2024屆中考英語專項復(fù)習(xí)時態(tài)和語態(tài)：被動語態(tài) 講義

被動語態(tài)當(dāng)主語是動作的承受者時，謂語要用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式是：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞。助動詞be有人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣。現(xiàn)以ask為例，將八種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的肯定式、否定式和疑問式列表如下：肯定式否定式疑問式一般現(xiàn)在時Iamasked...He/Sheisasked...We/You/Theyareasked...Iamnotasked...He/Sheisnotasked...We/You/Theyarenotasked...AmIasked...?Ishe/sheasked...?Arewe/you/theyasked...?一般過去時I/He/Shewasasked...We/You/Theywereasked...I/He/Shewasnotasked...We/You/Theywerenotasked...WasI/he/sheasked...?Werewe/you/theyasked...?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時Iambeingasked...He/Sheisbeingasked...We/You/Theyarebeingasked...Iamnotbeingasked...He/Sheisnotbeingasked...We/You/Theyarenotbeingasked...AmIbeingasked...?Ishe/shebeingasked...?Arewe/you/theybeingasked...?過去進(jìn)行時I/He/Shewasbeingasked...We/You/Theywerebeingasked...I/He/Shewasnotbeingasked...We/You/Theywerenotbeingasked...WasI/he/shebeingasked...?Werewe/you/theybeingasked...?一般將來時I/He/She/We/You/Theywillbeasked...I/Weshall/willbeasked...I/He/She/We/You/Theywillnotbeasked...I/Weshall/willnotbeasked...WillI/he/she/we/you/theybeasked...?Shall/WillI/webeasked...?過去將來時I/He/She/We/You/Theywouldbeasked...I/Weshould/wouldbeasked...I/He/She/We/You/Theywouldnotbeasked...I/Weshould/wouldnotbeasked...WouldI/he/she/we/you/theybeasked...?Should/WouldI/webeasked...?現(xiàn)在完成時I/We/You/Theyhavebeenasked...He/Shehasbeenasked...I/We/You/Theyhavenotbeenasked...He/Shehasnotbeenasked...HaveI/we/you/theybeenasked...?Hashe/shebeenasked...?過去完成時I/He/She/We/You/Theyhadbeenasked...I/He/She/We/You/Theyhadnotbeenasked...HadI/he/she/we/you/theybeenasked...?含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式：情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞Teenagersshouldbeallowedtomaketheirowndecisions.Yourhomeworkmustbehandedintoday.Aconcertwillbeheldnextmonth.Maythetreesbeplantedbehindthehouse.被動語態(tài)的用法強調(diào)動作的承受者HisspokenEnglishhasbeenimprovedgreatly.Theyweregivenasecondchance.TheseletterswillbesenttoMissWhite.當(dāng)不知道或沒必要說明誰是動作的發(fā)出者時Sometentshavebeenputupatthefootofthemountain.Anewschoolisbeingbuilthere.Airconditionersarewidelyusedinourdailylife.當(dāng)動作的發(fā)出者帶有較長的修飾語時Thenovelwaswrittenbyayoungladywhowasdisabledbecauseofanaccident.Theadvicewasacceptedbythestudentswhohaddifficultyingettingalongwithothers.IhavebeeninvitedtoahousewarmingpartybythenewneighborwhocamefromSouthAfrica.主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)主語+及物動詞+賓語Thegovernmenttakemanymeasurestopreventpollution.Manymeasuresaretakentopreventpollution.Myfatherfixedupthebike.Thebikewasfixedupbymyfather.主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語主動句中的賓補變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械闹餮aWesawhimout.Hewasseenout.Shehaskeptuswaitingforanhour.Wehavebeenkeptwaitingforanhour.主動句中用帶to的不定式作賓補，轉(zhuǎn)換為被動句時要加上to（let除外）Canyoumakethiswatchwork?Canthiswatchbemadetowork?Iheardtheboyplaythedrums.Theboywasheardtoplaythedrums.主語+及物動詞+直接賓語+間接賓語這一句型轉(zhuǎn)換成被動句時，直接賓語和間接賓語都可用作被動句的主語Theoldmangaveusmuchhelp.Weweregivenmuchhelpbytheoldman.