語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破系列6

語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破系列6.并列句和狀語(yǔ)從句一、并列句1.并列連詞(1)并列連詞按照在句中的作用可分為:表并列關(guān)系的連詞(and,aswellas,both...and...,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...等)、表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞(but,yet,while等)、表選擇關(guān)系的連詞(or,either...or...等)、表因果關(guān)系的連詞(for,so等)。*(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andtheyneedtoopenup.人們擁有的真正的朋友很少。他們需要敞開(kāi)心扉。*(2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Peoplecaneithergivethemasgiftstofriendsorhangthemintheirhouses.人們可以把它們當(dāng)成禮物送給朋友或者把它們掛在自己家里。(2)when和while可作并列連詞。when表示“在那時(shí),此時(shí)突然”;while表示“然而,而”,表對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。并列連詞when常用于以下句型中:①...was/weredoing...when...(……正在做……突然……)②...was/wereabouttodo...when...(……剛要做……突然……)③...was/wereonthepointofdoing...when...(……剛要做……突然……)④...hadjustdone...when...(……剛/一……就……)*Thechildrenwererunningtomovethebagofricewhentheyheardthesoundofamotorbike.孩子們正跑著去移動(dòng)那袋米,突然聽(tīng)到一輛摩托車(chē)的聲音。2.祈使句+and/or/otherwise句式(1)祈使句+and+陳述句=if...,+主句。*Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,andyou’llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.=Ifyoufindwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,you’llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.找方法經(jīng)常表?yè)P(yáng)你的孩子,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們會(huì)向你敞開(kāi)心扉。(2)祈使句+or/otherwise+陳述句=if...not...,+主句。*Hurryuporwewillbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryup,wewillbelate.快點(diǎn)兒,否則我們就遲到了。【典例剖析】用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)InmuchofAsia,especiallytheso-called“ricebowl”culturesofChina,Japan,Korea______Vietnam,foodisusuallyeatenwithchopsticks.解題關(guān)鍵:句意:在亞洲的大部分地區(qū),尤其是所謂的“飯碗文化”的中國(guó),日本,韓國(guó)和越南,通常是用筷子吃飯。應(yīng)用并列連詞,連接幾個(gè)國(guó)家。答案判定:and【高考集訓(xùn)】改錯(cuò)/用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空1.(2015·四川高考)Infact,Idon’tliketogoanymore,soI’mafraidI’lllosetheirfriendship.(改錯(cuò))

()2.(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Theretheairiscleanorthemountainsaregreen.(改錯(cuò))

()so改為butor改為and3.(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop,____someofthemlookedveryanxious.4.(天津高考)Givemeachance,orI’llgiveyouawonderfulsurprise.(改錯(cuò))

()5.(2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Hehadadeepvoice,hewasstrongandpowerful.(改錯(cuò))

