全新版大英綜合第二冊(cè)TextA課文翻譯(中英逐段對(duì)照版)

./Unit1LearningStyles學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格HowardGardner,aprofessorofeducationatHarvardUniversity,reflectsonavisittoChinaandgiveshisthoughtsondifferentapproachestolearninginChina哈佛大學(xué)教育學(xué)教授霍華德·加德納回憶其中國(guó)之行,闡述他對(duì)中西方不同的學(xué)習(xí)方式的看法。Learning,Chinese-StyleHowardGardner中國(guó)式的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格霍華德·加德納1Foramonthinthespringof1987,mywifeEllenandIlivedinthebustlingeasternChinesecityofNanjingwithour18-month-oldsonBenjaminwhilestudyingartseducationinChinesekindergartensandelementaryschools.ButoneofthemosttellinglessonsEllenandIgotinthedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanideasofeducationcamenotintheclassroombutinthelobbyoftheJinlingHotelwherewestayedinNanjing.1987年春,我和妻子埃倫帶著我們18個(gè)月的兒子本杰明在繁忙的中國(guó)東部城市住了一個(gè)月,同時(shí)考察中國(guó)幼兒園和小學(xué)的藝術(shù)教育情況。然而,我和埃倫獲得的有關(guān)中美教育觀念差異的最難忘的體驗(yàn)并非來(lái)自課堂,而是來(lái)自我們?cè)谄陂g寓居的金陵飯店的大堂。2Thekeytoourroomwasattachedtoalargeplasticblockwiththeroomnumberonit.Whenleavingthehotel,aguestwasencouragedtoturninthekey,eitherbyhandingittoanattendantorbydroppingitthroughaslotintoabox.Becausethekeyslotwasnarrow,thekeyhadtobepositionedcarefullytofitintoit.我們的房門(mén)鑰匙系在一塊標(biāo)有房間號(hào)的大塑料板上。酒店鼓勵(lì)客人外出時(shí)留下鑰匙,可以交給服務(wù)員,也可以從一個(gè)槽口塞入鑰匙箱。由于口子狹小,你得留神將鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才塞得進(jìn)去。3Benjaminlovedtocarrythekeyaround,shakingitvigorously.Healsolikedtotrytoplaceitintotheslot.Becauseofhistenderageandincompleteunderstandingoftheneedtopositionthekeyjustso,hewouldusuallyfail.Benjaminwasnotbotheredintheleast.Heprobablygotasmuchpleasureoutofthesoundsthekeymadeashedidthosefewtimeswhenthekeyactuallyfounditswayintotheslot.本杰明愛(ài)拿著鑰匙走來(lái)走去,邊走邊用力搖晃著。他還喜歡試著把鑰匙往槽口里塞。由于他還年幼,不太明白得把鑰匙放準(zhǔn)位置才成,因此總?cè)贿M(jìn)去。本杰明一點(diǎn)也不在意。他從鑰匙聲響中得到的樂(lè)趣大概跟他偶爾把鑰匙成功地塞進(jìn)槽口而獲得的樂(lè)趣一樣多。4NowbothEllenandIwereperfectlyhappytoallowBenjamintobangthekeynearthekeyslot.Hisexploratorybehaviorseemedharmlessenough.ButIsoonobservedaninterestingphenomenon.AnyChinesestaffmembernearbywouldcomeovertowatchBenjaminand,notinghislackofinitialsuccess,attempttoassist.HeorshewouldholdontoBenjamin'shandand,gentlybutfirmly,guideitdirectlytowardtheslot,repositionitasnecessary,andhelphimtoinsertit.The"teacher"wouldthensmilesomewhatexpectantlyatEllenorme,asifawaitingathankyou─andonoccasionwouldfrownslightly,asifconsideringustobeneglectingourparentalduties.我和埃倫都滿不在乎,任由本杰明拿著鑰匙在鑰匙的槽口鼓搗。他的探索行為似乎并無(wú)任何害處。但我很快就觀察到一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象。飯店里任何一個(gè)中國(guó)工作人員若在近旁,都會(huì)走過(guò)來(lái)看著本杰明,見(jiàn)他初試失敗,便都會(huì)試圖幫忙。他們會(huì)輕輕握緊本杰明的手,直接將它引向鑰匙的槽口,進(jìn)行必要的重新定位,并幫他把鑰匙插入槽口。然后那位"老師"會(huì)有所期待地對(duì)著我和埃倫微笑,似乎等著我們說(shuō)聲——偶爾他會(huì)微微皺眉,似乎覺(jué)得我倆沒(méi)有盡到當(dāng)父母的責(zé)任。5IsoonrealizedthatthisincidentwasdirectlyrelevanttoourassignedtasksinChina:toinvestigatethewaysofearlychildhoodeducation<especiallyinthearts>,andtothrowlightonChineseattitudestowardcreativity.AndsobeforelongIbegantointroducethekey-slotanecdoteintomydiscussionswithChineseeducators.我很快意識(shí)到,這件小事與我們?cè)谥袊?guó)要做的工作直接相關(guān)：考察兒童早期教育〔尤其是藝術(shù)教育的方式,揭示中國(guó)人對(duì)創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)的態(tài)度。因此,不久我就在與中國(guó)教育工作者討論時(shí)談起了鑰匙槽口一事。