必講后備國際稅收環(huán)境與轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)第二十一章

必講后備國際稅收環(huán)境與轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)第二十一章INTERNATIONALFINANCIALMANAGEMENTINTERNATIONALFINANCIALMANAGEMENTEUN/RESNICKFourthEditionChapterObjective:Thischapterprovidesabriefintroductiontotheinternationaltaxenvironment.本章對(duì)跨國公司稅收籌劃很有用，對(duì)從事國際金融資產(chǎn)投資也很有指導(dǎo)意義。21ChapterTwenty-oneInternationalTaxEnvironmentChapterOutlineTheObjectivesofTaxationTypesofTaxationTheNationalTaxEnvironments（國別稅收環(huán)境）OrganizationalStructuresforReducingTaxLiabilitiesBranchandSubsidiaryIncomePaymentstoandfromForeignAffiliatesTaxHavensControlledForeignCorporationTransferPricing&RelatedIssuesBlockedFunds（凍結(jié)資金）TheObjectivesofTaxationThetwinobjectivesoftaxationare:1. TaxNeutrality（稅收中性）2. TaxEquity（稅收公平）TaxNeutralityAtaxschemeistaxneutralifitmeetsthreecriteria:1.

CapitalExportNeutrality:thetaxschemedoesnotincentivisecitizensmovetheirmoneyabroad.好的稅制既能為政府有效地籌集收入，又不會(huì)對(duì)納稅人的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，不會(huì)阻礙資源配置到世界任何可獲得最高回報(bào)率的地方。資本輸出中性是建立在實(shí)現(xiàn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)效率基礎(chǔ)上的。2.

CapitalImportNeutrality:thetaxburdenonaMNCsubsidiaryshouldbethesameregardlessofwhereintheworldtheMNCisincorporated（子公司的稅負(fù)不因母公司所在地的不同而有所區(qū)別）.

無論跨國公司屬于哪個(gè)國家，東道國對(duì)該跨國公司的分公司所征收的稅收應(yīng)該一視同仁且應(yīng)與本國企業(yè)相同。3.

NationalNeutrality:taxableincomeistaxedinthesamemannerbythetaxpayer’snationaltaxauthoritiesregardlessofwhereintheworlditisearned.不論應(yīng)稅所得是在世界哪個(gè)國家掙的，各國稅收當(dāng)局都應(yīng)以同樣的方式征稅。TaxEquityTaxEquity:regardlessofthecountryinwhichanaffiliateofaMNCearnstaxableincome（無論跨國公司的分公司從哪個(gè)國家取得的應(yīng)稅所得）,thesametaxrateandtaxduedateshouldapply（適用相同的稅率和納稅日期）.例如，跨國公司的國外分公司所賺到的1美元與國內(nèi)分公司所賺到的1美元應(yīng)按相同的規(guī)則納稅。Theprincipaloftaxequityisdifficulttoapply;theorganizationalformoftheMNCcanaffectthetimingofthetaxliability.TypesofTaxationIncomeTaxWithholdingTaxValue-AddedTaxIncomeTaxAnincometaxisataxonpersonalandcorporateincome.Manycountriesintheworldobtainasignificantportion（很大一部分）oftheirtaxrevenuefromincometaxes.Anincometaxisadirecttax,thatisonethatispaiddirectlybythetaxpayeruponwhomitislevied（被征收）.CorporatePercentageIncomeTaxRatesinSelectedCountriesCorporatePercentageIncomeTaxRatesinSelectedCountriesWithholdingTaxWithholdingtaxesarewithheld（扣繳）

fromthepaymentsacorporationmakestothetaxpayer.Thetaxesareleviedonpassiveincomeearnedbyanindividualorcorporationofonecountrywithinthetaxjurisdiction（稅收管轄權(quán)）

ofanothercountry.Passiveincomeincludesinterestincomeanddividends,incomefromroyalties（特許權(quán)收入）,patents,orcopyrights.Awithholdingtaxisanindirecttax.U.S.TaxTreatyPercentageWithholdingTaxRates

withSelected

CountriesU.S.TaxTreatyPercentageWithholdingTaxRates

withSelected

CountriesU.S.TaxTreatyPercentageWithholdingTaxRates

withSelected

CountriesValue-AddedTaxAvalue-addedtaxisanindirecttaxleviedonthevalueaddedinproductionofagoodorservice.InmanyEuropeanandLatinAmericancountriesthevalue-addedtaxhasbecomeamajorsourceoftaxationonprivatecitizens.Manyeconomistspreferavalue-addedtaxtoanincometaxbecausetheincentiveeffectsofthetwotaxesdiffersharply.Value-AddedTaxAnincometaxhastheincentiveeffectofdiscouragingwork.Avalue-addedtaxhastheincentiveeffectofdiscouragingconsumption(therebyencouragingsaving).Value-addedtaxiseasiertoadministeraswell.Whiletaxpayershaveanincentivetohidetheirincome,producershaveanincentivetomakesurethattheirupstreamsuppliersintheproductionprocessdeclarethevalueadded(andpaythetax!).Value-AddedTaxCalculation

Inthisexle,thetaxrateis15percent.Supposethatstageoneisthesaleofrawmaterialstothemanufacturer;stagetwoisthesaleoffinishedgoodstoaretailer;stagethreeisthesaleofinventoryfromtheretailertotheconsumer.

