習題與答案五

《組織學與胚胎學》習題與答案五是非題11.Coveringepitheliacovertheexternalandinternalsurfacesofthebody,includingtheliningsofvesselsandothersmallcavities.2.Epitheliumusuallyhasafreesurfaceandabasalsurface,bothofwhichpossessthesamestructurebutdifferentfunction.3.Thecoreofthemicrovillicontainsfineactinfilaments,whichinterconnectedwiththeterminalweb.4.Thecoreofamicrovillusiscomposedofnineouterdoubletmicrotubulesandtwocentralsingletmicrotubules.5.Betweenopposingcellmembrane,wherethegapjunctionoccurs,numerousconnexonsspan.Ionsandsmallmoleculescanpassfreelybetweenopposedepithelialcellsviathegapjunction.6.Between

the

epithelium

and

theunderliningconnectivetissueisthebasementmembrane.7.Thebasementmembraneprovidesforastrongconnection,increasesthebasalsurfaceareaandservesasasemi-permeablemembrane.8.Bloodvesselsandnervesneverpassthroughthebasementmembraneandpenetrateintoepithelialtissues.9.Plasma

membrane

infoldings

promotetransportationofwaterandionswithoutenergyconsume.10.Specializations

of

the

basal

surfaceofepitheliumarebasementmembrane,desmosome,hemidesmosome,andplasmamembraneinfolding.11.Epithelialtissueslinemostbodycavitiesandtractsandalsospecializetoformglands.Glandsaremainlycomposedofglandularepithelia.12.Thesecretionsofexocrineglandaredischargedthroughaductsystemandthesecretionsofendocrineglandsaredirectlyreleasedintothebloodstream.13.

Thecellsinconnectivetissueusuallyhavepolarity.14.

Theonlysignificantfunctionofconnectivetissueistoprovidestructuralsupportforothertissues.15.

Adiposetissueisalsotermedtheareolartissue.16.

Hyaluronic

acid

is

the

principalconstituentofgroundsubstanceinsoftconnectivetissues.17.

Thefinestructureofthefibroblastistypicalofacellinvolvedinsecretingsteroidhormones.18.

Mesenchyme

is

the

embryologicalprecursorofallconnectivetissues,includingsoftandskeletaltissuses.19.

Mastcellsexhibitthepropertyofmetachromasiawhenstainedwithcertainbluebasicdyes.20.

Elasticfibersarealsocalledyellowfibersbecausetheyareyellowinfreshstate.56.

Lipidiscontainedinalargemembraneboundvesicleinadipocytes.21.Reticulartissueismainlycomposedoffibroblastsandreticularfibers.22.Cartilageandbonetissuesbelongtoconnectivetissueproper.23.Three

types

of

cartilage

can

bedistinguishedbyreferencetothedifferencesinquantityandtypeofcells.24.Chondrocytesinfibrocartilagearecompletelyenclosedbycartilagematrixandoccupysmalllaculae.25.Theinnerlayerofperichodriumisrichinosteoprogenitorcells,whichareresponsibleforappositionalgrowthofcartilage.26.Osteoblastssecretefibersandorganicgroundsubstanceandembedthemselvesintothebonematrix,thustheosteoidtissueisformed.27.Osteocytes

and

their

processes

aresuspendedintissuefluidwithinlacunaeandcanaliculi,thusthenutrientsandmetabolitescanbeexchangedbetweenthebloodandtheosteocytes.28.Osteoclastssecretelysosomalenzymes,whichbreakdownthecollagenandorganicgroundsubstance,thusthebonematrixisabsorbed.29.Thestructuralformofbonematrixisbonelamellae,whicharepresentinthecompactbonebutnotinthespongybone.30.Inthebonetissue,thecollagenousandelasticfibersareembeddedintheamorphousgroundsubstance,andcharacteristicallyarrangedinlamellae.31.OsteonsconsistofHaversianlamellaeandacentralVolkmann’scanalinwhichbloodvesselsandnervespassthrough.32.Bloodisaspecializedformofconnectivetissueproper,consistingofbloodcellsandplasma.33.Forexaminingthemorphologyofbloodcells,bloodsmearisusuallyusedandstainedwithWrightorGiemsastain.34.Thespecialshapeoferythrocytesfacilitatesgaseousexchange.35.Thebiconcaveshapeofredbloodcellsismaintainedbymicrotubulesandmicrofilaments.36.The

young

erythrocytes

in

thebloodstreamoftencontainingribosomesaretermedreticulocytes.37.Accordingtohavinggranulesintheircytoplasmornot,leukocytesareclassifiedintotwogroups:granulocytesandagranulocytes.38.Thecytoplasmofbasophilshasspecificgranulescontainingheparinandhistaminase.39.Monocytes