TWODIFFERENTWAYSTOLEARN6WithafewexceptionsmyChinesecolleaguesdisplayedthesameattitudeasthestaffattheJinlingHotel.Sinceadultsknowhowtoplacethekeyinthekeyslot,whichistheultimatepurposeofapproachingtheslot,andsincethechildisneitheroldenoughnorcleverenoughtorealizethedesiredactiononhisown,whatpossiblegainisachievedbyhavinghimstruggle?Hemaywellgetfrustratedandangry─certainlynotadesirableoutcome.Whynotshowhimwhattodo?Hewillbehappy,hewilllearnhowtoaccomplishthetasksooner,andthenhecanproceedtomorecomplexactivities,likeopeningthedoororaskingforthekey─bothofwhichaccomplishmentscan<andshould>induecoursebemodeledforhimaswell.兩種不同的學(xué)習(xí)方式我的中國(guó)同行,除了少數(shù)幾個(gè)人外,對(duì)此事的態(tài)度與金陵飯店工作人員一樣。既然大人知道怎么把鑰匙塞進(jìn)槽口——這是處理槽口一事的最終目的,既然孩子還很年幼,還沒(méi)有靈巧到可以獨(dú)自完成要做的動(dòng)作,讓他自己瞎折騰會(huì)有什么好處呢？他很有可能會(huì)灰心喪氣發(fā)脾氣——這當(dāng)然不是所希望的結(jié)果。為什么不教他怎么做呢？他會(huì)高興,他還能早些學(xué)會(huì)做這件事,進(jìn)而去學(xué)做更復(fù)雜的事,如開(kāi)門(mén),或索要鑰匙——這兩件事到時(shí)候同樣可以〔也應(yīng)該示給他看。7Welistenedtosuchexplanationssympatheticallyandexplainedthat,firstofall,wedidnotmuchcarewhetherBenjaminsucceededininsertingthekeyintotheslot.Hewashavingagoodtimeandwasexploring,twoactivitiesthatdidmattertous.Butthecriticalpointwasthat,intheprocess,weweretryingtoteachBenjaminthatonecansolveaproblemeffectivelybyoneself.Suchself-relianceisaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerica.Solongasthechildisshownexactlyhowtodosomething─whetheritbeplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingupforamisdeed─heislesslikelytofigureouthimselfhowtoaccomplishsuchatask.And,moregenerally,heislesslikelytoviewlife─asAmericansdo─asaseriesofsituationsinwhichonehastolearntothinkforoneself,tosolveproblemsonone'sownandeventodiscovernewproblemsforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.我倆頗為同情地聽(tīng)著這一番道理,解釋道,首先,我們并不在意本杰明能不能把鑰匙塞進(jìn)鑰匙的槽口。他玩得開(kāi)心,而且在探索,這兩點(diǎn)才是我們真正看重的。但關(guān)鍵在于,在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,我們?cè)噲D讓本杰明懂得,一個(gè)人是能夠很好地自行解決問(wèn)題的。這種自力更生的精神是美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)最重要的一條育兒觀。如果我們向孩子演示該如何做某件事——把鑰匙塞進(jìn)鑰匙的槽口也好,畫(huà)只雞或是彌補(bǔ)某種錯(cuò)誤行為也好——那他就不太可能自行想方設(shè)法去完成這件事。從更廣泛的意義上說(shuō),他就不太可能——如美國(guó)人那樣——將人生視為一系列的情境,在這些情境中,一個(gè)人必須學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考,學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立解決問(wèn)題,進(jìn)而學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性地加以解決的新問(wèn)題。TEACHINGBYHOLDINGHISHAND8Inretrospect,itbecamecleartomethatthisincidentwasindeedkey─andkeyinmorethanonesense.Itpointedtoimportantdifferencesintheeducationalandartisticpracticesinourtwocountries.把著手教回想起來(lái),當(dāng)時(shí)我就清楚地意識(shí)到,這件事正是體現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵之所在——而且不僅僅是一種意義上的關(guān)鍵之所在。這件事表明了我們兩國(guó)在教育和藝術(shù)實(shí)踐上的重要差異。9Whenourwell-intentionedChineseobserverscametoBenjamin'srescue,theydidnotsimplypushhishanddownclumsilyoruncertainly,asImighthavedone.Instead,theyguidedhimwithextremefacilityandgentlenessinpreciselythedesireddirection.IcametorealizethattheseChinesewerenotjustmoldingandshapingBenjamin'sperformanceinanyoldmanner:InthebestChinesetradition,theywerebazheshoujiao─"teachingbyholdinghishand"─somuchsothathewouldhappilycomebackformore.那些善意的中國(guó)旁觀者前來(lái)幫助本杰明時(shí),他們不是簡(jiǎn)單地像我可能會(huì)做的那樣笨拙地或是猶猶豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反,他們極其熟練地、溫和地把他引向所要到達(dá)的確切方向。我逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到,這些中國(guó)人不是簡(jiǎn)單地以一種舊的方式塑造、引導(dǎo)本杰明的行為：他們是在恪守中國(guó)傳統(tǒng),把著手教,教得本杰明自己會(huì)愉快地要求再來(lái)一次。10Theideathatlearningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmoldingappliesequallytothearts.Watchingchildrenatworkinaclassroomsetting,wewereastonishedbytheirfacility.Childrenasyoungas5or6werepaintingflowers,fishandanimalswiththeskillandconfidenceofanadult;calligraphers9and10yearsoldwereproducingworksthatcouldhavebeendisplayedinamuseum.Inavisittothehomesoftwooftheyoungartists,welearnedfromtheirparentsthattheyworkedonperfectingtheircraftforseveralhoursaday.學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)通過(guò)不間斷的精心塑造與引導(dǎo)而得以實(shí)現(xiàn),這一觀念同樣適用于藝術(shù)。我們觀看了孩子們?cè)诮淌依飳W(xué)習(xí)藝術(shù)的情景,他們的嫻熟技藝令我們驚訝。年僅5、6歲的孩子就帶著成人的那種技巧與自信在畫(huà)花、畫(huà)魚(yú)和動(dòng)物；9歲、10歲的小書(shū)法家寫(xiě)出的作品滿可以在博物館展示。有一次去兩位小藝術(shù)家的家里參觀,我們從孩子的父母處得知,他們每天練習(xí)數(shù)小時(shí)以完善他們的技藝。CREATIVITYFIRST?11Intermsofattitudestocreativitythereseemstobeareversalofpriorities:youngWesternersmakingtheirboldestdeparturesfirstandthengraduallymasteringthetradition;andyoungChinesebeingalmostinseparablefromthetradition,but,overtime,possiblyevolvingtoapointequallyoriginal.創(chuàng)造力第一？從對(duì)創(chuàng)造力的態(tài)度來(lái)說(shuō),優(yōu)先次序似乎是顛倒了：西方的年輕人先是大膽創(chuàng)新,然后逐漸深諳傳統(tǒng)；而中國(guó)的年輕人則幾乎離不開(kāi)傳統(tǒng),但是,隨著時(shí)間的推移,他們同樣可能發(fā)展到具有創(chuàng)新的境界。12OnewayofsummarizingtheAmericanpositionistostatethatwevalueoriginalityandindependencemorethantheChinesedo.Thecontrastbetweenourtwoculturescanalsobeseenintermsofthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredearly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.美國(guó)人的立場(chǎng)可以概括起來(lái)這么說(shuō),我們比中國(guó)人更重視創(chuàng)新和自立。我們兩種文化的差異也可以從我們各自所懷的憂慮中顯示出來(lái)。中國(guó)老師擔(dān)心,如果年輕人不及早掌握技藝,就有可能一輩子掌握不了；另一方面,他們并不同樣地急于促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。美國(guó)教育工作者則擔(dān)心,除非從一開(kāi)始就發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力,不然創(chuàng)造力就有可能永不再現(xiàn)；而另一方面,技藝可于日后獲得。13However,Idonotwanttooverstatemycase.ThereisenormouscreativitytobefoundinChinesescientific,technologicalandartisticinnovationspastandpresent.AndthereisadangerofexaggeratingcreativebreakthroughsintheWest.Whenanyinnovationisexaminedclosely,itsrelianceonpreviousachievementsisalltooapparent<the"standingontheshouldersofgiants"phenomenon>.但我并不想夸大其辭。無(wú)論在過(guò)去還是在當(dāng)今,中國(guó)在科學(xué)、技術(shù)和藝術(shù)革新方面都展示了巨大的創(chuàng)造力。而西方的創(chuàng)新突破則有被夸大的危險(xiǎn)。如果仔細(xì)審視任何一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新,其對(duì)以往成就的依賴則都顯而易見(jiàn)〔"站在巨人肩膀之上"的現(xiàn)象。14ButassumingthatthecontrastIhavedevelopedisvalid,andthatthefosteringofskillsandcreativityarebothworthwhilegoals,theimportantquestionbecomesthis:Canwegather,fromtheChineseandAmericanextremes,asuperiorwaytoapproacheducation,perhapsstrikingabetterbalancebetweenthepolesofcreativityandbasicskills?然而,假定我這里所說(shuō)的反差是成立的,而培養(yǎng)技藝與創(chuàng)造力兩者都是值得追求的目標(biāo),那么重要的問(wèn)題就在于：我們能否從中美兩個(gè)極端中尋求一種更好的教育方式,它或許能在創(chuàng)造力與基本技能這兩極之間獲得某種較好的平衡？Unit2Values價(jià)值觀Doesbeingrichmeanyouliveacompletelydifferentlifefromordinarypeople?Not,itseems,ifyournameisSamWalton.有錢(qián)是否意味著過(guò)一種完全不同于普通人的生活？看來(lái)未必,如果你的名字叫薩姆·沃爾頓。THERICHESTMANINAMERICA,DOWNHOMEArtHarris美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)巴佬首富阿特·哈里斯1HeputonadinnerjackettoserveasawaiteratthebirthdaypartyofTheRichestManinAmerica.Heimaginedwhatsurelyawaited:amansion,a"Rolls-Royceforeverydayoftheweek,"dogswithdiamondcollars,servantseverywhere.