非言語交際及其在交際中的影響

第第頁非言語交際及其在交際中的影響[Abstract]Sincelanguagehasbeencomeintobeing,itplaysacommandingroleasameansofcommunication,butnottheonlymeansofit.Nonverbalcommunicationtakesplacewithverbaloneatthesametimeinthecommunication.However,verbalcommunicationconveysthemessageinaconvenientanddirectwaywhichmakespeopledependmoreonsuchcommunicativemeanswhileneglectthenonverbalone.Soitisnotsurprisingthattraditionallylanguagestudieshaveemphasizedverbalandwrittenforms,butrecentlynonverbalcommunicationhasreceivedmoreandmoreattentionandbecomeayoungsciencewhichisrelatedtomanyothersubjects.

Afterbrieflyreviewingachievementsmadeinthestudyofnonverbalcommunication,thisthesisintroducesthedefinition,classification,function,andculturaldifferencesoncross-culturalnonverbalcommunication.Aimingtopointthesignificanceofnonverbalcommunication,itfocusesontheinfluenceofnonverbalcommunicativeapproachincommunication,especiallyinteachingwiththeimplicationtoit.Inreality,nonverbalcommunicationhasbeenwidelyusedinmanyfields,soitisnecessarytolearnsomethingaboutitinordertoimproveourcommunicativequality.

[KeyWords]nonverbalcommunication;culturaldifference;function;influence;teaching

【摘要】自從語言產(chǎn)生以來,言語交際便在人類交際中扮演最主要的角色,但并非是交際的唯一手段。在傳播過程中,非言語交際與言語交際是同時進行的,然而言語交際較為快捷地傳遞信息,因此人們較多依賴于此種交際手段而忽視非言語表達。難怪對于語言的研究,傳統(tǒng)上較重視口語及書面語這兩種言語交際形式,而很少顧及非言語交際形式;然而近年來,非言語交際手段越來越受到語言學(xué)家們的關(guān)注,成為一門跨學(xué)科的新興科學(xué)。本文簡述了非言語交際的研究成果,從定義、基本分類、功能、跨文化非言語交際的文化差異這幾方面對其作了簡要介紹。為了指出非言語交際的重要性,著重論述非言語交際在交際中的影響尤其對教學(xué)產(chǎn)生的影響,從而得出對教學(xué)的啟示。在現(xiàn)實生活,非言語交際被廣泛應(yīng)用于許多領(lǐng)域,因此為提高交際質(zhì)量有必要對非言語交際作一些了解。

【關(guān)鍵詞】非言語交際;文化差異;功能;影響;教學(xué)

Introduction

Sincelanguagehasbeencomeintobeing,itbecomesthemostimportantcommunicativetoolforhumanbeing,butnottheonlyone.Whenweareinvolvedincommunicating,weneedtomobilizeourfacialexpression,bodymovement,intonation,temperature,color,smell,clothingandbodydecoration,time,spaceandmanyotherwaystocommunicatewitheachother,besidesusinglanguagetotransmitinformation.Thesemeansforcommunicationwithoutwordsareso-callednonverbalcommunication.TraditionallyLanguagestudieshaveemphasizedverbalandwrittenforms,andrecentlynonverbalcommunicationhasreceivedmoreandmoreattention.InmypaperI’llpresentsomebasicconceptions,functions,culturaldifference,andinfluenceonteachingespecially.

1.Abriefreviewofnonverbalcommunicationstudies

Theearlieststudyofnonverbalcommunicationcouldbetracedbacktothatofvariousschoolsofthinkersinpre-QinDynastyandGreekphilosopherAristotle.ConfuciuspaidmoreattentiontoappearanceandpostureindifferentoccasionsandAristotleanalyzedexpressivewaysofbehaviorsinhisworks.[1](P10)ThescientificstudyofnonverbalcommunicationprimarilystartedafterWorldWarII.Oneofthemostinfluentialpre-twentiethcenturyworkswasDarwin’sExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalsin1872.Thisworkspawnedthemodernstudyoffacialexpression,andmanyofhisobservationsandideashavebeenvalidatedbyotherresearchers.Inthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationstillremainedunsystematicfortherewereonlyisolatedstudiesofvoice,physicalappearance

