研究生英語高級教程-1單元-move-over-big-brother資料

研究生英語高級教程-1單元-move-over--big-brother資料Unit1MoveOver,BigBrother老大哥，移過去一點（一）[1]Livingwithoutprivacy,eveninhisbedroom,wasnoproblemfor

LouisXIV

(1638-1715).Infact,itwasawayfortheFrenchkingtodemonstratehisabsoluteauthorityovereventhemostpowerfulmembersofthe

aristocracy.Eachmorning,theygatheredtoseetheSunKinggetup,pray,performhisbodilyfunctions,choosehiswigandsoon.

[1]對路易十四而言，即使在臥室里生活沒有隱私都不是問題。事實上，這是這位法國君主向那些甚至是最為顯赫的貴族展示自己絕對君權(quán)的一種方式。每天早晨，這些權(quán)貴們聚集在一起觀摩太陽王起床、祈禱、上廁所、挑假發(fā)等活動。LouisXIV路易十四[2]Willthispast—lifewithoutprivacy—beourfuture?Manyfuturists,science-fictionwritersandprivacyadvocatesbelieveso.BigBrother,theyhavelongwarned,iswatching.

Closed-circuittelevision

camerasoftentrack

yourmoves;yourmobilephonerevealsyourlocation;yourtransitpassandcreditcardsleave

digital

trails.Nowthereisthepossibilitythatcitizensarebeingwatched.[2]

過去這種生活——沒有隱私的生活——會成為我們的未來嗎?許多未來學(xué)家、科幻小說作家和隱私權(quán)倡導(dǎo)者都確信會這樣。他們一直提醒人們“老大哥”在監(jiān)視著我們。閉路電視攝像頭常常跟蹤你的行動；你的手機(jī)會泄露你所在的位置；你的過境證和信用卡會留下數(shù)碼痕跡?，F(xiàn)在公民有可能正受到監(jiān)視。[3]Butinthepastfewyears,somethingstrangehashappened.Thankstothespreadofmobilephones,digitalcamerasandtheinternet,

surveillance

technologyhasbecomefarmorewidelyavailable.BruceSchneier,asecurity

guru,arguesthatacombinationofforces—the

miniaturisation

ofsurveillancetechnologies,thefallingpriceofdigitalstorageandevermore

sophisticated

systemsabletosortthroughlargeamountsofinformation—meansthat"surveillanceabilitiesthatusedtobelimitedtogovernmentsarenow,orsoonwillbe,inthehandsofeveryone."

[3]但是，在過去的幾年中，某種奇怪的事情發(fā)生了。由于手機(jī)、數(shù)碼相機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及，監(jiān)視技術(shù)被更為廣泛地利用。保安專家布魯斯·施奈爾認(rèn)為，監(jiān)視技術(shù)的微型化、數(shù)字存儲設(shè)備價格的下降以及能夠處理大量信息的更為尖端的系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)等因素的結(jié)合，意味著“監(jiān)視能力曾經(jīng)只由政府掌握，現(xiàn)在或在不久的將來，會掌握在每個人手中。”[4]Digitaltechnologies,suchascameraphonesandtheinternet,areverydifferentfromtheir

analogue

counterparts.Adigitalimage,unlikeaconventionalphotograph,canbequicklyandeasilycopiedand

distributed

aroundtheworld.Anotherimportantdifferenceisthatdigitaldevicesarefarmorewidespread.Mostpeopletaketheircameraphoneswiththemeverywhere.