他穿上餐服準(zhǔn)備到美國(guó)首富的生日聚會(huì)上去擔(dān)任侍者。在他的想象里,他定然會(huì)看到：豪宅,主人天天要坐的羅爾斯—羅伊斯轎車(chē),戴著鉆石頸圈的家犬,到處可見(jiàn)的仆人。2Thenhewasofftothehouse,wheelingpastthesleepytownsquareinBentonville,aremoteArkansastownof9,920,whereSamWaltonstartedwithalittledimestorethatgrewintoa$6billiondiscountchaincalledWal-Mart.Hedrovedownacountryroad,turnedatamailboxmarked"SamandHelenWalton,"andjumpedoutatahouseinthewoods.他動(dòng)身前往那所宅邸,開(kāi)著車(chē)穿過(guò)本頓維爾鎮(zhèn)冷冷清清的市政廣場(chǎng)。本頓維爾鎮(zhèn)是阿肯色州一個(gè)人口僅有9,920的偏遠(yuǎn)小鎮(zhèn),薩姆·沃爾頓就在該鎮(zhèn)從一個(gè)專(zhuān)賣(mài)廉價(jià)商品的小店起家,逐漸發(fā)展成為價(jià)值60億美金資產(chǎn)的廉價(jià)連鎖店沃爾瑪公司。侍者上了一條鄉(xiāng)間車(chē)道,轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)一個(gè)標(biāo)著"薩姆和海倫·沃爾頓"的信箱,在一幢林間住宅前跳下了車(chē)。3Itwasnice,butnopalace.Thefurnitureappearedalittleworn.Anoldpickuptrucksatinthegarageandamuddybirddogranabouttheyard.Heneverspottedanyservants.房子還不錯(cuò),但絕對(duì)不是宮殿。家具略顯舊,一輛舊的輕便貨車(chē)停在車(chē)庫(kù)里,一條土褐色的捕禽獵犬在院子里竄來(lái)竄去。根本沒(méi)看見(jiàn)任何仆人的身影。4"Itwasarealdisappointment,"sighswaiterJamieBeaulieu."太令人失望了,"侍者杰米·鮑尤嘆道。5OnlyinAmericacanabillionairecarryonlikeplainfolksandgetawaywithit.Andthe67-year-olddiscountkingSamMooreWaltonstilltravelsthesewindybackroadsinhis1979Fordpickup,redandwhite,birddogsbyhisside,and,comeshootingseason,waitsinlinelikeeveryoneelsetobuyshellsatthelocalWal-Mart.只有在美國(guó),一個(gè)億萬(wàn)富翁才能像普通百姓一樣,安穩(wěn)地過(guò)著普普通通的日子。67歲的廉價(jià)店大王薩姆·穆?tīng)枴の譅栴D仍然開(kāi)著他那輛紅白兩色的1979年出廠的福特牌輕型貨車(chē)穿行在彎彎曲曲的鄉(xiāng)間小道上,身邊坐著他的捕禽獵犬。當(dāng)狩獵季節(jié)來(lái)臨時(shí),他跟別人一樣在當(dāng)?shù)氐奈譅柆斏痰昱抨?duì)購(gòu)買(mǎi)獵槍子彈。6"Hedoesn'twantanyspecialtreatment,"saysnightmanagerJohnnyBaker,whostrugglestocallthebossbyhisfirstnameasarecentcorporatememocommands.Fewherethinkofhisbillions;theycallhim"Mr.Sam"andaccepthisfolksyways."He'sthesamemanwhoopenedhisdimestoreonthesquareandworked18hoursadayforhisdream,"saysMayorRichardHoback."他不要任何特殊待遇,"夜班經(jīng)理喬尼·貝克說(shuō),他費(fèi)了好大的勁才如公司最近一份備忘錄所規(guī)定的那樣對(duì)自己的老板以名相稱。這里幾乎沒(méi)人去想他的億萬(wàn)身價(jià),他們稱他為薩姆先生,絲毫不以他的平民作風(fēng)為怪。"他還是那個(gè)在市政廣場(chǎng)開(kāi)廉價(jià)店,為了自己的夢(mèng)想每天工作18個(gè)小時(shí)的人,一點(diǎn)沒(méi)變,"市長(zhǎng)理查德·霍巴克說(shuō)。7Byallaccounts,he'sfriendly,cheerful,afineneighborwhodoeshisbesttoblendin,neverflashy,neverthrowinghisweightaround.人人都說(shuō)他為人友善,性情開(kāi)朗,是個(gè)好鄰居；他盡力與人們?nèi)谇⑾嗵?從不炫耀,也從不盛氣凌人。8NomatterhowbigatimehehadonSaturdaynight,youcanfindhiminchurchonSunday.Surelyinareservedseat,right?"Wedon'thavereservedseats,"saysGordonGarlingtonIII,pastorofthelocalchurch.無(wú)論他星期六晚上的夜生活過(guò)得多晚,星期日你還是能在教堂見(jiàn)到他。當(dāng)然是坐在他的包座上,對(duì)嗎？"我們不設(shè)包座,"當(dāng)?shù)亟烫媚翈煾甑恰ぜ恿诸D第三說(shuō)。9SowheredoesTheRichestManinAmericasit?Whereverhefindsaseat."Look,he'sjustnotthatway.Hedoesn'thaveasetplace.Atachurchsuppertheothernight,heandhiswifewereinbackwashingdishes."那美國(guó)首富坐哪兒呢？哪兒有空位子就坐哪兒。"知道嗎,他根本就不是那種人。他沒(méi)有包座。前幾天晚上教堂舉行晚餐會(huì),他和太太一起在后面洗盤(pán)子。"10For19years,he'susedthesamebarber.JohnMayhallfindshimwaitingwhenheopensupat7a.m.Hechatsaboutthenationalnews,orreadsinhischair,perhapstheBentonCountyDailyDemocrat,anotherWaltonpropertythatkeepshimoffthefrontpage.ItburiedtheForbeslistatthebottomofpage2.19年來(lái),為他理發(fā)的總是同一個(gè)師傅。約翰·梅霍早上七點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)會(huì)見(jiàn)到他等在門(mén)外。