,dressandfacialexpressions.ThethreeinfluentialworksduringthisperiodwereKretschmer’sbookPhysiqueandCharacterin1925,Sheldon’sbookTheVariationsofHumanPhysiquein1940,andEfron’sbookGestureandEnvironmentin1941.In1950s,therewasasignificantincreaseinthenumberofnonverbalresearchefforts.Birdwhistell’sIntroductiontoKinesicsin1952andHall’sSilentLanguagein1959weretwomilestonesofthisdecade.In1956,RueschandKeesproducedabookentitledNonverbalCommunication:NotesontheVisualPerceptionofHumanRelations.Thiswasthefirstbooktousethetermnonverbalcommunicationinitstitle.1960sproduceda“nuclearexplosion”ofnonverbalstudies.Duringthistime,theclassictheoreticalpiecewasEkman’sandFriesen’sarticleontheorigins,usage,andcodingofnonverbalbehavior.The1970sprovedtobeatimeofsummarizingandsynthesizingonnonverbalstudies.ItbeganwithJuliusFast’sBodyLanguagein1970.Thisbookwasthebest-sellingvolumeatthattimeandithasnowbeentranslatedintoseveralChineseversions.The1980swereatimeoffurtherdevelopmentofnonverbalcommunicationstudies.Somenonverbalresearchesofthisdecadefocusedonidentifyingthewaysavarietyofnonverbalsignalsworktogethertoaccomplishcommoncommunicativegoals.Theresearchonnonverbalbehaviorinourcountrybeganfrom1980s.ScholarssuchasHuWenzhong,BiJiwan,DengYianchangandLiuRunqinghavedonesomeresearchwork.[2](P40-41)

Whywebegantheresearchonnonverbalcommunicationlaterthanwesterncountries,sofarasIknow,there’resomereasonsforit.SinceJosephStalinhadcriticizedthe“gesture”ofMarin1950,thescholarsinourcountrywhostudiedlinguistictheoryconsidereditasguidingprincipletoconfirmthefunctionoflanguagecommunicationabsolutelywithoutconsideringthepositionandfunctionofnonverbalcommunicationincommunication.Asaresult,therangeofstudyisonlylimitedtolanguageandcommunicativetoolbasedonlanguage.[1](P1)Andduring1960s-1970sCulturalRevolutionhappenedinourcountrybringingadisastertothestudyofthisfield.

2.Definitionandclassificationofnonverbalcommunication

Therearevariousdefinitionsfornonverbalcommunicationamongdifferentscholars.AccordingtoKnapp[2](P41)thephrasenonverbalcommunicationreferstocommunicationeffectbymeansotherthanwords(assumingwordsaretheverbalelement).Whendefiningnonverbalcommunication,SamovarandPorterproposethat“nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver”.Inthisdefinition,theroleoftheenvironment,themessagevalueofnonverbalstimuliandthecommunicationsettingareemphasizedasthreeimportantfactorsinnonverbalcommunication.[2](P41)Inshort,nonverbalmeansforcommunication,whichisconsideredas“silentlanguage”,expressesmeaningsorfeelingswithoutusingwords.

Asdifferentlinguistsdescribenonverbalcommunicationindifferentdimensions,thereisnogeneralagreementinclassificationasyet.Hereweonlyproposesomeofthecommontopicsmostcommunicationtheoristsaddressthemselvesto:

“Nonverbalcommunicationconsistsofallsignalingsystemsthatdonotusewords.”[3](P181)

1)bodymodesofnonverbalcommunication(kinesics):posture,gestures,eyecontact,facialexpressions,appearance,smell,shiftsinskincolor,usesofclothingandbodydecoration,bodyorientation,anyothermovementofanyotherpartofthebody;

2)spacelanguage(bodydistanceorproxemics):bodytouchandbodydistance;

3)paralanguage(voicemodulation):speed,pitch,volume,pause,intonation,etc;