ProductionStageSellingPriceValueAddedIncrementalVAT1€100€1002€300€2003€380€80

TotalVAT=€100.15=€200.15=€80.15=€380.15€15€30€12€57OtherTypesofTaxationAwealthtaxisataxleviednotonincomebutonthewealthofataxpayer.Propertytaxesareanexle.Apolltax（人頭稅，投票稅）isataxonyourexistence.Itissocalledbecauseitwascollectedfromthosewhowishedtovote.TheNationalTaxEnvironmentsWorldwideTaxation（全球性稅制）TerritorialTaxation（地區(qū)性稅制）ForeignTaxCredits（國外稅收抵扣）WorldwideTaxationTaxnationalresidentsofthecountryontheirworldwideincomenomatterinwhichcountryitwasearned.TerritorialTaxationTerritorialtaxationtax（征稅，這里是動(dòng)詞）

residentsbaseduponwherethetaxableeventoccurred.ForeignTaxCredits

美國選擇的避免雙重征稅的方式，是對(duì)跨國公司來自外國的收入已向外國當(dāng)局繳納的稅款進(jìn)行抵扣，即不再對(duì)這部分收入按照美國稅制征稅。外國稅收抵扣總額不應(yīng)高于假設(shè)這部分外國收入發(fā)生在美國的納稅額。稅收抵扣的最高額度以全世界外國來源所得計(jì)算，發(fā)生在不同國家的損益可以相互沖銷，某一稅收年度未抵扣完的可以回抵過去1年和未來10年的稅收。Allowstaxpayerstorecoversomewhatfromdoubletaxation.Directforeigntaxcreditsarecomputedfordirecttaxespaidonactiveforeign-sourceincomeofaforeignbranchofaU.S.MNCoronwithholdingtaxeswithheldfrompassiveincome.Indirectforeigntaxcreditsareforincometaxespaidbythesubsidiary.ExlesofCalculatingU.S.ForeignTaxCreditsforSubsidiaryOperationsOrganizationalStructuresforReducingTaxLiabilitiesBranch&SubsidiaryIncome（分公司及子公司的收入）PaymentstoandfromForeignAffiliatesTaxHavensControlledForeignCorporationForeignSalesCorporationBranch&SubsidiaryIncomeAnoverseasaffiliateofaU.S.MNCcanbeorganizedasabranch（分公司）

orasubsidiary（子公司）.Aforeignbranchisnotanindependentlyincorporated（獨(dú)立成立的）

firmseparatefromtheparent.Branchincomepassesdirectlytotheparent’sincomestatements.AforeignsubsidiaryisanaffiliateorganizationoftheMNCthatisindependentlyincorporated.IncomemaynotbetaxedintheU.S.untilitisrepatriated（被返回）,undercertaincircumstances.PaymentstoandfromForeignAffiliatesHavingforeignaffiliatesofferstransferpricetaxarbitragestrategies.Thetransferpriceistheaccountingvalueassignedtoagoodorserviceasitistransferredfromoneaffiliatetoanother.Ifonecountryhashightaxes,don’trecognizeincomethere—havethoseaffiliatespayhightransferprices.Ifonecountryhaslowtaxes,recognizeincomethere—havethoseaffiliatespaylowtransferprices.TaxHavens

被稱為避稅天堂的國家或地區(qū)，公司所得稅稅率和預(yù)提稅稅率都很低。例如，巴哈馬、巴拿馬、巴林、香港、開曼群島、百慕大群島、英屬維爾京群島、海峽群島等。其中，巴拿馬和香港外國來源的所得是免稅的。Taxhavensarecountrieswithlowcorporateincometaxratesandlowwithholdingtaxratesonpassiveincome.TaxhavenswereonceusefulaslocationsforaMNCtoestablishashellcompany.TheTaxReformActof1986greatlydiminishedtheneedforandabilityofU.S.corporationstoprofitfromtheuseoftaxhavens.稅收改革法案的目的是防止一定所得在避稅國家的稅收延遲、并通過減少美國跨國公司從外國稅收抵扣中獲得的利益來增加稅收。中國對(duì)外投資主要目的地ControlledForeignCorporation