他跟人閑聊國(guó)新聞,或是坐在椅子里看報(bào),沒(méi)準(zhǔn)是《本頓日?qǐng)?bào)》,這是沃爾頓的又一宗產(chǎn)業(yè)。這份報(bào)紙從來(lái)不讓有關(guān)他的消息出現(xiàn)在頭版上。它將《福布斯》的富人排行榜塞在第二版的報(bào)尾。11"He'sjustnotafrontperson,"anewspaperemployeeexplains."他壓根兒不是那種愛(ài)上頭版新聞的人,"一位報(bào)社雇員解釋說(shuō)。12Butonerecentmorning,TheRichestManinAmericadidsomethingthatwouldhavemadeheadlinesanywhereintheworld:Heforgothismoney."Isaid,'Forgetit,takecareofitnexttime,'"saysbarberMayhall."Buthesaid.'No,I'llgetit,'andhewenthomeforhiswallet."但最近有天早上,美國(guó)首富做了件在任何其他地方準(zhǔn)會(huì)成為頭條新聞的事：他忘了帶錢(qián)。"我說(shuō),‘沒(méi)事,下次一起付吧,’"理發(fā)師梅霍說(shuō),"可他說(shuō),‘不行,我得回去拿,’就回家去取錢(qián)包了。"13Wasn'tthat,well,alittlestrange?"Nosir,"saysMayhall,"theonlythingstrangeaboutSamWaltonisthatheisn'tstrange."這一切,嗯,是不是有點(diǎn)怪？"一點(diǎn)也不,先生,"梅霍說(shuō),"薩姆·沃爾頓惟一不同尋常的就是,他平平常常。"14ButjusthowlongWaltoncanholdfirmtohisfolksyhabitswithcelebrityhunterskeepingfollowinghimwhereverhegoesisanyone'sguess.EversinceForbesmagazinepronouncedhimAmerica'srichestman,with$2.8billioninWal-Martstock,he'sbeenarichmanontherun,steeringclearofreporters,dreamers,andschemers.然而,沃爾頓所到之處名人追星族緊跟不舍,他的平民習(xí)慣能保持多久,就很難說(shuō)了。自從《福布斯》雜志宣布他擁有價(jià)值28億的沃爾瑪股票成為美國(guó)首富以后,他就成了一個(gè)東躲的富人,他得甩開(kāi)記者、尋夢(mèng)者,還有圖謀不軌者。15"HemaybetherichestbyForbesrankings,"sayscorporateaffairsdirectorJimVonGremp,"buthedoesn'tknowwhetherheisornot--andhedoesn'tcare.Hedoesn'tspendmuch.Heownsstock,buthe'salwaysleftitinthecompanysoitcouldgrow.Buttherealstoryinhismindisthesuccessachievedbythe100,000peoplewhomakeuptheWal-Martteam.""他或許是《福布斯》排行榜的首富,"公司事務(wù)主管吉姆··格雷姆普說(shuō),"但他并不知道自己是不是首富——而且他也不在乎。他不怎么花錢(qián)。他是擁有股票,但他一直把股票留在公司里好讓公司發(fā)展。而他腦子里真正想著的是沃爾瑪十萬(wàn)員工共同取得的成功。"16He'susuallybackhomeforFridaysalesmeetings,ortheexecutivepeprallySaturdaymorningat7a.m.,whenWalton,ashedoesatnewstoreopenings,isliabletojumpuponachairandleadeveryoneintheWal-Martcheer:"GivemeaW!GivemeanA!GivemeanL!Louder!"他通常回來(lái)參加星期五的銷(xiāo)售會(huì)議,或是星期六早晨7點(diǎn)的行政人員鼓勁會(huì),屆時(shí)沃爾頓會(huì)像分店新開(kāi)時(shí)那樣,跳上椅子,帶領(lǐng)大家呼喊沃爾瑪公司口號(hào)："給我一個(gè)W！給我一個(gè)A！給我一個(gè)L！大聲點(diǎn)！"17Andloudertheyyell.Nooneadmitstofeelingtheleastbitsilly.It'sallpartoftheWal-MartwayoflifeaslaiddownbySam:loyalty,hardwork,longhours;getideasintothesystemfromthebottomup,Japanese-style;treatyourpeopleright;cutpricesandmarginstotheboneandsleepwellatnight.Employeeswithoneyearonboardqualifyforstockoptions,andareurgedtobuyalltheycan.于是大家越喊越響。沒(méi)有誰(shuí)說(shuō)這樣做有點(diǎn)傻。這都是薩姆定下來(lái)的沃爾瑪生活方式的一部分：忠誠(chéng),勤勉,加班加點(diǎn)；從公司最底層起大家集思廣益,日本管理方式；善待員工；盡可能降低價(jià)格、減少利潤(rùn),一夜安睡到天亮。員工進(jìn)公司一年就有資格獲得優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán),并一再鼓勵(lì)他們盡能力購(gòu)買(mǎi)。18Afterthepeprally,there'sbirdhunting,ortennisonhisbackyardcourt.Buthisstoresarealwaysonhismind.OnetennisguestmanagedtoputhimoffhisgamebyaskingwhyacanofballscostmoreinoneWal-Martthananother.Itturnedouttobeuntrue,butthemoveworked.Waltonlostfourstraightgames.鼓勁會(huì)之后,大家一起去打野禽,或在他家后院打網(wǎng)球。但他的那些商店總擱在他的心上。一位來(lái)打網(wǎng)球的客人為了分散他打球的注意力,故意問(wèn)了一句為什么一筒網(wǎng)球在一家沃爾瑪商店賣(mài)得比別的一家沃爾瑪商店貴。此話并非實(shí)情,但這一招卻真管用。沃爾頓連輸四局。19Waltonsetupacollegescholarshipfundforemployees'children,adisasterrelieffundtorebuildemployeehomesdamagedbyfires,floods,tornadoes,andthelike.Hebelievedincultivatingideasandrewardingsuccess.沃爾頓為員工子女設(shè)立了大學(xué)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)基金,為房屋遭受火災(zāi)、洪水、龍卷風(fēng)等破壞的員工重建家園設(shè)立了災(zāi)難救助基金。