4)timelanguage:timeorientation(past,present,andfuture),monochromic(M-time)andpolychromic(P-time);

5)environmentalcommunication(interrelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironments):architecture,object,color,lighting,odorsetc;

6)communicationofgeneticcharacteristics,whichareconsideredbysomescholarsasnonverbalcommunication;

7)variousartformsandmediasuchaspainting,architecture,music,film,ballet,andmime

3.Functionsofnonverbalbehaviorincommunication

Insometypesofcommunicationpeopleexpressmorenonverballythanverbally.“OnestudydoneintheUnitedStatesshowedthatinthecommunicationofattitudes,93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbythetoneofthevoiceandbyfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%ofthespeaker’sattitudewastransmittedbywords.”[4](P122)Nonverbalcommunicationissignificantinhumaninteractionbecauseitisusuallyresponsibleforfirstimpression.Thinkforamomentforhowoftenyourfirstjudgmentsarebasedonthecolorofaperson’sskinorthemannerinwhichheorsheisdressed.Moreimportant,thoseinitialmessagesusuallyinfluencetheperceptionofeverythingelsethatfollows.

Nonverbalbehaviorsandverbalcommunicationinteractincommunicationprocess.Forsimplicity,nonverbalcommunicationservestorepeat,complement,reinforce,substitute,regulateorevencontradictourverbalbehavior.[4](P137-139)

3.1Repeating

Nonverbalcommunicationcansimplyrepeatwhatwassaidverbally.Forinstance,verbalstatementsofagreementordisagreementareoftenaccompaniedbyanodorshakeoftheheadtoconveypositiveornegativefeelings.Wemightholdupourhandinthegesturethatsignifiesapersontostopatthesametimeweactuallyusetheword“stop”.Orwemightpointinacertaindirectionafterwehavejustsaid(whentellapersonthewaytotherailwaystation,yougenerallyaddalittleinformationbypointingintheproperdirection.).Thesecouldbeconsideredrepetitionbecausetheyindicatethesamemeaningastheverbalmessages.

3.2Complementing

Closelyrelatedtorepeatingiscomplementing.Althoughmessagesthatrepeatcanstandalone,complementinggenerallyaddsmoreinformationtomessages.Nonverbalsignalscanmodifyorelaborateonverbalmessages.Theactorsoractressesofcomedyorskitorshortcrosstalkaregoodatperformingbodylanguagetomaketheirperformancelivelyandmoreeasilyattracttheattentionofaudiences.Ifyoutellyourfriendthatyouhavenomoneytolendhim,youmayturnoutyourpocketstoshowyoursincereregret.Youcantellsomeonethatyouarepleasedwithhisorherperformance,butthismessagetakesonextrameaningifyoupatthepersonontheshoulderatthesametime.Theseimportantactionshelpustocomplement,completeourverbalbehavior.Youcanseehowanapologybecomesmoreforcefulifyourface,aswellasyourwords,issaying,“I’msorry.”

Thisfunctionofnonverbalcommunicationindicatesthatnonverbalcommunicationissupplementarytoverbalbehaviorincommunication.Ifitseparatesfromverballanguage,themessageconveyedbynonverbalsymbolswillfailtobeunderstoodwhichresultsinfailureofperformingnormalhumancommunication.BritishPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillstressedtheartofspeech.Onceinhisspeech,hesaid,“Thelevelofourlifenowhasexceededanytimeinhistory,forweeatsomuch.”Tothispoint,hestoppedonpurposelookingattheaudiencesforawhile.Thenhecontinuedwiththefingerpointingtohishugestomach,“thisispowerfulevidence.”Churchillusednonverbalapproachtwicetoassistverballanguage.Atfirst,heintentionallyusedpausetoattracttheattentionofthemass;thenheskillfullyusedthebodylanguagepointinghisbeerbellytoreceivevivideffect.[5](P17)Soonlywhenlinguisticcommunicationsystemmixeswithnonverbalcommunicationcanitformacompletecommunicativesystem.Ifitbreaksawayfromthecooperationandassistanceofnonverbalbehavior,itishardtoattaineffectivegoalofcommunication.