are

capable

ofcrossingcapillarywalls,anddifferentiateintolymphocytes.40.Allcellsinbloodareendcells,whichnolongerdivide.41.Erythrocytesfunctionswithinbloodvessels,whileleukocytesfunctionmainlyoutsidethevessels.42.Theskeletalmusclefibersbranchandmakegapjunctionswithneighbors.43.Perimysiumismadeupofconnectivetissueseparatingsinglemusclefibers.44.Thecrossstriationsformasaresultofthedarkandlightbandsofallmyofibrilsinaskeletalmusclefibercoincidingpositionallyatanyparticularlevel.45.ThethinfilamentsofsteletalmuscleareanchoredintheZlines.46.ThesmoothmusclefibershavenocrossstriationsundertheLM,buthavecrossstriationswhenobservedundertheEM.47.Thecardiacmusclefiberscontainanumberofmitochondriaindicatingthegreatenergyconsumption.48.Thecardiacmusclefibersintheatriumarealsoakindofendocrinecells.49.Thesarcoplasmicreticulumofcardiacmuscleisnotwelldeveloped,soitscontractionisnotdependentonextracellularCa2+.50.According

to

the

sliding

filamenthypothesis,contractionofthesarcomereresultfromthinfilamentsslidingpassthethickfilamentstowardstheMline.51.Thecentralandperipheralprocessesofapseudounipolarneuronarebothaxonsstructurally.52.Neurofibrilscollecttogethertoformnervefibers.53.Thelongertheaxon,thebiggerthecellbodyoftheparentneuron.54.Microtubulesandmicrofilamentsarepresentintheperikarya,butdonotextendintotheaxonandaxonhillock.55.Thedendriticspinesarethesitestoformsynapticcontactsandreceiveinformation.56.Synaptic

transmission

involvesthatneurotransmittersarereleasedintosynapticcleftandthenbindtothereceptorsonthepostsynapticmembraneproducingactionpotential.57.Ingeneral,theshortertheinternodes,themorethenodesofRanvierandtherefore,thegreatertheconductionvelocity.58.NeuroglialcellscanonlybefoundinthegraymatterbutnotinthewhitematteroftheCNS.59.NucleioftheneuronsarenotseeninthepreparationofnervesbecausetheyarepresentintheCNSandgangliaofthePNS.60.Thenervoustissuedoesnotcontainconnectivetissue,andtheconnectivetissueinthebrainisbroughtinbythebloodvessels.Answers1.

T

2.

F

3.

T

4.

F5.

T

6.

T

7.

F

8.

F9.

F

10.

F

11.

T

12.

T13.

F

14.

F

15.

F

16.

T17.

F

18.

T

19.

T

20.

T21.

F

22.

F

23.

F

24.

F

25.

T

26.

T27.

T

28.

T

29.

T

30.

F31.

F

32.

F

33.

F

34.

T

35.

T

36.

F37.

T

38.

F

39.

F

40.

F41.

F

42.

T

43.

F

44.

F

45.

T

46.

T47.

F

48.

T

49.

T

50.

F51.

T

52.

T

53.

F

54.

T

55.

F56.

T

57.

T

58.

F

59.

F60.

T

61.

T

是非題21.Inflammationofthecorneacausesseverepainbecausecornealepitheliumisrichinnakednerveendings.2.Theirisdividestheanteriorcompartmentoftheeyeintoanteriorandposteriorchambers.3.Theinnersurfaceoftheciliarybodyiscoveredbyasimplecuboidalepithelium,whichplaysaroleinvisionregulation.4.Inthecentralfovea,allthelayersoftheretinaareabsentexcepttheconecells.5.Intheretina,therearefivemaintypesofcells:pigmentepithelialcells,photoreceptorcells,bipolarcells,ganglioncellsandMuller’scells.31.Skinisthelargestorganofthebody,consistingofepidermis,dermisandhypodermis.6.Skincanbedividedintothethickandthintypesbasedonitsthickness.7.Epidermisconsistsoftwotypesofcells.Theyarenon-keratinizedcellsandkeratinizedcells.8.Thecellsofthebasallayerofepidermiscontainalotofribosomes,tonofibrilsandkeratohyalingranules.9.Skinoftheblackcontainsmanymoremelanocytesthanskinofthewhite.36.Melanocytes

contain

fewer

melaningranulesthanepidermalepithelialcellsinthedeeplayer.10.Thesympatheticnervesmediatethecontractionofarrectorpilimuscles.11.IsletsofLangerhansaremostnumerousintheheadregionofthepancreas.12.A