美國居民控股的國外公司是指美國股東擁有50%以上表決股份的外國子公司。美國股東可以是任何美國公民、居民、合伙企業(yè)、公司、信托或地產(chǎn)商，只要它擁有或間接擁有10%以上居民控股的國外公司具有投票權(quán)的股權(quán)。即使6個(gè)非關(guān)聯(lián)的美國股東各自擁有同一家外國公司10%具有投票權(quán)的股權(quán)，就可以把該公司視為控股外國公司。美國公司的非控股外國公司的未分配利潤會(huì)被延期征收，直至以股利形式被匯回。對(duì)控股國外公司的所得要立即征稅。所得包括：保險(xiǎn)所得；國外公司所得（即與銷售、運(yùn)輸、和石油相關(guān)的被動(dòng)收入）；來自遭遇國際聯(lián)合抵制國家的收入；來自美國與之?dāng)嘟粐业氖杖搿Ｊ盏降姆欠ㄙV賂、回扣等收入。TheTaxReformActof1986createdanewtypeofforeignsubsidiary:thecontrolledforeigncorporation.AcontrolledforeigncorporationisaforeignsubsidiarythathasoverhalfofitsvotingstockheldbyU.S.shareholders—eveniftheseshareholdersareunaffiliated（即使這些美國股東間彼此獨(dú)立）.ControlledForeignCorporationTheundistributedincomeofaminorityforeignsubsidiaryofaU.S.MNCistaxdeferreduntilitisremitted（寄回）

viaadividend.Thisisnotthecasewithacontrolledforeigncorporation—thetaxtreatmentismuchlessfavorable.Theresultisthatforeigntaxcredits（稅收抵免）

areunlikelytobecompletelyused.

雖然在諸如避稅天堂等地交稅較少，但是美國控股的國外公司在美國要補(bǔ)繳差額稅收。TransferPricing&RelatedIssuesTheTransferPriceisthepricethatforaccountingpurposes,isassignedtogoodsandservicesflowingfromonedivisionofafirmtoanotherdivision.Controversialevenforadomesticfirm.Considertheexleofafirmthathasonedivisionthatmillslumber（加工木材）andanotherthatmakesfurniture.Thetransferpriceofthelumberisapoliticalaswellaseconomicandaccountingissue.TransferPricing&RelatedIssuesForMNC,thereexiststheaddedcomplicationsof:Differencesintaxrates.Importdutiesandquotas.Exchangeraterestrictionsonthepartofthehostcountry.Mostcountrieshaveregulationscontrollingtransferpricing.IntheU.S.,thetaxcoderequirestransferpricestobearmslengthprices（公平價(jià)格，獨(dú)立企業(yè)間的交易價(jià)格）.ArmsLengthPriceApricethatawillingsellerwouldchargeawillingunrelatedbuyer.TheIRSprescribesthreemethodsforestimatinganarmslengthpriceComparableuncontrolledprice.Resaleprice:thepriceatwhichthegoodisresoldbytheaffiliateisreducedbyoverhead（經(jīng)常性費(fèi)用）

andprofit.Cost-plusapproach:anappropriateprofitisaddedtothecostofthemanufacturingaffiliate.

轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)案例應(yīng)用Mintel制造公司生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品從母公司輸送到海外全資子公司進(jìn)行銷售。產(chǎn)品單位變動(dòng)成本1500美元，銷售子公司賣給最終顧客的零售價(jià)為3000美元。EXHIBIT21.5LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategybetweenMintelAffiliateswiththeSameIncomeTaxRateEXHIBIT21.6LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategybetweenMintelAffiliateswithDifferentialIncomeTaxRatesEXHIBIT21.7LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategybetweenMintelAffiliateswithDifferentialIncomeTaxRatesanda5PercentImportDutyEXHIBIT21.8LowversusHighTransferPricingStrategyforMintelwithLowTransferPriceandAdditionalRoyaltyChargewithDifferentialIncomeTaxRatesAdvancePricingAgreement

（預(yù)約定價(jià)協(xié)議）

預(yù)約定價(jià)協(xié)議是跨國公司與某國稅收當(dāng)局之間簽訂的具有法律約束力的契約。例如，按照預(yù)約定價(jià)協(xié)議，IRS不再根據(jù)美國《稅收法典》第482條的要求對(duì)某些被稱為抵補(bǔ)業(yè)務(wù)的交易進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)調(diào)整。預(yù)約定價(jià)協(xié)議中的具體轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)方法可提前5年通過協(xié)商確定。預(yù)約定價(jià)協(xié)議既可以是單邊的，也可以是雙邊的，甚至可