[4]數(shù)字技術(shù)產(chǎn)品，如可拍照手機(jī)及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，與模擬技術(shù)同類產(chǎn)品大不相同。數(shù)字圖像與傳統(tǒng)照片不同，能被迅速、便捷地復(fù)制并傳遍全球。另外一個重大不同是數(shù)碼設(shè)備的使用更為廣泛。大多數(shù)人都隨身攜帶著可拍照手機(jī)。

[5]Thespeedand

ubiquity

ofdigitalcamerasletsthemdothingsthatfilm-basedcamerascouldnot.InOctober,forexample,the

victim

ofarobberyinNashville,Tennessee,usedhiscamera-phonetotakepicturesofthethiefandhisgetaway

vehicle.Theimageswereshowntothepolice,whobroadcastdescriptionsofthemanandhistruck,leadingtohisarresttenminuteslater.[5]數(shù)碼照相機(jī)的快速和普及使它們能做到使用膠卷的照相機(jī)做不到的事情。比如，10月份，田納西州納什維爾一宗搶劫案的受害者用可拍照手機(jī)拍下了劫匪的照片和他逃走時使用的交通工具。警方看了這些照片后，在廣播里描述了這名劫匪和他的卡車，10分鐘后，此人便被抓獲。[6]The

democratisation

ofsurveillanceis

amixedblessing,however.Camera-phoneshaveledtovoyeurismsandnewlegislationtostrengthenpeople'srightstotheirownimage.InSeptember,America'sCongresspassedtheVideo

Voyeurism

PreventionAct,whichprohibitsthephotographyofvariouspartsofpeople'sunclothedbodiesorundergarmentswithouttheirconsent.Thelegislationwaspromptedbothbythespreadofcamera-phonesandthegrowing

incidence

ofhiddencamerasinbedrooms,publicshowers,toiletsandlockerrooms.Similarly,Germany'sparliamenthaspassedabillthatoutlaws

unauthorized

photoswithinbuildings.InSaudiArabia,theimportandsaleofcamera-phoneshasbeenbanned,andreligiousauthoritieshave

denounced

themfor“spreading

obscenity.”SouthKorea'sgovernmenthasorderedmanufacturerstodesignnewphonessothattheybeepwhentakingapicture.[6]

然而，監(jiān)視行為的大眾化有利有弊。可拍照手機(jī)導(dǎo)致了窺淫癖現(xiàn)象，從而導(dǎo)致了維護(hù)個人形象權(quán)的新法規(guī)的出臺。9月份，美國國會通過了“防止錄像窺淫法”，該法案禁止在未經(jīng)本人同意的情況下對其裸露身體的各個部位或內(nèi)衣拍照。該法案的出臺是由于可拍照手機(jī)的普及以及在臥室、公共浴室、衛(wèi)生間和更衣室出現(xiàn)隱蔽攝像頭事件的增加。同樣，德國議會也通過了一項議案，禁止未經(jīng)授權(quán)在建筑物內(nèi)拍照。沙特阿拉伯完全禁止進(jìn)口和銷售可拍照手機(jī)，因為宗教權(quán)威認(rèn)為可拍照手機(jī)“傳播淫穢思想”而對其加以譴責(zé)。韓國政府也命令制造商設(shè)計新型手機(jī)，拍照時能夠發(fā)出“嗶嗶”聲。（二）[7]Therearealsoconcernsabouttheuseofdigitalcamerasandcamera-phonesforindustrial

espionage

.Sprint,anAmericanmobileoperator,isnowofferingoneofitsbestsellingphoneswithoutacamera

inresponseto

demandsfromits

corporate

customers,manyofwhichhavebannedcamerasintheirworkplaces.Somefirmsmakevisitorsandstaffleavecamera-phonesattheentranceofresearchandmanufacturingfacilities-includingSamsung,theSouthKoreancompanythatpioneeredthecamera-phone.

[7]人們還擔(dān)心數(shù)碼相機(jī)和可拍照手機(jī)用于工業(yè)間謀活動。應(yīng)公司客戶需求，美國移動電話經(jīng)營商斯伯林特公司推出一款沒有拍照功能的熱銷手機(jī)。許多客戶公司都已禁止把照相機(jī)帶到工作場所。一些公司一包括最先推出可拍照手機(jī)的韓國三星公司—要求來訪者和員工把可拍照手機(jī)留在研究和生產(chǎn)制造設(shè)施外。[8]Cheapsurveillancetechnology

