句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤

句子結(jié)構(gòu)常見錯誤SentenceStructureProblems英語句子是受嚴格的語法規(guī)則制約的，在寫作中如果違背這些規(guī)則，那么寫出的句子就會使人無法理解，或引起歧義。要想避免發(fā)生這些情況，在寫作時就必須處理好句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的幾個問題。我們對常犯的寫作錯誤進行了歸納。殘缺句、接排句、誤置修飾語和懸垂修飾語是句子結(jié)構(gòu)中最常見的錯誤。我將對這些問題逐一進行分析，以幫助大家弄清寫作中出現(xiàn)這些問題的原因，并掌握糾正錯誤的方法殘缺句(SentenceFragments)所謂殘缺句，顧名思義，就是指不能獨立成句的一個不完整的句子片斷。盡管殘缺句在形式上像句子一樣是以大寫字母開頭，并在結(jié)尾處帶有標點，然而在邏輯上并不能單獨表達一個完整的意思,僅是一組詞而已。請看下列句子：FragmentWonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo．RevisedSentenceMr．Smithhadbeenwonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo．FragmentSomeerrorsinwritingareserious．Forexample，fragmentsandrun—onsentences．RevisedSentencesSomeerrorsinwritingareserious，forexample，fragmentsandrun—onsentences．ORSomeerrorsinwritingareserious，amongwhicharefragmentsandrun-onsentences雖然句子的殘缺以各種形式出現(xiàn)，但最常見的形式是被分隔開的從句和以各種形式拆開的短語，如句號錯誤(periodfault)。FragmentsHavingdrivenacrossthedesert．Weenjoyedthecoolweather．Heenjoysflowersandshrubs．Whichhelpscreenhisyardfromthestreet．RevisedSentencesHavingdrivenacrossthedesert，weenjoyedthecoolweather．Heenjoysflowersandshrubs，whichhelpscreenhisyardfromthestreet．0RHeenjoysflowersandshrubs．Theyhelpscreenhisyardfromthestreet．在寫作中要經(jīng)常檢查句子的殘缺問題，特別要注意那些以從屬連詞或短語等開頭的句子，這些詞都是“危險詞”。要確定以這些詞開始的每個從句，都應(yīng)附屬于一個獨立的句子。避免殘缺句的最好辦法是注意區(qū)別句子和句子的一部分。我們知道句子的最基本特點是在語法和邏輯上是一個完整的意義表達單位。它至少具有一個主語和謂語。動詞的非限定形式不能在句中作為謂語單獨使用，除非是在如Wheretogotonight?簡短的問句中。因此在寫句子時要特別注意。改寫殘缺句主要有以下兩種方法：1將句中用的句號變成逗號，或把分隔開的短語或從句同它所屬的句子合并成一個能表達完整意思的句子。例如：FragmentsSincethereisalackofinterest．Thereisagreatlackofinformation．Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragments．Becausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting．Ilookforwardtoholidays．Forexample,ThanksgivingandChristmas．RevisedSentencesSincethereisalackofinterest，thereisagreatlackofinformation.Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragmentsbecausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting．Ilookforwardtoholidays，forexample，ThanksgivingandChristmas．2）把殘缺句擴展到主句中，或通過添加或減少某些成分。把殘缺改寫為獨立、完整的句子。例如：FragmentsIaminterestedonlyinthepropertiesofcitrusfruit．Suchaslemons，oranges，andgrapefruit．Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity.Itwasdifficulttodecide.whichchoicetomake．Toreturntoschoolortoacceptthejob．Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath；however，theboysscoredhigherinverbalskills．Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone;neverthe1ess，theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired．Educationisanelusiveword;indeed,itoftenmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople．YellowstoneNationalParkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry;therefore,hikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationthere．5.使用從屬連詞、關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞連接.當可以判斷出一個句子從邏輯上或意義上從屬于另一個句子時,可以將此接排句改寫成復(fù)合句。RevisedSentencesThegirlsscoredhigherinmath，whiletheboysscoredhigherinverbalskills．Althoughgesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone，theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired．Thepowerfailurecausedablackoutwhichcreatedalotofproblems．HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNationalPark，whichconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountryDirections:Revisethefollowingrun-onsentencesWomennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessionstheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．2．Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown，allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．3．Ericwaslatetoworkheranalltheway．Revisedsentences1．Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions，fortheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．OR：Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions；theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．OR：Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions．Theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．