初高中英語銜接知識(shí)點(diǎn)背誦清單

名詞變復(fù)數(shù)①以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es；以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，加-s。②以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es(如果詞尾-ch發(fā)音為/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o結(jié)尾加-es的單詞有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞，多變f或fe為v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的單詞，如：屋頂(roof)上的首領(lǐng)(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可數(shù)名詞直接加-s。不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)1.通過內(nèi)部元音變化構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如：foot—feetgoose—geese鵝tooth—teeth牙齒mouse—mice老鼠man—men男人woman—women女人2.有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。如：sheep—sheep綿羊deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中國人Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法series—series系列species—species物種crossroads—crossroads十字路口spacecraft—spacecraft航天器3.由man，woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞在變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，與man，woman的變化形式相同。如：gentleman—gentlemen紳士Englishman—Englishmen英國男子policeman—policemen男警察chairwoman—chairwomen女主席businessman—businessmen商人craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手藝人注意：German，human的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans，humans。冠詞不定冠詞a、an的基本用法：1.泛指一個(gè)人或某物:Hesawadog.2.泛指某一類人或物:Ahorseisausefulanimal.3.表示數(shù)量“一”(但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈):Iboughtabook.4.表示首次提到的人或物：Longlongago,therewasaking....5.用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)前：asecond/thirdcupoftea（再一；又一）abetterlife;amosthandsomeyoungman6.抽象不可數(shù)名詞具體化：abigsurpriseagreatsuccessaknowledgeofEnglishacoffeecatchaheavyrain7.用在某些固定詞組中：alotofafterawhileasamatterofface定冠詞the的基本用法1.特指人或物:Showmethephotooftheboy.2.談話雙方都知道的人或事物:Openthewindow，please.3.指上文提到的人或事物:Ihaveacar.Thecarisred.4.指世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物:thesun/theearth5.序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)前:thefirstlesson,theeasiestway6.某些形容詞前,表示某一類人:thepoor,theblind7.姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻倆”:theGreens方位詞前、西洋樂器名稱前:ontheleftplaythepiano9.普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前，江河湖海山脈群島及國家和黨派團(tuán)體等名詞前:theGreatWall,theYangziRiver,theParty10.逢十的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或年代、朝代前inthefifties,inthe1870’s11.用在某些固定詞組中：bytheway,intheopenair,intheend代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)代詞的分類第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞主格Iyouhe

she

itweyouthey賓格meyouhim

her

itusyouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis

her

itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis

hers

itsoursyourstheirs反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself

herself

itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves時(shí)態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（do/does）常與表示頻度的副詞如always,usually,often,sometimes,never,everyday等連用。例子：Tomgetsupearlyeverymorning.2.一般過去時(shí)（did）常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語yesterday,lastyear,lastnight,theotherday,justnow,then等連用例子：Yesterdaywewenttothepark.3.一般將來時(shí)（begoingtodosth或者shall/will+do）常見時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞tomorrow，soon，next?Monday/weekend，this?afternoon/evening等。例子：He’sgoingtoNewYorknextweek.4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（bedoing）常見時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞now,atthemoment等例子：Whatareyoudoingnow?--Iamreadingabook.5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（was/weredoing）常見時(shí)間標(biāo)志：justthen那時(shí);atthis/thattime在這/那時(shí);atthistimeyesterday在昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候例子：Wewereswimmingatthistimeyesterday.6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（have/hasdone）常用的時(shí)間狀語有yet,already,ever,lately,recently，since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for+一段時(shí)間，thesedays,sofar,uptonow,eversince,sincethen,bythetime,foralongtime,overthepastfewyears等例子：Wehavedoneourhomework.7.過去完成時(shí)（haddone）表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去”。構(gòu)成：“助動(dòng)詞had+過去分詞”，其中had通用于各種人稱。例子：Theyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbeforetheyarrivedatthehotel.在到達(dá)旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃過了早飯。被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+done一般過去式結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+done一般將來時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：will+be+doneam/is/are+goingtobe+done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has+been+done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+being+done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+being+done過去完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：had+been+done情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)：can/could/should/must/may/might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+done形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化規(guī)則：1.一般直接在詞尾加er/est:如tall-taller-tallest.greatstrongquicklongfreshfewtall2.以e結(jié)尾的單詞去e加er/est:如wide-wider-widest.nicebravefinestrangelatewide3.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的單詞，把y變?yōu)閕,再加er/est:如busy-busier-busiest.lazyuglyhappyluckyhealthybusy4.以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的單詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加er/est:如big-bigger-biggest.fatredthinhotwet5.部分雙音節(jié)詞，多音節(jié)詞在詞前面加more或most（比較級(jí)more+adj；最高most+adj)：如serious-moreserious-mosterestingdeliciouscarefullypopularcarefulusefuldangerousbeautifulimportantterribleactiveserious6、不規(guī)則變化：good/well-better-best.bad/ill-worse-worst.many/much-more-most.little/few-less-least.far-farther/further-farthest/furthest.形容詞變副詞規(guī)則