facilitates

othersortsofcrime.TwoemployeesatapetrolstationinBritishColumbia,forexample,installedahiddencameraintheceilingaboveacardreader,andrecordedthepersonalidentificationnumbersofthousandsofpeople.Theyalsoinstalledadeviceto“skim”accountdetailsfromusersastheyswipedtheirplasticcards.Thetwomengatheredtheaccountdetailsofover6，000peopleand

forged

1，000bankcardsbeforebeingcaught.[8]廉價的監(jiān)視技術(shù)方便了其他犯罪活動。比如，加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的一家加油站的兩名雇員在讀卡機(jī)上方的天花板內(nèi)安裝了一個隱蔽的攝像頭，記錄了數(shù)千人的個人身份證號碼。這兩人還安裝了一個儀器，當(dāng)用戶刷信用卡時，該儀器可以“掃描”他們賬戶的詳細(xì)信息。時至被捕時，兩人已收集了6000多人的賬戶信息，偽造了1000張銀行卡。[9]Butthespreadofsurveillancetechnologyalsohasitsbenefits.Inparticular,itcan

enhance

transparency

and

accountability.Moreandmorevideocamerascanbefoundinschools,forexample.Web-basedservicessuchasParentWandKinderClinktocamerasinhundredsofAmericanchild-carecenters,sothatparentscanseewhattheir

offspring（andthoselookingafterthem）areupto.Schoolsarealsoputtingwebcamsintheirclassrooms.AndtechfirmssuchasGooglehaveputwebcamsintheirstaffrestaurants,soemployeescandelaygoingtolunchiftheyseealongqueue.[9]但是，監(jiān)視技術(shù)的廣泛使用也有其益處。特別是它能提高透明度、加強(qiáng)責(zé)任感。比如，越來越多的攝像機(jī)被安裝在學(xué)校里。像ParentW和KinderC這樣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)商與美國上百家托兒所的攝像機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)，這樣家長就可以看到他們的孩子（以及那些照看他們孩子的人）在做什么。學(xué)校也把網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像頭設(shè)在教室里。像google這樣的科技公司把網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像頭設(shè)在員工餐廳內(nèi)，如果員工們看見打飯的隊伍排得很長，就可以晚點去用餐。[10]SteveMann,aprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,callsthespreadofcitizensurveillance“sousveillance”—becausemostcamerasnolongerwatchfromabove,butfromeyelevel.Insteadofbeingontopofbuildingsandattachedtoroomceilings,camerasarenowcarriedbyordinarypeople.ThevideoimagesofRodneyKingbeing

assaulted

bypoliceofficersandthe

horrific

picturesofprisonerabuse

fromtheAbuGhraibjailinIraqarethebestknownexamples.[10]多倫多大學(xué)教授史蒂夫曼把公民監(jiān)視的普及稱為“平視”，因為多數(shù)攝像機(jī)不再是俯瞰，而是來自眼睛的視角高度。現(xiàn)在，攝像機(jī)不再被高置于樓頂并附在屋內(nèi)天花板上，而是被普通人隨身攜帶。最廣為人知的例子就是羅德尼·金遭警察毆打的錄像以及令人震驚的伊拉克阿布格萊布監(jiān)獄虐囚照片。[11]

Camera-phones

couldhavea

profound

effectonthenewsmedia.Camera-phones

makeeveryonea

potential

newsphotographer.Unsurprisingly,oldmediaisstartingto

embrace

thetrend.TheSanDiegoUnion-Tribunerecentlylaunched

awebsitetogathercamera-phoneimagesofnewseventstakenbytheirreaders,andtheBBCalsoencouragesusersofitswebsitetosendinpicturesofnewsevents.[11]可拍照手機(jī)可能對新聞媒體產(chǎn)生深刻的影響?？膳恼帐謾C(jī)使每個人都有可能成為新聞攝影師。舊媒體正開始?xì)g迎這種趨勢，這并不奇怪。最近，《圣地亞哥聯(lián)合論壇報》創(chuàng)辦了一個網(wǎng)站，專門征集讀者用可拍照手機(jī)拍攝的新聞?wù)掌?。英國廣播公司也鼓勵訪問其網(wǎng)站的用戶上傳自拍的新聞事件圖片。（三）