他信奉廣開(kāi)思路、褒獎(jiǎng)成功。20"He'dsay,'Thatfellowworkedhard,let'sgivehimalittleextra,'"recallsretiredpresidentFeroldF.Arend,whowasstunnedatsuchgenerosityafterthestingyemployerhelefttojoinWal-Mart."IhadtochangemywayofthinkingwhenIcameaboard.""他會(huì)說(shuō),‘那人工作努力,獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一下吧,’"退休的前任總裁費(fèi)羅爾德·F·阿倫德回憶道。他原先供職的雇主非常吝嗇,所以離開(kāi)那里加入沃爾瑪公司之后,他對(duì)這種慷慨行為深感震驚。"我加盟沃爾瑪后,不得不改變自己的思維方式。"21"Thereasonforoursuccess,"saysWalton,inacompanyhandout,"isourpeopleandthewaythey'retreatedandthewaytheyfeelabouttheircompany.Theybelievethingsaredifferenthere,buttheydeservethecredit.""我們之所以成功,"沃爾頓在公司宣傳冊(cè)上寫(xiě)道,"是由于我們的員工,是由于他們所受到的待遇以及他們對(duì)公司的感情。他們認(rèn)為這里與眾不同,但是這種榮譽(yù)他們受之無(wú)愧。"22AddscompanylawyerJimHendren:"I'veneverseenanyoneyetwhoworkedforhimorwasaroundhimforanylengthoftimewhowasn'tbetteroff.AndIdon'tmeanjustfinancially,althoughalotofpeopleare.It'sjustsomethingabouthim--comingintocontactwithSamWaltonjustmakesyouabetterperson."公司律師吉姆·亨德倫補(bǔ)充說(shuō),"我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)有誰(shuí)為他工作或和他接觸一段時(shí)間后而不受益的。我不僅僅是指錢(qián)財(cái)方面,當(dāng)然許多人是更富有了。我是說(shuō)他的某種在的東西——與薩姆·沃爾頓交往會(huì)使你成為一個(gè)更健全的人。"Unit3GenerationGap代溝Thiscomedycentersaroundaproudfather'sattemptstohelphischildren,attemptswhichsomehoworotheralwaysendupembarrassingthem.Forthesakeoffunitcarriesthingstoextremes,butnearlyeveryonecanrecognizesomethingofthemselvesandtheirparentsinit.這出喜劇主要寫(xiě)一位為兒女感到自豪的父親雖做出種種努力幫助子女,不知怎的,其結(jié)果卻總是令子女尷尬不已。出于搞笑的目的,故事情節(jié)作了極度夸,但幾乎人人都能從中看到自己以及父母的影子。FatherKnowsBetterMarshCassady老爸英明馬什·卡薩迪1CHARACTERS:FATHER;MOTHER;HEIDI,14;DIANE,17;SEAN,16;RESTAURANTMANAGER,20s;MRS.HIGGINS.SETTING:Variouslocationsincludingafast-foodrestaurant,theThompsonfamilydiningroom,andanofficeatahighschool.ATRISE:Asthelightscomeup,HEIDIentersandcrossesDownRighttotheedgeofthestage.SEANandDIANEenterandcrossDownLefttotheedgeofthestage.TheylistenasHEIDIaddressestheaudience.人物：父親；母親；海蒂,14歲；黛安,17歲；肖恩,16歲；飯店經(jīng)理,20多歲；希金斯太太場(chǎng)景：快餐店,湯普森家餐廳,一所中學(xué)的辦公室等幕啟：隨著燈光亮起,海蒂上,走至舞臺(tái)右前方。肖恩與黛安上,走至舞臺(tái)左前方。海蒂對(duì)觀眾說(shuō)話,兩人傾聽(tīng)。2HEIDI:Mydad'saniceman.Nobodycouldpossiblybelievethatheisn't.Yethe's...well,he'salwaysdoingthesestupidthingsthatendupreallyembarrassingoneormoreofuskids.Onetime,see,mybrotherwantedtobuythisguitar.Beensavingmoneyforitforalongtime.Thenhegotajobatthisfast-foodplace,OK?Waitingtables.ItwasSean'sfirstactualjob,andhewasrealhappyaboutit.Hefiguredintwoorthreemonthshe'dhaveenoughmoneytobuyexactlythekindofguitarhewanted.MomandDadwereproudofhim,andwell,OK,he'smybigbrother,andhe'salwayspullingthesedumbthingsonme.But,well,Iwasproudofhimtoo.Youknowwhathappened?Ihatetotellyoubecause:SEAN,DIANEandHEIDI:<Inunison>Fatherknowsbetter!海蒂：我老爸是個(gè)大好人。沒(méi)人會(huì)相信他不好。可是他……唉,他老是干那些蠢事,弄得我們當(dāng)兒女的到頭來(lái)無(wú)地自容。瞧,我哥曾一度想買(mǎi)把吉他。他都積攢了好一陣子錢(qián)了。后來(lái)他在這家快餐店找了份活,不錯(cuò)吧？當(dāng)服務(wù)員。這是肖恩第一次正經(jīng)打工,他真的挺開(kāi)心。他算計(jì)著,再過(guò)兩三個(gè)月,他就能攢夠錢(qián)買(mǎi)他想要的那把吉他了。老爸老媽都為他感到驕傲。唔,是啊,他是大哥,老是要捉弄我。不過(guò)嘛,我也同樣為他感到驕傲。你猜后來(lái)怎么了？我都不想說(shuō)這事,因?yàn)椋盒ざ?、黛安、海蒂：〔齊聲老爸英明！3<ThelightscomeUpLeftonthefast-foodrestaurantwhereSEANworks.Itconsistsofacounterandcoupleofsmalltables.TheMANAGERstandsbehindthecounter.SEANisbusilycleaningthetableswhenFATHERwalksin.>MANAGER:Goodevening,sir.MayIhelpyou?FATHER:Goodevening.SEAN:<Tohimself>Oh,no!<HesquatsbehindoneofthetablestryingtohidefromFATHER.