3.3Reinforcing

Nonverbalsignalsmaybeusedtoemphasizeaportionoftheverbalmessage.Peoplefrequentlyusemovementsoftheheadandhandssuchasnods,blinks,squints,andshrugs,tohelpaccentorpunctuatetheverbalmessage.Ifyousay“Iloveyou”tosomeoneyoucareabout,ahugorkissisusuallyfollowed.Reinforcingcanalsobeachievedbychangingthepitchorstressonawordorgroupofwords.Ourentiremeaningreliesmoreheavilyonwordsthatareaccented.Forinstance:

(1)Iwanttotalkwithhim.(Thesentencemeaninglaysemphasisonthepersonwhowantstotalk.)

(2)Iwanttotalkwithhim.(Thesentencemeaningreliesontheactionthatthepersonwantstoperform.)

(3)Iwanttotalkwithhim.(Thesentencemeaningputsstressontheconversationalpartnerwithwhomthepersonwantstocommunicate.)

3.4Substituting

Weusesubstitutioninnonverbalcommunicationwhenweperformsomeactioninsteadofspeaking.Quiteafewnonverbalmessagesarecommonlyusetotaketheplaceofwords.Ifyouseeaveryspecialfriend,youareapttoenlargethesizeofyoursmileandthrowopenyourarmstogreethimorher,whichisasubstituteforallthewordsitwouldtaketoconveythesamefeeling.Ifagroupofpeopleisboisterous,youmightplaceyourindexfingertoyourlipsasanalternativetosaying,“PleasecalmdownsothatIcanspeak.”Sometimes,whenwearetoosadorexcitedtosayanything,wejustkeepsilent.Oursilencemayreplaceanyverbalmessages.Insomesituationverbalwordsareunnecessaryforsilenceatthemomentsurpasseswords.[6](P12)BeforeIraqwasintrudedbytheUS,Iraqiex-presidentSaddamHusseinfiredtowardtheskyinthepresenceofthemasstoshowtheangerandthedecisionoffightingagainsttheUS.(fromTVreport)TheactionthepresidentshowedwouldbemorepowerfulthanwordsthatcalledontheIraqipeopletocounterattackAmericantroops.Fordeaf-mutes,borntobeunabletocommunicateverballylikenormalpeople,thesignlanguageorgestureprovidesopportunityforthemtocommunicatewithothersinthesilentworld.Inthiscase,nonverbalcommunicationreplacesthefunctionofverbalone.

Fornonverbalcommunicationtoactassubstitution,itmustbeinterpretedinspecificculture.Herearesomeexamples:Ifwetrytouseourculture’snonverbalsubstitutesinanotherculture,misunderstandingsmayoccur.Arabmenoftengreetbykissingonbothcheeks.InBuddhismcountriesofSoutheastAsialikeThailand,peoplegreetwithbothhandsclosedinfrontofchest.InJapan,mengreetbybowing,andintheUnitedStates,peopleshakehands.Americanswhosay“I”bypointingtotheirchestswouldnotbeunderstoodinJapan,where“I”issymbolizedbypointingtoone’snose.

3.5Regulating

Weoftenregulateandmanagecommunicationbyusingsomeformofnonverbalbehavior:wenodourheadinagreementtoindicatetoourcommunicationpartnerthatweagreeandthatheorsheshouldcontinuetalking;orweremainsilentforamomentandletthesilencesendthemessagethatwearereadytobeginourspeech.Nonverbalbehaviorsusuallyrepresentthemostefficientandleastoffensivemeansofregulatinginteraction.Tosay,“Shutup,Tom”maytriggerahostileanddefensivereaction;topresentthesamemessagebyeyecontactorgestureisamoredesirableway.Noddingandeyecontactaretwotypicalnonverbalhintsthatmean“Iwanttotalk”and“It’syourturntotalk”.Whenwewanttoindicatewehavefinishedspeakingandtheotherpersoncanstartinaconversation,wemayincreaseoureyecontactwiththeotherperson.Conversely,ifwewanttokeeptheotherfromspeaking,wemaydecreaseeyecontactandperhapsraisethevolume.Whenwedonotwanttotakeaspeakingturn,wemightreinforceourheadnodsandmaintainattentiveeyecontact.Rapidnodsmaysignalthespeakertohurryupandfinishwhileslowandsilentnodsusuallyindicatethespeaker’stalkingwillcontinue.

