職稱英語新增內(nèi)容

一．閱讀判斷第十一篇：BillGates:UnleashingYourCreativityI'vealwaysbeenanoptimistandIsupposeitisrootedinmybeliefthatthepowerofcreativityandintelligencecanmakethewordabetterplace.ForaslongasIcanremember,I'velovedlearningnewthingsandsolvingproblems.SowhenIsatdownatacomputerforthefirsttimeinseventhgrade,Iwashooked.Itwasaclunkyoldteletypemachineanditcouldbarelydoanythingcomparedtothecomputerswehavetoday.Butitchangedmylife.WhenmyfriendPaulAllenandIstartedMicrosoft30yearsago,wehadavisionof"acomputeroneverydeskandineveryhome",whichprobablysoundedalittletoooptimisticatatimewhenmostcomputerswerethesizeofrefrigerators.Butwebelievedthatpersonalcomputerswouldchangetheworld.Andtheyhave.Andafter30years,I'mstillasinspiredbycomputersasIwasbackinseventhgrade.Ibelievethatcomputersarethemostincredibletoolwecanusetofeedourcuriosityandinventiveness--tohelpussolveproblemsthateventhesmartestpeoplecouldn'tsolveontheirown.Computershavetransformedhowwelearn,givingkidseverywhereawindowintoalloftheworld'sknowledge.They'rehelpingusbuildcommunitiesaroundthethingswecareaboutandtostayclosetothepeoplewhoareimportanttous,nomatterwheretheyare.LikemyfriendWarrenBuffett,IfeelparticularlyluckytodosomethingeverydaythatIlovetodo.Hecallsit"tap-dancingtoWork".MyjobatMicrosoftisaschallengingasever,butwhatmakesme"tap-danceingtowork"iswhenweshowpeoplesomethingnew,likeacomputerthatcanrecognizeyourhandwritingoryourspeech,oronethatcanstorealifetime'sworthofphotos,andtheysay,"Ididn'tknowyoucoulddothatwithaPC5!"ButforallthecoolthingsthatapersoncandowithaPC,therearelotsofotherwayswecanputourcreativityandintelligencetoworktoimproveourworld6.Therearestillfartoomanypeopleintheworldwhosemostbasicneedsgounmet7.Everyyear,forexample,millionsofpeoplediefromdiseasesthatareeasytopreventortreatinthedevelopedworld.Ibelievethatmyowngoodfortunebringswithitaresponsibilitytogivebacktotheworld.Mywife,Melinda,andIhavecommittedtoimprovinghealthandeducationinawaythatcanhelpasmanypeopleaspossible.Asafather,IbelievethatthedeathofachildinAfricaisnolesspoignantortragicthan9thedeathofachildanywhereelse,andthatitdoesn'ttakemuchtomakeanimmensedifferenceinthesechildren'slives.I'mstillverymuchanoptimist,andIbelievethatprogressoneventheworld'stoughestproblemsispossible--andit'shappeningeveryday.We'reseeingnewdrugsfordeadlydiseases,newdiagnostictools,andnewattentionpaidtothehealthproblemsinthedevelopingworld.I'mexcitedbythepossibilitiesIseeformedicine,foreducationand,ofcourse,fortechnology.AndIbelievethatthroughournaturalinventiveness,creativityandwillingnesstosolvetoughproblems,we'regoingtomakesomeamazingachievementsinalltheseareasinmylifetime.注釋：1.berootedin：扎根于;深深地存在于2.Itwasaclunkyoldteletypemachineanditcouldbarelydoanythingcomparedtothecomputerswehavetoday.那是一臺笨重的舊式電傳打字機(jī)，跟我們今天的電腦相比幾乎干不了什么事。本句中，barely意為almostnot;compareto在美國英語中也可以等同于comparewith(與……相比)。3.They’rehelpingUSbuildcommunitiesaroundthethingswecareaboutandtostayclosetothepeoplewhoareimportanttoUS，nomatterwheretheyare.電腦幫助我們就我們所關(guān)心的事情建立一個(gè)交流的場所，并且與那些我們認(rèn)為對我們有重要意義的人密切相處，不管他們身在何處。careabout指不管喜歡或不喜歡的事情都很關(guān)心、介意、在乎、計(jì)較。4.“tap—dancingtowork”：“跳著踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩擊、輕敲”;tapdance是“踢踏舞”。這里實(shí)際意思是“(手指)輕輕敲擊鍵盤的工作”。第十四篇：StageFrightFalldownasyoucomeonstage.That'sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic,Mr.Feltsmansaid,"Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen?"Today,musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind.Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,tomentaldiscipline,suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don'tdenythatyou'rejittery,theyurge;someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften,simplyfortheexperience.PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests'somestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance,"Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths,openupyourshoulders,thensmile,"shesays."Andnotoneofthese'pleasedon'tkillme'smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience,peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto,andmakeeyecontactwiththem."Shedoesn'twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright,saysDorothyDelay,awell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve..WhenLynnHarrellwas20,hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestra,andhesufferedextremestagefright."ThereweretimeswhenIgotsonervousIwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.IcametoapointwhereIthought,'IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI'mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.6Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosuffer,ofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz'snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample."Theyhadtopushhimonstage,"SopranoRenataScottorecalled.Actually,successcanmakethingsworse."Inthebeginningofyourcareer,whenyou'rescaredtodeath,nobodyknowswhoyouare,andtheydon'thaveanyexpectations,"SopranoJuneAndersonsaid."There'slesstolose.Lateron,whenyou'reknown,p.eoplearecomingtoseeyou,andtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose."Andersonadded,"IneverstopbeingnervousuntilI'vesungmylastnote."注釋：1.StageFright：怯場2.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre—performancepanic.資深大提琴家MstislavRostropovich故意把VladimirFeltsman絆倒，因而治愈了他的上臺前的恐懼癥。curesomebodyofsomething(illness，problem)：醫(yī)治好病(解決問題)。3.…itssymptoms：icyfingers，shakylimbs，racingheart，blankmind：怯場的癥狀有：手指冰涼、四肢發(fā)抖、心跳加速、大腦一片空白。4.Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide?rangingadvice，frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout…：老師和心理學(xué)家提出了方方面面的建議，從基礎(chǔ)的做法，比如，將演奏曲目爛熟于心……insideout：ingreatdetail(詳細(xì)的，從里到外的)5.IcametoapointwhereIthought，‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic，Ithinkl’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.’我曾經(jīng)一度認(rèn)為，如果演出要經(jīng)歷這種慌亂，我寧可另找一份工作。6.Recovery，hesaid，involveddevelopinghumility——recognizingthatwhateverhistalent，hewasfallible，andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.要克服怯場，就要學(xué)會謙虛，即認(rèn)識到不論自己有多大的才能，都可能犯錯(cuò)誤;一場音樂會即使有不完美的地方，也不是要命的事情。練習(xí)：1.FallingdownonstagewasnotagoodwayforVladimirFeltsmantodealwithhisstagefright.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned2.Therearemanysignsofstagefright.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned3.Teachersandpsychologistscannothelppeoplewithextremestagefright.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned4.Toperformwellonstage,youneedtohavesomefeelingsofexcitement.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned5.Ifyouhavestagefright,it'shelpfultohavefriendlyaudience.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned6.Oftenpeoplehavestagefrightbecauseparentsorteachersexpecttoomuchofthem.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned7.Famousmusiciansneversufferfromstagefright.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned答案與題解：1.B本文第一段講的是鋼琴家VladimirFeltsman被MstislavRostropovich絆倒后，他的怯場被治愈了的經(jīng)歷。2.A第二段的最后一句點(diǎn)出怯場的諸多癥狀：手指冰涼、四肢發(fā)抖、心跳加速、大腦一片空白。3.B本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在講老師和心理學(xué)家為怯場者提供全方位的建議。