>FATHER:I'mlookingforthemanager.MANAGER:Thatwouldbeme,sir.FATHER:I'mSamThompson.Mysonworkshere.MANAGER:Oh,you'reSean'sfather.FATHER:Yes.It'shisfirstjob,youknow.Ijustwantedtocheckthathe'sdoingOK.MANAGER:Oh,fine.Noproblem.〔左后方燈光亮起,肖恩打工的快餐店。有柜臺(tái)和幾小桌子。經(jīng)理站在柜臺(tái)后面。父親進(jìn)店時(shí),肖恩正忙著擦桌子。經(jīng)理：晚上好,先生,能為您效勞嗎？父親：晚上好。肖恩：〔自言自語(yǔ)噢,不！〔他在一桌子后蹲下,欲躲過(guò)父親的視線。父親：我找經(jīng)理。經(jīng)理：我就是,先生。父親：我是薩姆·湯普森。我兒子在這兒打工。經(jīng)理：哦,您是肖恩的父親。父親：是啊。知道嘛,這是他第一次打工。我只想看看他干得怎么樣。經(jīng)理：噢,不錯(cuò)。沒(méi)問(wèn)題。4SEAN:<Spreadinghishands,palmsup,speakingtohimself>WhatdidIdotodeservethis?Tellmewhat?FATHER:Hiringhimwasagoodthingthen?MANAGER:Well,yeah,Isupposeso.SEAN:<Stilltohimself>Gohome,Dad.Gohome.Gohome.FATHER:I'msurehe'sagoodworkerbutatypicalteenager,ifyouknowwhatImean.MANAGER:<Losinginterest>Iwouldn'tknow.FATHER:He'sagoodboy.AndIassureyouthatifthereareanysubjectsthatneedtobeaddressed,SeanandIwillhaveaman-to-mantalk.MANAGER:Idon'tthinkthatwillbenecessary...FATHER:Oh,noproblem.I'mproudofmyson.Very,veryproud.AndIjustwantedyoutoknowthatI'lldoanythingIcantohelphimthroughlife'sdangeroussea.肖恩：〔雙手?jǐn)傞_(kāi),掌心向上,自言自語(yǔ)我干了什么了要受這份罪？倒是告訴我啊？父親：那么雇用他沒(méi)錯(cuò)啦？經(jīng)理：呃,對(duì),我想是的。肖恩：〔仍然自言自語(yǔ)回家去,老爸?；丶胰ァ；丶胰?。父親：我肯定他是一把干活的好手,可他也跟其他孩子一個(gè)樣,明白我的意思嗎？經(jīng)理：〔不再有興趣我怎么知道。父親：他是個(gè)好孩子。你放心,要是有什么問(wèn)題需要解決的話,我和肖恩會(huì)開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公談一談的。經(jīng)理：我看沒(méi)必要吧……父親：噢,沒(méi)事兒。我為我兒子感到驕傲,我為他深感驕傲。我只是想讓你知道,我將竭盡全力幫助他駛過(guò)人生的驚濤駭浪。5SEAN:<Standingupandscreaming>Aaaargh!Aaaargh!Aaaaaaargh!FATHER:Son,Ididn'tknowyouwerehere.SEAN:It'swhereIwork,Dad.FATHER:Ofcourse.Imean,Ididn'tseeyou.SEAN:Ican'timaginewhy.FATHER:YourmanagerandIwerejusthavinganicechat.<DIANEentersDownLeftjustasHEIDIentersDownRight.TheylookatSEANandFATHER.>SEAN,DIANE,HEIDI:<Inunison>Father,youknowbetterthanthat.肖恩：〔站起身,高聲喊叫唉！唉！唉！父親：兒子,不知道你在這兒。肖恩：這是我打工的地方嘛,爸！父親：那自然。我是說(shuō),剛才沒(méi)看見(jiàn)你。肖恩：我真弄不明白。父親：經(jīng)理和我正聊得起勁呢?！谗彀矎淖笄胺缴?海蒂自右前方上。兩人看著肖恩和父親。肖恩、黛安、海蒂：〔齊聲老爸,你這是干什么呀。6<Thelightsquicklyfadetoblackandthencomeupasecondortwolater.SEANstandsaloneattheDownRightedgeofthestage.HEIDIandDIANEcrosstoDownLeftedgeofthestage.>SEAN:Ifthatsortofthinghappenedonlyonceinawhile,itwouldn'tbesobad.Overall,Iwouldn'twanttotrademydadforanyoneelse's.HelovesuskidsandMomtoo.ButIthinkthat'ssometimestheproblem.Hewantstodothingsforus,thingshethinksaregood.Butheneedstogivethemmorethoughtbecause:SEAN,HEIDIandDIANE:<Inunison>Fatherknowsbetter!〔燈光迅速暗下,片刻之后又亮起。肖恩獨(dú)自站在舞臺(tái)右前邊。海蒂、黛安走至舞臺(tái)左前邊。肖恩：這類(lèi)事要是偶爾發(fā)生一兩次,那倒也沒(méi)什么?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō),我是不肯把自己老爸跟別人的老爸換的。他愛(ài)我們當(dāng)子女的,也愛(ài)老媽。不過(guò)我想,有時(shí)問(wèn)題就出在這兒。他一心想幫助我們,他自以為在為我們做好事呢。可他應(yīng)該多想想才對(duì),因?yàn)椋盒ざ?、海蒂、黛安：〔齊聲老爸英明！7<ThelightsfadetoblackandcomeupontheCenterStageareawhereFATHERandthethreechildrenareseatedaroundthediningroomtable.MOTHERenterscarryingadish,whichshesetsonthetable.FATHERquicklyrisesandpullsoutherchair.Shesits.Thefamilystartseatingdinner.>FATHER:Ihaveasurpriseforyou,Diane.DIANE:<Knowsitcan'tbegood.>Youhave...asurprise?MOTHER:Well,whateveritis,dear,don'tkeepusinsuspense.FATHER:Well,youknow,DanLucasandIworktogether?DIANE:Kyle'sfather?MOTHER:Don'tinterrupt,dear,yourfatheristryingtotellyousomething.HEIDI:<StagewhispertoSEAN>SomethingDianewon'twanttoknow,I'llbet.SEAN:<WhisperingtoHEIDI>Whateverwouldmakeyouthinkthat?MOTHER:Sean,dear.Heidi,sweetheart,don'tdistractyourfather.SEANandHEIDI:<Simultaneously>Sorry,Mom.