cells

and

B

cells

are

readilydistinguishablefromoneanotherinEMorhistochemicallystainedpreparations.13.Pancreaticexocrinetissuecontainsacinithatsecreteenzymesandotheracinithatsecretemucus.14.TheHCO3-inpancreaticjuiceissecretedbytheliningcellsoftheminuteductsrainingtheexocrineacini.15.Thelivercellsaroundthecentralveinobtainbloodsupplylastandaredamagedbysomeharmfulsubstancesfirst.16.Therearemanymicrovillionthesurfacesofthehepatocytesfacingtotheperisinusoidalspaceandbilecanaliculi.17.ThelumenofeachbilecanaliculusiscalledthespaceofDisse.18.Plasmamembraneofhepatocytesisthewallofthebilecanaliculi.19.Although

some

hepatocytes

exhibitpolyploidy,mosthavetheusualhaploidnumberofchromosomes.20.Bothfat-storingcellsandKupffercellscanbeseeninthehepaticsinusoids.21.Theendothelialcellsofbloodvesselsinthebodyarealwaysflattened.22.UndertheLM,capillariescanbedividedintothreetypes:continuous,fenestratedandsinusoidalcapillaries.23.Thereare40-70layersofelasticmembranesinthetuincamediaofthelargeartery,sothatitiscalledtheelasticartery.24.Thesmoothmusclefibersofthearteriescanproducegroundsubstance,elasticandcollagenousfibers.25.Thevalvesoftheveinsaidtheflowofbloodtowardtheheartandpreventflowinthereversedirection.26.ThePurkinjefibersarespecializedneuronsandconductimpulsesmuchfasterthanordinarycardiacmusclefibers.27.Thecoronaryarteriesaremedium-sizedtypeandrepresentthevasavasorumoftheheart.28.Thewalloftheaortacontainsmanylayersofelasticmembranesbutnosmoothmusclecells.29.Thearteriolesofhighlyvasculartissuessuchasendocrineglandshaveafenestratedendotheliallining.30.Majordistributingarteriessuchasthefemoralarteriesaredefinedasmusculararteries.31.The

antigen

presenting

cells

aredistributedinthelymphoidtissueandconnectivetissuebutnotintheepithelialtissue.32.Themaindifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarylymphoidnodulesistheabsenceorpresenceofthegerminalcenter.33.After

stimulated

by

antigensT-lymphocytesdivideanddifferentiateintoplasmacells.34.TheeffectorcellsofbothTandBcellsactivelytakepartinrecirculationoflymphocytes.35.Theparacorticalzoneofthelymphnodeisdiffuselymphoidtissue.36.Theredpulpofthespleenisrichinbloodcellsbecauseofhighpermeabilityofthesplenicsinusoids.37.Theparenchymaofthespleencandividedintothecortexandmedulla.38.Thehighendothelialpostcapillaryvenulesareusuallylocatedinthediffuselymphoidtissues.39.NKcellsareaclassoflymphocytes,whichattackvirus-infectedcellsandtumorcellswithoutpreviousantigenstimulation.40.Thepalatinetonsiliscoveredbystratifiedsquamousepithelium,whichisinfiltratedwithlymphocytes.41.Thefinestructureofthethyroidglandinvolvesthesynthesisandsecretionofsteroidhormones.42.Thereleaseofallhormonesproduecinthethyroidiscontrolledbythyroidstimulatinghormone.43.Thethyroidisunusualamongtheendocrineglandsinthatitstoreslargequantitiesofhormoneprecursorsoutsidethecells.44.Inanactivelysecretingthyroidgland,thefolliclestendtobesmallerindiameter,thefollicularcellsbecomecolumnarandthecolloidisdecreasedinvolume.45.Allthehormonessecretedbytheadrenalglandaresteroidhormones.46.Thezonareticularissecretescortisolandsexhormones.47.Individualcellsoftheadrenalmedullasecreteeithernoradrenalineoradrenalinebutnotboth.48.Theposteriorpituitaryisconnectedtothehypothalamusviaasmallmassofconnectivetissueknownasthepituitarystalk.49.Thetargetorgansofoxytocinareovary,uterusandmammaryglands.50.Pituitaryhormonesthatmodulatetheactivityofotherendocrineglandsareknownastrophichormonesandareallsecretedbytheanteriorlobe.51.Intheanteriorpituitary,thebasophilcellsarelargerandmorenumerousthantheacidophilcells.Answer1.

T

2.

T

3.

F

4.

F5.

T

6.

F

7.

F

8.

T

9.

F10.

F

11.

T

12.

T

13.

F

14.

T

15.

F

16.

T17.

T

18.

T

19.

F

20.

T21.

F

22.

F

23.

F

24.

F

25.

T

26.

T27.

T

28.

F

29.

T

30.

F31.

F

32.

T

33.

F

34

F35.

T

36.