()andor改為and第二個(gè)he前面加and二、狀語(yǔ)從句考點(diǎn)1讓步狀語(yǔ)從句★★★★★(1)though/although:在句子中一般用了“雖然(though/although)”就不能再用“但是(but)”,但可以與yet或still連用;though與although意義相同,用法基本一樣,前者通俗,口語(yǔ)化,后者正式,多放在主句的前面。*FrankinsistedthathewasnotasleepalthoughIhadgreatdifficultyinwakinghimup.盡管我費(fèi)了好大勁才叫醒弗蘭克,但是他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)沒(méi)有睡著。(2)evenif和eventhough的意思為“即使,縱使”,有退一步設(shè)想的意味,多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。*Theengineersaresobusythattheyhavezerotimeforoutdoorsportsactivities,eveniftheyhavetheinterest.工程師們非常繁忙,即使有戶(hù)外體育活動(dòng)的興趣也沒(méi)有時(shí)間(去參加)。(3)as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ),從句常放在句首,語(yǔ)序部分倒裝。被倒裝的部分可以是表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形。若表語(yǔ)是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,則該名詞提前時(shí),省去其前的冠詞。*Tryasshemight,Suecouldn’tgetthedooropen.盡管蘇盡力了,但她沒(méi)能把門(mén)打開(kāi)。(4)nomatter(who,what,when,where,which,how...):nomatter...與wh-ever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句意義基本一樣,nomatter...引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句前或主句后。*Nomatterhowdryadesertmaybe,itisnotnecessarilylifeless.不管沙漠里可能是多么干燥,它也并不一定是沒(méi)有生命存在的。(5)wh-ever(whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/whichever);however。①wh-ever從句中的動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可以和may連用;②wh-ever可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,nomatter...只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。*Toshowourrespect,weusuallyhavetotakeourglovesoffwhoeverwearetoshakehandswith.不論我們和誰(shuí)握手,為了表示尊敬,我們通常要摘掉手套。(6)while也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“盡管”,一般放在句首。*Whilevolleyballishermainfocus,she’salsogoodatbasketball.盡管排球是她主要的項(xiàng)目,她也很擅長(zhǎng)籃球?！军c(diǎn)津】讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致,或從句主語(yǔ)為it,而且從句的謂語(yǔ)又包含be動(dòng)詞,則可以把從句主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞省略。【典例剖析】單句改錯(cuò)(2015·浙江高考)IfIwasonlyachildwhenIstudiedinthatclassroom,Iwillneverforgetit.解題關(guān)鍵:從句意思是“當(dāng)我在那間教室學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)我只是一個(gè)孩子”,而主句意思是“我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記”,主從句的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是讓步,而不是條件。答案判定:If改為Although或者Though考點(diǎn)2時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句★★★★(1)when指的是“某一具體的時(shí)間”,從句中謂語(yǔ)是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。*Whenwehandedhimthebagoffood,helitupandthankeduswithwateryeyes.當(dāng)我們遞給他那包食物時(shí),他高興起來(lái)并眼淚汪汪地向我們致謝。(2)whenever指的是“在任何一個(gè)不具體的時(shí)間”。*Youcanaskforhelpwheneveryouneedit.你如果需要幫助請(qǐng)隨時(shí)提出來(lái)。(3)while指“在某一段時(shí)間里”,“在……期間”,while引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的。*Whilewewerewalkingtowardsthescene,Tenysonbecameveryworriedaboutwhathadhappenedtotheelderlycouple.當(dāng)我們走向現(xiàn)場(chǎng)時(shí),Tenyson非常擔(dān)心那對(duì)老夫婦發(fā)生了什么。(4)as(一邊……一邊)引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。*Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.他急忙趕回家,邊走邊回頭看。(5)before意為“在……之前,在……之后才,不等……就”。*Thegirlhadhardlyrungthebellbeforethedoorwasopenedsuddenly,andherfriendrushedouttogreether.這個(gè)女孩還沒(méi)來(lái)得及按門(mén)鈴,門(mén)就突然打開(kāi)了。她的朋友跑出來(lái)迎接她。(6)after意為“在……之后”。*Severalyearsafterthey’dsplituptheymetagainbychanceinBeijing.他們分手幾年以后在北京又偶然相遇。(7)till/until:如果主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,常用肯定式,表示“直到……為止”;如果主句動(dòng)詞是瞬間性動(dòng)詞,要用否定式,表示“直到……才”“在……以前不”,從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào),一般用until。*Ienjoyedthelongsummereveningsuntilschoolbeganinthefall.我享受著長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的夏夜直到秋季學(xué)校開(kāi)學(xué)。(8)since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常是短暫性動(dòng)詞,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。*IhavebeenteachingheresinceIleftcollege.自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,我就一直在此教學(xué)。(9)assoonas/hardly...when/nosooner...than/themoment/theinstant/thesecond/immediately/directly/instantly:hardly...when和nosooner...than的意義相當(dāng)于assoonas,但只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,主句為過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句為過(guò)去時(shí),如hardly或nosooner位于句首時(shí)語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng),而且主句的謂語(yǔ)要用部分倒裝。*Justusethisroomforthetimebeing,andwe’llofferyoualargeroneassoonasitbecomesavailable.僅暫時(shí)使用此房間,一旦有了大的,我們就提供給你一個(gè)。*Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeechthanthestudentsstartedcheering.他一完成演講學(xué)生們就開(kāi)始?xì)g呼起來(lái)了。(10)everytime/eachtime/lasttime/nexttime/bythetime:在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,不能用一般將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),而要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。*Nexttimeyoucomehere,Iwilltellyou.下次你來(lái)這里,我會(huì)告訴你的?！军c(diǎn)津】時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的3個(gè)重點(diǎn)句型(1)Itwillbe...before...過(guò)多久才……*Itwillbelongbeforetheycomeback.他們很久才能回來(lái)。