〔燈光暗下,旋即又在舞臺(tái)中央亮起。父親與三個(gè)孩子圍坐在餐桌旁。母親端菜上,把菜放在桌上。父親迅速起身為她拉出椅子。母親坐下。全家開(kāi)始用餐。父親：我要給你一個(gè)驚喜,黛安。黛安：〔知道不會(huì)有好事你要給我……一個(gè)驚喜？母親：哎,是什么事啊,親愛(ài)的,別賣(mài)關(guān)子了。父親：呃,你們知道,丹·盧卡斯和我是同事。黛安：凱爾的父親？母親：別插嘴,親愛(ài)的,你父親正有事要跟你們說(shuō)呢。海蒂：〔與肖恩耳語(yǔ)我敢肯定準(zhǔn)是黛安不要聽(tīng)的事兒。肖恩：〔與海蒂耳語(yǔ)你怎么會(huì)知道？母親：肖恩,親愛(ài)的。海蒂,寶貝兒,別打擾你們的父親。肖恩、海蒂：〔同時(shí)地對(duì)不起,媽媽。8FATHER:Nowthen.AsIwassaying,IknowhowmuchyoulikeyoungKyle.DIANE:Father!FATHER:It'strue,isn'tit?Didn'tIhearyoutellyourmotherthatyouwishKylewouldaskyoutotheseniorprom?SEAN:Uh-oh!HEIDI:Oops!MOTHER:Please,children,please.Yourfatheristryingtospeak.DIANE:<Throughclenchedteeth,thewordsareinamonotoneandevenlyspaced.>Yes-I-said-that-why-are-you-asking?FATHER:Wellthen.DIANE:<Becominghysterical>"Wellthen"what?!FATHER:WhatdidIsay?DidIsaysomethingwrong?HEIDI:<ToSEAN>Notyet,hedidn't.SEAN:<ToHEIDI>Butyouknowit'scoming.MOTHER:Children,please.Dogiveyourfathertherespecthedeserves.HEIDIandSEAN:<Rollingtheireyes>Yes,Mother.父親：好吧。我說(shuō)了,我知道你挺喜歡小凱爾。黛安：爸爸！父親：是這么回事,對(duì)嗎？我不是聽(tīng)你跟你媽說(shuō),你希望凱爾邀請(qǐng)你在高年級(jí)舞會(huì)上跳舞嗎？肖恩：喔！海蒂：哎喲！母親：靜一下,孩子們,靜一下。你們父親在說(shuō)話呢。黛安：〔咬緊牙,一字一頓地對(duì)－我－是－說(shuō)－過(guò)－你－問(wèn)－這－干－嘛？父親：那就算了。黛安：〔歇斯底里地什么算了？父親：我說(shuō)什么啦？我說(shuō)錯(cuò)什么了嗎？海蒂：〔對(duì)肖恩這會(huì)兒還沒(méi)有,還沒(méi)說(shuō)錯(cuò)什么。肖恩：〔對(duì)海蒂等著吧,這就來(lái)了。母親：靜一下,孩子們。對(duì)父親應(yīng)該尊敬一點(diǎn)。海蒂、肖恩：〔一邊轉(zhuǎn)著眼珠是,媽媽。9FATHER:Well,todayIsawDanandaskedifhe'dliketogotolunchatthatFrenchrestaurantonThirdStreet.Youknowtheone,Mother.MOTHER:Well,yes,IbelieveIdo.FATHER:Mytreat,Itoldhim.And,ofcourse,hewasgladtoaccept.MOTHER:Whywouldn'thebe?FATHER:<Somewhatsurprised>Well,yes.DIANE:What-has-this-to-do-withme?!MOTHER:Diane,sometimesIjustdon'tunderstandyourbehavior.Itrymybest.DIANE:<Veryshortwithher>I'msorry.MOTHER:Thankyou,Diane.<ToFATHER>Pleasedogoon,dear.FATHER:AsIsaid--HEIDI:Weknowwhatyousaid,Daddy.FATHER:Er...uh,what'sthat?SEAN:Shesaid,"Weknowwhatyousaid,Daddy."FATHER:Yes,yes,ofcourse.MOTHER:Dogetonwithit,dear.I'vemadethemostgloriousdessert.AnoldrecipehandeddowntomebymygreatAuntHilda--DIANE:Mother,please!MOTHER:Yes,dear?父親：嗯,今天我見(jiàn)到丹時(shí),問(wèn)他想不想去第三街上的那家法國(guó)餐館吃午飯。孩子他媽,你是知道那家餐館的。母親：對(duì),是啊,我知道。父親：我請(qǐng)客,我對(duì)他說(shuō)。當(dāng)然,他挺樂(lè)意去了。母親：他哪能不樂(lè)意呢？父親：〔略為驚訝地對(duì),是啊。黛安：這－跟－我－有－什－么－關(guān)－系－呢？母親：黛安,你的行為有時(shí)我真弄不懂。無(wú)論怎樣我就是弄不懂。黛安：〔沒(méi)好氣地那就抱歉了。母親：多了,黛安?！矊?duì)父親請(qǐng)說(shuō)下去,親愛(ài)的。父親：我說(shuō)過(guò)……海蒂：我們知道你說(shuō)過(guò)什么,爸爸。父親：嗯……哦,你說(shuō)什么？肖恩：她說(shuō),"我們知道你說(shuō)過(guò)什么,爸爸。"父親：是啊,是啊,當(dāng)然。母親：快說(shuō)吧,親愛(ài)的。我做了特別好吃的甜點(diǎn)。是我姨祖母希爾達(dá)傳下來(lái)的老配方……黛安：媽媽,好了！母親：怎么啦,寶貝？10<DIANEshakesherheadandletsherbodyfallagainstthebackofthechair.>FATHER:Atanyrate,Dan'saniceguy.Neverknewhimwell.Foundwehavealotofthesameinterests.Ourfamilies,ourcommunity,globalpeace,humanwelfare.HEIDI:<Mumblingtoherself>Thatnarrowsitdown,allright.SEAN:Father?FATHER:Yes,son?SEAN:IdobelieveDianewouldliketoknowthesurprise.DIANE:<Breathinghardasifexhausted,sheturnstoSEAN,noddingherheadupanddownrepeatedly.>Thankyou,Sean.Ioweyouone.〔黛安搖著頭,身體仰靠在椅背上。父親：不管怎么說(shuō),丹人不錯(cuò)。過(guò)去我跟他不熟。發(fā)現(xiàn)我倆還有不少志趣相同之處。家庭,社區(qū),世界和平,人類(lèi)幸福。海蒂：〔咕噥著自言自語(yǔ)就要說(shuō)到正題了。肖恩：爸爸？父親：噯？?jī)鹤?？肖恩：我肯定黛安很想知道是什么驚喜。黛安：〔粗粗地喘氣,好像精疲力竭的樣子,她轉(zhuǎn)向肖恩,連連點(diǎn)頭多了,肖恩。我記著你的情。11FAT