelonelyatmosphereafterherhusbandleft.LiQingzhaoexpresseshermissingforherhusbandinaeuphemisticway.2.2.2DifferentEmotionsInthesetwopoems,Emilyexpressesheryearningforlove,whileLiQingzhaoexpresseshermissingforherhusband.From1858,Emilybegantoreviewherworksandcarefullymadethemintofascicle.Perhapswhenshewasaloneathomearrangementherwork,sherecalledheryearningforlove.In1858,EmilyDickinsonwrote“NobodyKnowsThisLittleRose”.Inthis,EmilyDickinsonexpressesherhopeofbeingunderstood.AlthoughEmilyDickinsonnevermarriedinherlife,thereweretwospecialpeopleinherlife.OneisBenjaminFranklinNewtonandtheotherisWordsworth.Unfortunately,NewtondiedofillnesswhenEmilywas22.WhenEmilymetWordsworthattheageof25,hewasmarried.Althoughthereisnoresultinthetworelationships,Emilyisstillfullofyearningandlongingforlove.InallthepoemsaboutlovewrittenbyEmily,shealwayshastheillusionoflove.LiQingzhaoandherhusbandZhaoMingchenghaveagoodrelationshipandsharethesameinterests.ThepoemYiJianMeiwaswrittenshortlyafterLiQingzhaomarriedherhusband.Whenherhusbandwentouttowork,separationwasthelastresort.However,LiQingzhaocan'tbearthepainoflovesicknessbroughtbytheparting,andshepouredheremotionintothisworkasmuchaspossible.Theartisticconceptionof“紅藕香殘玉簟秋”andthecoolnessof“玉簟”setoffthelonelinessoffemalepoets.Therefore,thepoetwentoutforaboatride,justtorelievethedepressionandthepainofacacia.Thesceneinfrontofusis“fallingpetals,flowingwaterthatwillneverreturn”.Thepoet’shelplesssadnessarisesspontaneously.“一種相思,兩處閑愁”,thepoetmissherhusbandZhaoMingcheng,andalsoimaginethatZhaoMingchengismissingherself.Inthelastthreesentences,“此情無計可消除,才下眉頭,卻上心頭”,Thepoetusesakindofsentencesimilartospokenlanguagetodescribethathecan'tgetridofthelovesicknesstemporarily,instead,shefallsintoadeepersituationofmissing.ChapterⅢCausesofSimilaritiesandDifferences3.1FamilyBackgroundandSocialBackground3.1.1FamilyBackgroundEmilyDickinsonwasbornintoawealthyfamily.HergrandfatherwasoneofthemainfoundersofAnhurstUniversity,andherfatherandbrotherswererichlocallawyers.Borninsuchafamily,Emilywasabletoenterthewomen’scollege,whichlaidagoodfoundationforherliteraryaccomplishment.ButEmily'sfather,EdwardDickinson,hasalwaysbeenanauthorityinthefamily.Asshegrewolder,Emilybecamerebellious.Shechosesilencetofightagainstthecontradictionsinherlife.LiQingzhaowasborninawealthyandSongDynastybureaucratliteraryintelligentsiafamily.Hergrandfatherwasaliterateformerofficialwithalotofbooksinhisfamily.LiQingzhaogrewupinarelaxedfamilyenvironment.LiQingzhao’sfatherisamemberoftheetiquettedepartment,wailang.Hermotherwasalsoaladyoftheday.ThestrongfamilybackgroundofliteraryatmospherelaidagoodfoundationforLiQingzhao’sgoodliterarycultivation.ItispreciselybecauseofthisgoodfamilyatmospherethatLiQingzhaodaretoexpresshimself,pursueloveandfightagainstfeudalism.Hergrandfatherwasaculturedformerofficialwithalargecollectionofbooksinhisfamily.LiQingzhaogrewupinarelaxedfamilyenvironment.LiQingzhao’sfatherwasanofficialintheMinistryofrites.HermotherwasalsoaladyoftheSongDynasty.ThestrongfamilybackgroundofliteraryatmospherelaidagoodfoundationforLiQingzhao’sgoodliterarycultivation.Becauseofthiskindofgoodfamilyatmosphere,LiQingzhaodaretoexpresshimself,pursueloveandfightagainstthefeudalconcept.Goodfamilyconditionsprovidethemwithaccesstoliterature,sothattwofemalepoetscanhavetheopportunitytoleaveimmortalworksinhistory.3.1.2SocialBackgroundInDickinson’speriod,AmericanliterarytraditionwasonlyapartofEuropeanliterature.InfluencedbyChristianityandancientGreekmythology,itwasalwaysbelievedthatlovepoetrywasnoble,pursuinglovewashumannature,andthecombinationoftwosexeswasconsideredasthemostgloriousandattractivethingofhumanbeauty.Greekmythology,medievalliterature,romanticismliterature,realismliteratureandmodernliteratureallhavenakedworksaboutsexuallove.Andhasbeenacceptedandrespected.Thefirstwomen’srightsconventionwasheldinSenecaFalls,NewYork,300milesfromthetownofemmerstin1848.ThisconferenceinspiredEmily’sthought,womenshouldgeteducationandindependence.Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,EmilyDickinsonwasdeeplyinfluencedbytheideaofopenindependenceinAmericansociety.Inmanyofherlovepoems,thereissuchanindependentthought.Atthesametime,duetotheinfectionofwesterntraditionalculture,Emilyshowedherloveboldlyinherpoems.Sheinsiststhatsheshouldkeeptheindependenceofpersonalityandthelivingspaceofherowninlove,whichisoneofthereasonswhyshehasbeensingleforalllife.Therefore,inEmilyDickinson.spoems,wecanreadherboldlyexpressingheryearningforlove.Sinceancienttimes,Chineseliteraturehasatraditionof“musicwithouthurt,sorrowwithoutlust”.“Fromemotiontopropriety”hasbecomearulethatChineseliteratimustabideby.Sexhasalwaysbeenthoughttobeassociatedwithfilthandmeannessratherthanliterature.It’sconsideredimmoraltowriteaboutthelovebetweenmenandwomen.LiQingzhaofollowedthisstyleofwriting.Whetherit’saboutthejoyaftermarriageorthemissingofherhusband,LiQingzhaowrotethepoeminaeuphemisticway.Wei,Jin,southernandNorthernDynastiesisaperiodofpersonalliberationinChinesehistory.Becauseofpoliticalcorruption,literatibegantopayattentiontolife.InmanyofLiQingzhao’sworks,wecanseethatshequotedalotofpoemsandallusionsintheWeiandJinDynasties.Tosomeextent,theawakeningofwomen’sconsciousnessinSongDynastybenefitedfromtheliberationofpeople'spersonalityinWeiandJinDynasties.TheprosperouseconomyandopensocialatmosphereofTangDynastygavewomenawidelivingspace.InTangDynasty,alargenumberoffemalewriterswithfemaleconsciousnessappeared,suchasXueTaoandYuXuanji.TheseexcellentfemalepoetsbecameLiQingzhao’smodel.EmilyandLiQingzhaoarebothintheeraofrelativelyloosesocialenvironment.Andbothofthemseizetheopportunitytoexpresstheirthoughtsbravely.3.2TheTwoPoetesses’PersonalExperience3.2.2EmilyDickinsonEmilyDickinsonhashelpedhermotherwiththegardensinceshewas12.Shelikesthegardenverymuch,eveninthecoldwinter,shewillgotothegardentowatchandcarefortheflowers.Therefore,wecanfindtheflowerimageinmanyofEmily’spoems.Herfatheralsobuiltagreenhouseforher.It'snotjusttopleaseEmily.Butinherfather’seyes,beingagardenerismoresuitableforwomenthanbeingapoet.Emilynevertraveledfarinherlife.Whenshewasyoung,shewenttoPhiladelphia,Washingtonandotherplaceswithherfamily.ThisisEmily’sfewtrips.Afterthat,helivedahermitlife.3.2.3LiQingzhaoLiQingzhaoandZhaoMingchengareveryluckyintheirmarriage.ShemarriedZhaoMingchengattheageofeighteen.Theyhavesimilarinterestsandharmoniousfeelings.Thecoupleoftenduelwitheachotherabouttheirpoetryandtheirworksofmentalandstone.Inthefeudalpatriarchalsociety,suchahappyandequalmarriagelifeisprecious.BecauseZhaoMingchengoftengoesoutforalongjourneyforvariousreasons,LiQingzhaohastowritepoemstorelievehislovesickness.AfterLiQingzhaoandZhaoMingchenggotmarried,duetothegoodfamilyconditionsandloosesocialenvironment,aswellasherhusbandZhaoMingchen’ssupportforhimself,LiQingzhaodaredtobreakthroughtheprejudiceatthattimeandexpressedhisfeelingswithpoems.ConclusionTheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturyandChinainthe11thcentury,atthattime,womendidnothavetherighttoexpressthought,justasymbolofmen’swealth.Theydon’thavepoliticalrights,socialstatusoreventhequalificationtow