3.6Contradicting

Thetermcontradictingincludesavarietyofwaysverbalandnonverbalsignalsarenotinagreementwitheachother.Ayoungwomantoldherpsychologicaldoctorthatshewasdeeplyinlovewithherboyfriendwithshakingherheadatthesametimethatunconsciouslydisapprovedwhatshesaid.[7](P3)“Hethathaseyestoseeandearstohearmayconvincehimselfthatnomortalcankeepasecret.”(SigmundFreud[3](P181))Thatistosay,ournonverbalactionswouldtellthetruthsthataretriedtocoverbyverbalmessages.Youtellsomeoneyouarerelaxedandatease,yetyourvoicequaversandyourhandsshake.

Thecontradictorymessageoccursbecausepeopledonotwanttotellthetruthandtheydonotwanttolie.Inmostcases,wedon’tliketocontradictothers,hurttheirfeelingorletthemloseface.Whenafriendgaveaterriblepresentation,wemaysay“Youdiditquitewell.”butourvoice,faceandbodymaynotsupportthewords.Onotheroccasions,peopleevenusecontradictorymessagestocommunicatesarcasmorirony,sayingonethingwithwordsbutmeaningtheoppositewithvocaltoneorfacialexpressions.

Becausepeoplerelymostlyonnonverbalmessageswhentheyreceiveconflictingdata,weneedtobeawareofthedangersinherentinsendingopposingmessages.

4.Somenonverbalbehaviorsindifferentcultures

Muchofourdifficultywithpeopleinothercountriesstemsfromthefactthatsolittleisknownaboutnonverbalcommunication.Formaltraininginthelanguage,history,government,andcustomsofanothernationisonlythefirststepinacomprehensiveprogram.Ofequalimportanceisanintroductiontothenonverballanguagewhichexistsineverycountryoftheworldandamongthevariousgroupswithineachcountry.

Cultureisall-persuasive,multidimensional,andboundless;itiseverywhereandineverything.Thesameisalsotrueofnonverbalbehavior.Ourclothesandjewelry,thecountlessexpressionswecanreflectwithourface,thehundredsofmovementswecanmakewithourbodies,whereandhowwetouchpeople,ourgazeandeyecontact,vocalbehaviorssuchaslaughter,andouruseoftime,space,andsilencearejustsomeofthebehaviorsinwhichweengagethatserveasmessage.

4.1Generalappearanceanddress

Ininterculturalcommunication,appearanceandobjectsareimportantbecausethestandardsweapplyandthejudgmentswemakearesubjecttoculturalinterpretations.IntheUnitedStates,peopletendtovaluetheappearanceoftall,slenderwomen.InJapan,diminutivefemalesaredeemedthemostattractive.

Clothinghowmuch,howlittle,andwhatkindisalsoareflectionofaculture’svalueorientation.Forexample,modestyishighlyvaluedamongArabs.Muslimgirlsusuallywearscarvestocovertheirheads,andinmostinstances,girlsarenotallowedtoparticipateinswimmingclassesbecauseoftheprohibitionsagainstexposingtheirbodies.

4.2Gestures

Gesturesrefertospecificbodymovementsthatcarrymeaning.Handscanformshapesthatconveymanymeaningsthatmaydifferamongcultures.Whatisacceptableinoneculturemaybecompletelyunacceptableinanother.Oneculturemaydeterminethatsnappingfingerstocallwaiterisappropriate;anothermayconsiderthisgesturerude.Forinstance,the“OK”gestureintheAmericancultureisasymbolformoneyinJapan.ThesamegestureisobsceneinsomeLatinAmericancountries;whileforChineseorpeopleintheSouthofFranceiszeroornothing.[6](P13)