OR：Becausewomenhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths，theynolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions．2．Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown．AllthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown，butallthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown；however，allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown；allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：AlthoughIcalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown，allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．3．Ericwaslatetowork，soheranalltheway．or：Ericranalltheway；otherwise，hecouldhavebeenlatetowork．or：BecauseEricwaslatetowork，heranalltheway．or：Ericranallthewaybecausehewaslatetowork．or：Ericwaslatetoworkalthoughheranalltheway．Directions:Identifyandcorrectseriouserrors(suchasfragments·fusedsentencesandcommasplices)ineachofthefollowing．1．Withouttellinganyone，evenhersister，Mary，goingtothepark，meetingherfriends．2．Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible，theytookalldaytodo·3．Thatthecoursewassohardweallstudieddayandnight,withnoonegettinganAoraB．4．Iknockedon／atthedoorwhentheladycameIgavehermostin-gratiatingsmile．5．Whydoyouaskwhatconcernisitofyours?6．Gettingmarriediseasy，stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.7．Michelletriedeachoftheappetizersonthetable．Andthenfoundthat，whenthedinnerarrived，herappetitehadgone·8．Shedidn’tknowwhattosaytohisannouncement，shewasnotatacompletelossforwords，either．Revisedsentences1．Withouttellinganyone，notevenhersister，Marywenttotheparktomeetherfriends．2．Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible；therefore，theytookalldaytodo．3．Thecoursewassohardthatweallstudieddayandnight，withnoonegettinganAoraB．4．Iknockedon／atthedoor．Whentheladycame，Igavehermostingratiatingsmile．5．Whydoyouask?Whatconcernisitofyours?6．Gettingmarriediseasy；stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter．OR：Gettingmarriediseasy，butstayingmarriedisadifferentmatter．OR：Althoughgettingmarriediseasy，stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter．7．Michelletriedeachoftheappetizersonthetable．Shethenfoundthat，whenthedinnerarrived，herappetitehadgone．8．Shedidn’tknowwhattosaytohisannouncement，norwassheatacompletelossforwords，either.OR：Shewasneitherreadywitharesponsenoratacompletelossforwords．3.誤置修飾語（MisplacedModifiers）在寫作中，為了使句子生動和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修飾語。按照英語構(gòu)句規(guī)則，充當定語或狀語的詞、短語或從句必須盡可能地靠近所修飾的成分。如果忽視了這個規(guī)則，在修飾語和其所修飾的中心詞之間不恰當?shù)貖A進了其他成分，就可能造成句子意思混淆，產(chǎn)生歧義。請看下面句子：MisplacedModifiersHesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats．Pleasegivethebooktotheboywiththebluecover．Thatcatbelongstomyneighborwithfivekittens．RevisedSentencesHesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman．Pleasegivethebookwiththebluecovertotheboy．Thatcatwithfivekittensbelongstomyneighbor．如果一個修飾語既可以修飾其前面的詞也可修飾其后面的詞，這樣的修飾語稱為歧義修飾語(squintingmodifier)。歧義修飾語會使讀者對其修飾目的感到困惑不解。所以，應(yīng)該把易產(chǎn)生歧義的修飾語放在它所惟一修飾的詞的前面。例如：Theequipmentwithouttheaccessoriessoldthebest．(Differ-enttypesofequipmentwereavailable，somewithandsomewithouttheaccessories．)Theequipmentsoldthebestwithouttheaccessories．(Onetypeofequipmentwasavailable，andtheaccessorieswereoptional．)SquintingModifiersWeagreedonthenextdaytomaketheadjustments·Studentswhopracticewritingoftenwillbenefit．RevisedSentencesWeagreedtomaketheadjustmentsonthenextday·(Weagreedthatonthenextdaywewouldmaketheadjustments)-OrOnthenextday，weagreedtomaketheadjustments．(Onthenextday，weagreedthatwewouldmaketheadjust-ments．)Studentswhooftenpracticewritingwillbenefit．Studentswhopracticewritingwilloftenbenefit．所以，在寫作中我們要特別注意副詞的位置，要把它們放在使讀者對句子的意義更清楚的地方。請分析下面這個句子：Heonlysuggestedthreerulesforustofollow．除非我們在這里確實是指“Heonlysuggestedthem；hedidn’tinsistonthem．”，否則only這個詞就應(yīng)放在它所修飾的詞前面：HesuggestedonlythreerulesforUStofollow．要注意句子會隨著only位置的改變而改變其意義。Directions：Identifythemisplacedwordorwordsineachsentence．Thenrewritethesentencesandmakethemeaningclear．1．Ourteamdidn’tevenscoreonce．2.SheisteachingaseminarthistermonmarketeconomyattheOsakaInternationalUniversity.3．