F

37.

F

38.

T39.

T

40.

T

41.

F

42.

F

43.

T

44.

T45.

F

46.

T

47.

T

48.

F49.

F

50.

T

51.

F

是非題31.Thetermmucosaormucousmembraneisusedgenerallytodescribealiningepithelium,whichsecretesmucus.2.Theminorglandsinthewallofthedigestivetractarealwayslocatedinthelaminapropria.3.Themainfunctionoftheesophagealepitheliumisprotection.4.Themainfunctionofthestomachsurfaceepitheliumistosecretemucusformingmucus-HCO3-barrier.5.There

isno

skeletal

muscleinthemuscularisexternaofthedigestivetract.6.Peristalsis

ina

tubular

viscera

isdependentonthepresenceofatleasttwodistinctlayersofsmoothmuscledisposedatrightanglestooneanother.7.Attheesophageo-gastricjunctionthereisagradualtransitionfromesophagealtogastricmucosa.8.Themuscularwallofthesmallintestineconsistsofaninnercircularandouterlongitudinallayerofsmoothmuscle.9.Nerveplexuscanbefoundbetweenthetwolayersofsmoothmuscleofthemuscularisinthedigestivetracttocontrolthecontractionofthemuscularismucosaeandexterna.58.Largeintestinalmucusisprincipallyinvolvedinlubricatingthepassageoffoodresidueandfeces;itmayalsoactasanimportantantibacterialmechanism.10.Ileumandcolonarerichinthelaminapropriainlymphoidtissuesthatfrequentlyextendintothesubmucosa.11.

Becausetheappendixisclosed-ended,itscontentsarenotrenewedrapidlyanditfrequentlybecomesinflammated.12.Respiratoryepitheliumisanalternativetermforpseudostratifiedcolumnarciliatedepithelium.13.Thenasalvestibulesarelinedbyrespiratoryepithelium.14.Inthetrachea,acontinuouslayerofsmoothmuscleseparatesthelaminapropriafromthesubmucosa.15.Inthetrachealwall,thedispositionofcartilageinC-shapedringspermitsthetracheatoexpandindiameterandtoincreaseinlengthduringinspiration.15.Thebasementmembraneunderlyingthetrachealepitheliumissothickthatitiseasilyresolvedinlightmicroscopy.17.Submucosalserousandmucousglandsarerarelyfoundinprimarybronchi.18.Thesmoothmuscleofthebronchiolesandterminalbronchiolesisdisposedinacompletelycircularlayer.19.ThetermClaracellsisappliedtothegobletcellsintheepitheliumoftheterminalbronchioles.20.Pulmonarycapillariesareoffenestratedtypewhichenhancesgaseousexchangewiththealveoli.21.Thealveolarliningcellscontainnumerouscytoplasmicporesknownasalveolarporeswhichfacilitategaseousexchangewiththepulmonarycapillaries.22.Erythrocyteproductioninbonemarrowisstimulatedbythehormoneerythropoietin,secretedbythejuxtaglomerularapparatus.23.Thekidneyisinvolvedinmaintenanceofbloodpressurebytheproductionofangiotensinogen,apowerfulvasoconstrictoragent.24.ThelumenoftherenaltubuleiscontinuouswithBowman’sspace.25.Mostoftheglomerularfiltrateisabsorbedinthedistalconvolutedtubule.26.ThefunctionoftheHenle’sloopistogenerateanosmoticpressureintherenalinterstitiumsuchthatwatermaybereabsorbedfromthecollectingtubules.27.Thefindingofalargenumberofmitochondriainthecellsoftheproximalconvolutedtubulesuggeststhatmuchactiveabsorptiontakesplaceinthissite.28.Collectingtubules,Henle’sloopsandvasarectamakeupthebulkoftherenalmedulla.29.Thereabsorptionofsodiumionsfromthedistalconvolutedtubuleiscoupledtothesecretionofpotassiumandhydrogenions.30.The

cellsofthe

macula

densa

aresensitivetotheconcentrationofpotassiumionsintheproximalconvolutedtubule.31.Themaleurethraislinedbytransitionalepithelium.32.Thetestisisanorganthatproducesmalegermcellsandsecretesmalesexhormones.33.Eachtestisisencapsulatedbyadenseconnectivetissuelayercalledtunicavaginalis.34.TheseminiferoustubulesarelinedwithastratifiedepitheliumthatconsistsofspermatogeniccellsandSertoliorsupportingcells.35.Seminiferoustubulesdrainintotheretetestisfromwhichspermatozoapasstotheepididymisviatheefferentductules.36.Spermatogenesisisaprocess,inwhichspermatogoniasuccessivelydivideandeventuallydifferentiateintospermatids.37.Spermiogenesisis