Thesamemovementwithdifferentmeaningincross-culturalcommunicationwillleadtomisunderstandinginminordegreeotherwisetocourtdisaster.ThegestureforapplaudingovertheheadinAmericausuallymeansarrogancetodefeatthecounterpart,whileinRussiaitisasymboloffriendship.WhentheSovietPremierKhrushchevvisitedAmerica,heperformedsuchgesturetoindicatefriendship,butthismademanyAmericansfeeluncomfortable.[6](P13)

4.3Posture

Postureandsittinghabitsofferinsightintoaculture’sdeepstructure.InmanyAsiancultures,thebowismuchmorethanagreeting.Itsignifiestheculture’sconcernwithstatusandrank.InJapan,forexample,lowpostureisanindicatorofrespect.Althoughitappearssimpletotheoutsider,thebowingritualisactuallyrathercomplicated.Thepersonwhooccupiesthelowerstatusbeginsthebow,andhisorherbowmustbedeeperthantheotherperson’s.Thesuperior,ontheotherhand,determineswhenthebowingistoend.Whentheparticipantsareofequalrank,theybeginthebowinthesamemannerandendatthesametime.

IntheUnitedStates,wherebeingcasualandfriendlyisvalued,peopleoftenfallintochairsorslouchwhentheystand.Inmanycountries,suchasGermanyandSweden,wherelifestylestendtobemoreformal,slouchingisconsideredasignofrudenessandpoormanners.InTurkey,puttingone’shandsinone’spocketsisasignofdisrespect.

Themannerinwhichwesitalsocancommunicateamessage.InGhanaandinTurkey,sittingwithone’slegscrossedisextremelyoffensive.PeopleinThailandbelievethatbecausethebottomsofthefeetarethelowestpartofthebody,theyshouldneverbepointedinthedirectionofanotherperson.Infact,fortheThai,thefeettakeonsomuchsignificancethatpeopleavoidstompingwiththem.

4.4Paralanguage

“Paralanguagereferstoalltheacousticphenomenatoaccompanythespokenwords.”Thatis,whatissaidisnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwordsbutneedstoconsiderotherfactorsmainlyincludingvoiceset,voicequalitiesandvocalization.Voicesetregardedasthebackgroundofthewordsincludesthehighorlowpitchofthetoneandvolumeanddynamicsofthevoice.[8](P68)ThistermwasfirstraisedupbylinguistTragerinhisbookLanguageinCultureandSocietypressedin1965.Aswithallotheraspectsofournonverbalbehavior,cultureinfluencesouruseofandresponsetoparalanguage.Weonlyhavetolookatdifferencesintheuseofvolumetoseethis.Arabsspeakveryloudlybecauseloudnessforthemconnotesstrengthandsincerity,whilesoftnesscommunicatesweaknessanddeviousness.ForIsraelis,increasedvolumereflectsstrongbeliefstowardtheissueunderdiscussion.TheGermansconducttheirbusinesswithacommandingtonethatprojectsauthorityandself-confidence.Ontheotherendofthecontinent,thereareculturesthathaveaverydifferentviewtowardloudandfirmvoices.ForThaipeople,aloudvoiceisperceivedasbeingimpolite.InJapan,raisingone’svoiceoftenimpliesalackofself-control.Forthem,agentleandsoftvoicereflectsgoodmannersandhelpsmaintainsocialharmonytwoimportantvaluesinJapaneseculture.WheninteractingwithAmericans,peoplefromculturesthatspeaksoftlyoftenbelievethatAmericansareangryorupsetbecauseofotherrelativelyloudspeech.