[12]Companiesandgovernmentswillhavetoassume

thattherecouldbeacameraora

microphoneeverywhere,allthetime,arguesPaulSaffooftheInstitutefortheFuture.Unsafeconditionsina

factoryorpollutionatachemicalplantarehardertodenyiftheyarenotjustdescribed,butshowninphotosandvideos.Animal-rights

activists,forinstance,operateonlinemultimediaarchiveswherepeoplecanstoreandview

graphic

imagesfromchickenfarms,

slaughterhouses

andfurfactories.Suchmaterialcancauseoutrageamongconsumers,aswasthecasewithvideosofdolphinscaughtintunanets.[12]未來學(xué)會的保羅塞福認(rèn)為，公司和政府將不得假設(shè)照相機(jī)或麥克風(fēng)有可能無時無刻無所不在。如果工廠的危險環(huán)境或化工廠的污染情況不僅僅是被描述一下，而且還能通過圖片和錄像展示出來，那么廠方就很難抵賴了。比如,動物權(quán)利保護(hù)者創(chuàng)辦了網(wǎng)上多媒體檔案庫，人們可以在此存儲并查看拍攝自養(yǎng)雞場、屠宰場和皮毛加工廠的生動圖像。用金槍魚網(wǎng)捕捉海豚的錄像等材料會使消費者義憤填膺。[13]Lastyear,aGermanmemberofparliamentwascaughtphotographinga

confidential

documentofwhichonlyafewcopieswerehandedout(andlatercollected)atabackgroundmeetingonhealth-carereform.SomeBerlinpoliticiansaresaidtoletreporters

eavesdrop

onfellow

parliamentarians

bycallingthemrightbeforeanimportantmeeting——andthenfailingtohangup,ineffectturningtheirphonesintobugs.[13]去年，一位德國議員在拍攝一份機(jī)密文件時被逮個正著。這份文件只在一次醫(yī)療保健改革的背景會議上分發(fā)了幾份(而后又被收回)。據(jù)說，這些柏林政客讓記者在一次重要會議前給他們打電話,然后不掛斷電話,實際上把他們的電話變成了竊聽器，讓記者偷聽其他議員的講話。[14]InNovember1996,

Senegal's

interiorminister

wascaughtoutwhenheadmittedthattherehadbeen

fraud

inalocalelection,butfailedtonoticethatabystanderwasholdingamobilephonewithanopenline.Theelectionwas

annulled.Inthesamecountry'spresidentialelectionin2000,radiostationssentreporterstopollingstationsandequippedthemwithmobilephones.Thereporterscalledintheresultsastheywereannouncedineachdistrict,andtheywereimmediatelybroadcastonair.Thisreducedthescopeforelectoralfraudandledtoasmooth

transfer

ofpower,astheoutgoingpresidentquicklyconcededdefeat.

[14]1996年11月，塞內(nèi)加爾內(nèi)政部長沒有注意到一個站在旁邊的人拿著接通的手機(jī)，當(dāng)承認(rèn)地方選舉有舞弊行為時被曝光。選舉宣告無效。2000年,在該國總統(tǒng)選舉中，電臺派記者到每個計票站，并給他們配備了手機(jī)。每個選區(qū)的結(jié)果宣布后，記者就向電臺打電話報告結(jié)果，然后電臺馬上播報。這就減少了選舉作弊的機(jī)會，使得權(quán)利交接順利進(jìn)行，落選的總統(tǒng)很快承認(rèn)失敗。[15]Thesocialconsequencesofthespreadofsurveillancetechnologyremainunclear.DavidBrin,authorof

TheTransparentSociety,

suggeststhatitcouldturnouttobeself-regulating:afterall,

PeepingToms

arenotverypopular.I