Thecityalmostspenttwentymilliondollarsonthenewstadium4．Tonyboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission．5．Thesuburbsnearlyhadfiveinchesofrain．6．Wecouldseethefootballstadiumdrivingacrossthebridge．7．IalmosthadadozenjobinterviewsafterIsentoutmyresume8．TherewerestrongcallsforanimmediateceasefireintheUNSecurityCouncil9.Theexchangestudentswemetforcoffeeoccasionallyquestionedusaboutourlatestslang.10.IputthechairinthemiddleoftheroomthatIhadrecentlypurchased.Revisedsentences1．Ourteamdidn’tscoreevenonce.2．ThistermsheisteachingaseminaronmarketeconomyattheOsakaInternationalUniversity．3．Thecityspentalmosttwentymilliondollarsonthenewstadium．4．Tonyboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer．5．Thesuburbshadnearlyfiveinchesofrain.6．Drivingacrossthebridge，wecouldseethefootballstadium.7．IhadalmostadozenjobinterviewsafterIsentoutmyresume.8．TherewerestrongcallsintheUNSecurityCouncilforanimmediateceasefire．9．Theexchangestudentsweoccasionallymetforcoffeequestionedusaboutourlatestslang．OR：Theexchangestudentswemetforcoffeequestionedusoccasionallyaboutourlatestslang.1O．IputthechairthatIhadrecentlypurchasedinthemiddleoftheroom．4．懸垂修飾語(DanglingModifiers)懸垂修飾語是與句子的主語不能構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系的修飾語。懸垂修飾語可以出現(xiàn)在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。請看下面例句：DanglingModifiersBygoingtothevarioussororityhousesoncampusandmeetinghundredsofnewgirls，myconversation，manners，andpoisebecamemorepolished．Towritetheproposal，researchmustbedone．兩句中斜體的修飾語與句子的主語不存在邏輯關(guān)系。在第一句中，當作者想當然地認為“I”是句子的主語，并打算對自己做個描述。但是由于用了“myconversation…”做句子的主語就破壞了句子中的邏輯關(guān)系而引起荒謬可笑的解釋：Itwasherconversationthatvisitedthesororityhouses．動詞的非限定性短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子主語保持一致，否則就會形成懸垂性修飾語。如果把句子的主語改成“I”，就可改成一個令人滿意的句子了。同樣，在第二句中，動詞不定式在邏輯上不能修飾句子的主語，theresearch．RevisedSentencesBygoingtothevarioussororityhousesoncampusandmeetinghundredsofnewgirls，Ipolishedmyconversation，manners，andpoise．Towritetheproposal,theprofessormustfirstdosomere-search．2．懸垂動名詞(DanglingGerund)DanglingModifiersByinstallingabirdbath．thebirdsweregivenasourceofwater．Afterfinishingtheresearch，thepaperwaseasytowrite．RevisedSentencesByinstallingabirdbath，wegavethebirdsasourceofwater．Afterfinishingtheresearch，Ifoundthatthepaperwaseasytowrite．3．懸垂動詞不定式(DanglingInfinitive)DanglingModifiersToskiproperly，acourseofinstructionisnecessary．Towritewell，goodbooksmustberead．RevisedSentencesToskiproperly，abeginnershouldtakeacourseofinstruction.Towritewell,Imustreadgoodbooks.．4．懸垂省略從句(DanglingEllipticalClause)DanglingModifierWhileclimbingthehill，therainbegantofall·Whenonlyasmallboy，myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago·RevisedSentencesWhileclimbingthehill，shefelttherainbeginningtofall·WhenIwasonlyasmallboy，myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago．常用的修改懸垂性修飾語的方法有：1.找出句子中隱含的主語，對所修飾的短語提供行為者(actor)(承擔動作行為的人或物).DanglingModifiersAttheageofsixmyuncleboughtmyfirstpet，agoldfish.Whileleavingthehouse，thephonerang·Usingthisdrug，manyundesirablesideeffectsareexperienced．RevisedSentencesAttheageofsix,Ireceivedmyfirstpet,agoldfishfrommyuncle．Whileleavingthehouse,Iheardthephonering·Usingthisdrug，patientsexperiencemanyundesirablesideeffects．2.補足懸垂短語或省略從句必要的成分，擴展其成為一個完整的從句，由行為者做主語.RevisedSentencesWhenIwassix，myuncleboughtmemyfirstpet，agoldfish·AsIwasleavingthehouse，thephonerang.Manyundesirablesideeffectsareexperiencedwhenthisdrugisused.Directions：Pleaserevisethefollowingsentenceswithdanglingmodifiers．1．Thumbingthroughthemagazine，hereyesautomaticallynoticedthecosmeticads．2．Topleasethevisitors，acrosstalkwasperformed．3．Onenteringtheteacher’soffice，aterrestrialglobecaughthisattention．；4．Thoughonlyseventeen，thearmyacceptedhisapplication．5．Fromattendingprofessionalmeetings，importantlessonscanbelearned．6．Withfiftypageslefttoread，WarandPeacewasabsorbing．7．Onthenewsstandsonlyanhour,itssalessurprisedeveryone．8．Whileeatinglunchinthecafeteria，thecomputermalfunctionedRevisedsentences1．Hereyesautomaticallynoticedthecosmeticadsasshewasthumbingthroughthemagazine．2．Topleasethevisitors，theyperformedacrosstalk。3.Onen