4.5Interpersonalspace

Wedistanceourselvesratherpreciselyfromeachotherwhilespeaking,andthesedistancesaredeterminedculturally.IntheUnitedStates,theconversationaldistanceisaboutarm’slength.Peopleinsomeculturesstandmuchcloser;othersfurtherapart.Aswithmostcommunicationtraditions,violationofsuchaculturalhabitcancausediscomfort,evendistress.Itcanbeamusingtowatchtwopeoplewhowereraisedindifferentcultureswithdifferentimpressionsofproperdistancedotheirspacingmovinginanattempttoarriveatmutuallycomfortablepositions.NorthAmericansandSpaniardsprovideagoodexample.[3](P191)ANorthAmericanspeakingtoaSpaniardwillwantmorespacebetweenthemthanwilltheSpaniard.SotheSpaniardislikelytostepabitcloser,causingtheNorthAmericantomovebackastep.Finally,asoftenhappens,theNorthAmericanwillbeupagainstawall,withnoroomtoretreatfurther,feelinguncomfortableastheSpaniard“crowds”in.TheSpaniard,meanwhile,willfeelcomfortable.

5.Theinfluenceofnonverbalcommunicativeapproachincommunication

RayBirdwhistelloftheUniversityofPennsylvania,oneofthepioneerprimemoversincontemporaryAmericanstudiesofnonverbalcommunication,hasestimatedthatperhaps30to35percentofhumancommunicationoccursthroughwords,therestthroughnonverbalmodes.[3](P182)Obviously,themajorityofcommunicativemessagesareconveyedbynonverbalmodesthatplayanimportantroleincommunication.

Nonverbalcommunicativeapproachhassomecharacteristicstogivestronginfluenceoncommunication.Firstly,nonverbalsymbolhasaqualityofdistinctiveness.Wecanoftenseesomeclearlymarkedsymbolsthatcanbeunderstoodatfirstsightattheairportorontheroadsideofrailwayorhighwaytosendvariousinstructionstoconducttransportation.Whenwemeetjoyousoccasionorfuneralarrangements,wedressinbrightredtoexpresscongratulationswhileinblacktoexpressheartfeltcondolencesandconsolationtothefamilyofthedeceased.[5](P16)Thiskindofnonverbalsymbolofdresscanexpresshuman’smoodmoresimply,directlyanddistinctively,whichcanbeeasilyaccepted.Ontheotherhand,sometimesnonverbalcommunicationisfaintlyvisibleandindistinctive.Itisappropriatetousetheindistinctivenonverbalcommunicativeapproachinsomespecialoccasion.Imaginethatwhenyourgirlfriendorboyfriendwanttoexposeyourembarrassedexperiencetoyourfriends,butyouareunwillingtoletithappen,soyoutrytostopit.Ifyoushout,“Shutup!”itmayresultinatenseatmosphereandhurtingthefeelingofyourhoney;whilewithangrystare,suchindistinctivesignal,bothofyoucanavoidinvolvingintheembarrassment.[9](P15)

5.1Theinfluenceofnonverbalcommunicativeapproachinthemassmedia

ItiswellknowntousthatanattractiveactororactresscangaintheacknowledgementoftheaudiencelikethefamouscomedyactorChaplinduetoperformingmorenonverballythanverbally.Chaplin’sexcellentperformanceinsilentfilmgaveusdeepimpressionbecauseofhisproperapplicationofnonverbalcommunicativeapproachtoexpresshisideasandsendmessagetotheaudiences.ZhaoBenshan,afamousskitactorwithlocalcolorinourcountry,isgoodatusinghisbodylanguagetoamusetheaudiences.There’sNorPlayinJapan(akindofJapanesetraditionalplaynongekiinJapanese)thatactorswearmaskswhicharetotallylackofexpressiononperformance.Inordertoexpressmoreprofoundjoyousorsorrowfulfeeling,theyoftenperformwiththebacktowardstheaudiences.Althoughthereisnoexpressionontheirbacks,theycanstimulatetheimaginationoftheaudiencesonthecontrary,fortheaudiencescandiscodevarioussignalssentfromtheflatbackofactor.[10](P158)Writersalsomakegooduseofnonverbalcommunicativeapproachtoservetheirworks,especiallytonovelists.SherlockHolmesshapedbyArthurConanDoyleisasuccessfulherowhichiscontributedtothefactthatHolmsknowhowtomakegooduseofmajorityofnonverbalcommunicationandgainthemessageinamaximumfromobservation.[11](P36)

DifferenttypesofTVprogrammesreflectdifferenttypesofcommunication.Recreationalprogrammesfocus