（間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語）Muchhelpwasgiventousbytheoldman.（直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語）〖注意：當(dāng)直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化為被動句的主語，間接賓語可以直接位于動詞之后，也可以由介詞to或for引出。在間接賓語前加“to”，這類動詞有：give,offer,lend,pass,promise,tell等；在間接賓語前加“for”，這類動詞有：buy,cook,get,make等〗OurteachertaughtusEnglishsongs.Englishsongsweretaughtusbyourteacher.（直接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語）WeweretaughtEnglishsongsbyoutteacher.（間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語）并非所有的間接賓語都可作為被動句的主語ShewroteMissGreenaletter.AletterwaswrittentoMissGreenbyher.（√）MissGreenwaswrittenaletterbyher.（×）賓語從句不能作為被動句的主語Myfriendstoldmewhereweweregoingtomeet.Iwastoldwhereweweregoingtomeetbymyfriends.（√）Wherewegoingtomeetwastoldmebymyfriends.（×）主動形式表示被動含義在主語是物的句子中，謂語動詞是由某些及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的比及物動詞，如：sell，clean，write，wash等。這些不及物動詞的主動形式常表被動含義。Thebooksellswell.Theseclotheswasheasily.Mypenwritessmoothly.“need/require/want+動名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表被動含義。Yourhairneedscutting.Theplantwantswateringeveryday.Thisproblemrequiresdiscussingindetail.“beworth+動名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表被動含義Themovieisworthwatching.Thebookisworthreadingagain.感官動詞作如feel,smell,sound,taste,look等作為系動詞時，常表示被動含義。Silkfeelssoftandsmooth.Theseapplessmelldelicious.Yourideasoundsgreat.Thecaketastesgood.Itlooksnice.某些表示“發(fā)生（happen,takeplace,occur）”、“爆發(fā)（breakout,burstout）”或“傳播”的不及物動詞。Awarbrokeoutinthiscountrylastweek.Anaccidenthappenedatthefirstcrossingonthisstreet.ThemeetingwilltakeplaceonthemorningofFriday.不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主動句反身代詞作賓語時Theyenjoyedthemselvesverymuch.Heisalwaystalkingtohimself.當(dāng)賓語時相互代詞時Weshouldhelpeachother,especiallyinthetimesofdifficulty.Mygrandparentsunderstandoneanotherperfectly.當(dāng)賓語前有一個與主語相對應(yīng)的所有格或物主代詞時Hedidn’tlendhisbiketome.Shecriedhereyesout.當(dāng)賓語時行為者某一部分或官感時Thelittlegirlwavedherhandstohermother.Heshookhisheadtiredly.某些表示所有關(guān)系或狀態(tài)的及物動詞不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，如：have,possess,cost,benefit,suit等Ihavetwobasketballsandonefootball.Thebookcostme20dollars.Mybestfriendpossessesalotofgoodqualities.練習(xí)：-AreyougoingtoCindy'sbirthdaypartytomorrow?-I'mnotsure.IwillgowithyouifI__. willinvite B.invite C.willbeinvited D.aminvited 2.Becauseit______everyday,thefloorisveryclean. A.cleaned B.willclean C.wascleaned D.iscleaned 3.-Don'tsmokehere,please.Smoking____inpublicplaces.-Oh,sorry.I'llstoprightnow.A.isn'tallowed B.aren'tallowed C.doesn'tallowD.allow4.Ournewlibrary_______lastyear.Weenjoyreadingandstudyinginit.A.builds B.built C.isbuilt D.wasbuilt 5.Manyhouses____bythefloodandthousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.A.damaged B.weredamagedC.weredamaging D.aredamaged 6.Somestudentsinthisschool__abroadasexchangestudentseveryyear.A.sentB.sendC.aresentD.sending7.Toeveryone’sgreatsurprise,thefamousactor’sstory______differentlyinthenewspapers.A.wasreported B.reported C.wasreporting D.reports 8.Ifitrainsthisweekend,oursportsmeet_____ .A.iscancelled B.wascancelled C.willbecancelled D.cancelled9.Themagazinemay___foraweek.A.k