(2)Itwon’tbe...before...不久就……*Johnthinksitwon’tbelongbeforeheisreadyforhisnewjob.約翰覺(jué)得不會(huì)過(guò)很久他就能為新工作作好準(zhǔn)備。(3)Itis/hasbeen...since...自從……以來(lái)……時(shí)間注意:since引導(dǎo)的從句如果用瞬間性動(dòng)詞,表示的時(shí)間是從謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作算起;如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示的時(shí)間是從動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束算起。*Ithasbeenadecadesincehejoinedtheclub.他加入這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部已10年了。(從加入俱樂(lè)部后算起)*ItistwoyearsandahalfsincehewasanambassadortoFrance.他不擔(dān)任駐法大使已兩年半了。(從不再擔(dān)任駐法大使算起)【點(diǎn)津】在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,或從句的主語(yǔ)為it,并且從句的謂語(yǔ)又包含be動(dòng)詞,則從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞可以省略。

【典例剖析】單句改錯(cuò)(2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Heevenscaredmyclassmatesawayduringtheycameovertoplayordohomeworkwithme.解題關(guān)鍵:during是介詞,不能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,when是連詞,可以引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,從句中的動(dòng)詞既可以是短暫性動(dòng)詞也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。此處需要表示時(shí)間的連詞,所以用when。答案判定:during→when【高考集訓(xùn)】改錯(cuò)/用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空1.(2015·陜西高考)MyonlymistakewasthatIdroppedsomeonthefloorafterIwaspackingthemup.(改錯(cuò))