4.A依據(jù)第三段的倒數(shù)第二句：someexcitementisnatural，evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.(適度的興奮對于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的)5.c第四段提到克服怯場的方法之一是：在觀眾中選擇三名比較友善的人，與他們做眼神交流。所以克服怯場要靠自己而不是指望所有的觀眾都友好。6.A第五段講了怯場的根源在于導(dǎo)師或父母對表演者要求太高。Extremedemands就是expecttoomuchofthem的意思。7.B第七段講的是：不只年輕藝術(shù)家會怯場，鋼琴家VladimirHorowitz和男高音FrancoCorelli亦不能幸免。Never一詞不恰當(dāng)。二．補(bǔ)全短文第十五篇：AMemoryDrug?(A級)It’sdifficulttoimaginemanythingsthatpeoplewouldwelcomemorethanamemory-enhancingdrug.1Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmoreclearlyandhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.1__________Someofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonearlierfinding,,linkingLTP2andmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryinmice.2__________MicebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityintheirNMDAreceptors,moreLTP,andimprovedperformanceonseveraldifferentmemorytasks--learningaspatiallayout3,recognizingfamiliarobjects,andrecallingafear-inducingshock.Ifthesebasicinsightsaboutgenes,LTP,andthesynapticbasisofmemorycanbetranslatedtopeople-andthatremainstobeseen--theycouldpavethewayformemory-enhancingtreatments.3__________Asexcitingasthismaysound,italsoraisestroublingissues.Considerthepotentialeducationalimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugs.Ifmemoryenhancerswereavailable,childrenwhousedthemmightbeabletoacquireandretainextraordinaryamountsofinformation,allowingthemtoprogressfarmorerapidlyinschoolthantheycouldotherwise.Howwellcouldthebrainhandlesuchanonslaughtofinformation?Whathappenstochildrenwhodon'thaveaccesstothelatestmemoryenhancers?Aretheyleftbehindinschool--andasaresulthandicappedlaterinlife?4__________Imaginethatyouareapplyingforajobthatrequiresagoodmemory,suchasamanageratatechnologycompanyorasalespositionthatrequiresrememberingcustomers'namesaswellastheattributesofdifferentproductsandservices.Wouldyoutakeamemory-enhancingdrugtoincreaseyourchancesoflandingtheposition?Wouldpeoplewhofeltuncomfortabletakingsuchadrugfindthemselvescutoutoflucrativecareeropportunities?Memorydrugsmightalsohelptakethestingoutofdisturbingmemoriesthatwewishwecouldforgetbutcan't.The2004hitmovieEternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMindtoldthestoryofayoungmanseekingjustsuchfreedomfromthepainfulmemoriesofaromanticbreakup.Asyouwillseeinthesectiononpersistencelaterinthechapter,emotionallyarousingeventsoftencreateintrusivememories,andresearchershavealreadymutedemotionalmemorieswithdrugsthatblocktheactionofkeyhormones.Shouldemergencyworkerswhomustconfronthorrifyingaccidentscenesthatcanburdenthemwithpersistingmemoriesbeprovidedwithsuchdrugs?Shouldsuchdrugsbegiventorapevictimswhocan'tforgetthetrauma?Memorydrugsmightprovidesomerelieftosuchindividuals.Butcouldtheyalsointerferewithanindividual'sabilitytoassimilateandcometotermswithadifficultexperience?5__________注釋：1.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory，weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.隨著科學(xué)家們對記憶了解增多，我們正接近這一誘人的目標(biāo)。2.LTP&NMDA：(Lon9—termPotentiation)給突觸前纖維一個(gè)短暫的高頻刺激后，突觸傳遞效率和強(qiáng)度增加幾倍且能持續(xù)數(shù)小時(shí)至幾天保持這種增強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)象。LTP發(fā)現(xiàn)海馬LTP可能是學(xué)習(xí)記憶的分子基礎(chǔ)。1973年Bliss及其合作者，電刺激麻醉兔的內(nèi)嗅皮層，使海馬表層的穿通纖維興奮，可在齒狀回記錄到場電位。先用高頻電刺激幾秒鐘后，再用單個(gè)電刺激，記錄到的部分場電位幅度大大超過原先記錄的對照值,并可持續(xù)幾小時(shí)，幾天。這一現(xiàn)象稱為長時(shí)程增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)(LTP)。1983年發(fā)現(xiàn)NMDA(N一甲基一D一門冬氨酸)受體通道復(fù)合體在LTP過程中起重要作用，進(jìn)一步深化了對LTP在大腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶中作用的理解。3.aspatiallayout：空間布局4.Memorydrugsmightalsohelptakethesti