()2.(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)___moreandmorepeoplespeakthegloballanguagesofEnglish,Chinese,Spanish,andArabic,otherlanguagesarerapidlydisappearing.after改為when/whileAs3.(2014·浙江高考)______Iwasachild,myparentsgavemeapiggybanktoteachmethat,ifIwantedsomething,Ishouldsavemoneytobuyit.4.(2014·遼寧高考)Stareathim_____hegetsawareofitandquietsdown.Whenuntil5.(2013·上海高考)Theypromisedtodevelopasoftwarepackagebytheendofthisyear,________difficultytheymighthave.whatever考點(diǎn)3地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句★★★1.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句常考查。(1)where與wherever意義基本相同,但后者語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng),多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。*Today,wewillbeginwherewestoppedyesterdaysothatnopointwillbeleftout.今天,為了不遺漏要點(diǎn),我們從昨天結(jié)束的地方開(kāi)始。*Youcanputthebookwhereveryoulike.你可以把書(shū)放在任意一個(gè)你喜歡的地方。(2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句在句首時(shí)常兼有抽象條件意味。*Wherethere’sawill,there’saway.有志者事竟成。【點(diǎn)津】where引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句直接修飾主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而在定語(yǔ)從句中where作為關(guān)系副詞要跟在表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞后面,即此時(shí)有明顯的地點(diǎn)名詞。*Whensolvingtheproblemasecondtime,you’dbetterbemorecarefulwhereyoumadeamistake.=Whensolvingtheproblemasecondtime,you’dbetterbemorecarefulintheplacewhereyoumadeamistake.當(dāng)你第二次解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候,你最好在出過(guò)差錯(cuò)的地方更加小心。2.條件狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞:if/unless/aslongas/solongas/incase/sofaras/asfaras。(1)unless從句的謂語(yǔ)只能用肯定式;unless和if...not同義,unless是書(shū)面語(yǔ),if...not是口語(yǔ),二者通?？梢該Q用。*Thelittleboywon’tgotosleepunlesshismothertellshimastory.除非他的媽媽給他講故事,否則這個(gè)小男孩是不會(huì)睡覺(jué)的。(2)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。*Solongasyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.只要努力工作,你就會(huì)成功?！军c(diǎn)津】在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,從句的主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致,或從句的主語(yǔ)為it,而且從句的謂語(yǔ)又包含be動(dòng)詞,就可以省略從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞?！镜淅饰觥坑眠m當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Youcanwriteanythingrelevant______it’sinterestingandinformative.解題關(guān)鍵:句意應(yīng)為“你可以寫(xiě)任何相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,如果(或只要)這內(nèi)容有趣并能提供信息”,主從句構(gòu)成條件關(guān)系。答案判定:if【高考集訓(xùn)】用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空1.(2014·湖南高考)Youwillnevergainsuccess______youarefullydevotedtoyourwork.2.(2013·上海高考)Icannotheartheprofessorclearlyasthereistoomuchnoise______Iamsitting.unlesswhere考點(diǎn)4其他狀語(yǔ)從句★★1.目的狀語(yǔ)從句。(1)sothat/inorderthat引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中需用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can,could等。*Thepoliceofficersinourcityworkhardinorderthattherestofuscanliveasafelife.為了其余人能過(guò)上安全的生活,我們城市的警察工作很努力。 (2)inorderthat引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前或之后,sothat引導(dǎo)的從句只能位于主句之后。(3)forfearthat(唯恐,以防)與incase所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也用should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形。*Theboyhidhimselfbehindthetreeforfearthathisfathermightseehim.男孩藏在樹(shù)后以防他父親看見(jiàn)他。*Takeyourumbrellaincaseitshouldrain.帶上雨傘以防下雨?！军c(diǎn)津】incase當(dāng)“萬(wàn)一,如果”講時(shí),引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。*Incasethatheleaves,pleaseinformme.如果他離開(kāi),請(qǐng)通知我。(4)目的狀語(yǔ)從句可以用soasto,inorderto等代替,但主句和從句的主語(yǔ)必須一致。*Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.=Hegotupearlysoasto/inordertocatchtheearlybus.他早起是為了趕上早班公共汽車(chē)。2.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。(1)sothat前有逗號(hào),引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。*Weturneduptheradio,sothateveryoneheardthenews.我們開(kāi)大了收音機(jī)的音量,結(jié)果每個(gè)人都聽(tīng)到了新聞。(2)so...that中so后面跟形容詞或副詞。*Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn’tsayaword.他如此興奮以至于說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。(3)such...that中such后面跟名詞,如果名詞是單數(shù)就要用sucha/an...that,還可以轉(zhuǎn)換用so...that,語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)。*Jackissohonestaworkerthatweallbelievehim.=Jackissuchanhonestworkerthatweallbelievehim.杰克是位誠(chéng)實(shí)的工人,(以至于)我們大家都相信他。3.原因狀語(yǔ)從句。(1)because用來(lái)回答why的提問(wèn),語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),一般放在主句之后。*TheoldmanaskedLucytomovetoanotherchairbecausehewantedtositnexttohiswife.這位老人叫露西挪到另一把椅子上因?yàn)樗敫拮影ぶ?2)since表示既然或已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放在句首。*Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都到了,我們就開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)吧。(3)as引導(dǎo)的從句常放在句首,說(shuō)明次要的原因,主句說(shuō)明結(jié)果,常用于口語(yǔ)中(注意比較:for連接的是并列句)。*Ashedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.由于他不太懂英語(yǔ),所以在詞典中查了那個(gè)單詞。(4)consideringthat,seeingthat,nowthat和since意義相似,都有“鑒于某個(gè)事實(shí)”的意思,that可以省去。*Hefinishedhistaskverywell,consideringthatitwasquitedifferent.鑒于這項(xiàng)任務(wù)相當(dāng)特殊,他完成得很不錯(cuò)。4.方式狀語(yǔ)從句。(1)as引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“按照”。*Doasyouaretoldto.