tionofGovernmentWorkReportfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalence本科畢業(yè)論文

iiChapterOneIntroduction1.1BackgroundoftheStudyUnderthebackgroundofglobalization,theexchangesamongcountriesinpolitics,trade,economy,cultureandotherfieldsareincreasingdaybyday.Languagebarrierhasbecomeoneoftheproblemsthatneedtobesolvedurgently,whichmakestheuseanddemandoftranslationgraduallyincrease.Inordertocatchupwiththeworld,Chinabegantoimplementthereformandopeninguppolicymorethanthreedecadesago.Today,thecountryhasmadeamazingachievementsinvariousfields,whichshockedmostcountriesintheworld.TheimprovementofChina'sstatusandnationalinfluencehasbroughtmanybenefitstothepeople.AllofthesemaketheoutsideworldwanttoknowmoreaboutChina,notonlyitstraditionalculture,butalsoitseconomicandpoliticaldevelopment.GovernmentWorkReportisaformofofficialdocumentoftheChinesegovernment,whichhasdistinctpoliticalcomplexionandChinesecharacteristics.Receivingmoreattentionfromtherestoftheworld,GovernmentWorkReporthasbecomeoneofthemostauthoritativesourcebywhichforeignersgettounderstandtheworksperformedbytheChinesegovernment.Thusthetranslationofthistextneedstobehighlyrigorous,consistentandaccurate.OnlyinthiswaycanGovernmentWorkReportplaytheroleofdisplayingtheimageoftheChinesegovernment.Functionalequivalencetheory,putforwardbyEugeneA.Nida,containsformalequivalenceandcontentequivalence.AlthoughNidaclaimsthatcontentisfirstandformissecond,thisdoesnotsignifythatcontentequivalenceisvaluedwhileformalequivalenceisignored.Realizingthedualequivalenceofcontentandformistheforemostperfectsituation,butifcontentandformdoubleequivalencecannotbeaccomplishedatthesametime,contentequivalenceoughttobeconsideredfirst.FromNida'spointofview,translationcanbecomemorefluentthroughthefunctionalequivalence.Theadventoffunctionalequivalencetheorynotonlyprovidesanewperspectivefortranslationstudies,butalsoaddressesthelong-standingcontroversybetweenliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,andfindstheequilibriumbetweendomesticationandforeignization.ThetranslationofGovernmentWorkReportshouldattaintheequivalenceofform,content,andmoreoverthestylesothatforeignerswillexactlyapprehendChina'spolitical,cultural,historicalandsocialdevelopment.Asaconsequence,theutilizationoffunctionalequivalencetheoryisreasonable,whichissuitableforthetranslationpracticeandresearchoftheGovernmentWorkReport.Withtheusageofthistheory,theform,contentandstylebetweenthetargettextandtheoriginaltextwillbecomemoreidentical.Also,thefluenttranslationcanpresenttheoriginalinformationconveyedbytheauthortothetargetreaderscompletely.1.2TheoverallstructureofthestudyThisthesisiscomposedoffivechapters,whichareintroduction,literaturereview,theoreticalframework,mainresearchandconclusion.Thebackgroundandthewholestructureofthispaperareintroducedinthefirstchapter.Thesecondchapterdescribesthepreviousstudiesonfunctionalequivalencetheoryandgovernmentworkreport,andthenintroducesthestylisticcharacteristicsofgovernmentworkreport.Thethirdchapterintroducesthedefinitionanddevelopmentprocessoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Thefourthchapteristhemainbodyofthearticle,connectingtheorywithpractice.OnthebasisofNida’sfunctionalequivalencetheory,theauthordiscussesthetranslationofgovernmentworkreportsatlexical,syntacticandtextuallevelrespectively.Inthelastsection,theconclusionisdrawn,andthelimitationsofthepresentstudyandsuggestionsforfuturestudyareputforward.

ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2.1PreviousStudiesofFunctionalEquivalenceThefunctionalequivalencetheorywassetforthbyEugeneA.Nida,oneofthemostcelebratedtranslationtheoristandlinguistintheworld.Nidaheldthattranslationisnottheequivalenceoflanguage,buttheequivalenceoflanguagefunctionandtheequivalenceofreaders'psychologicalresponse.Inthiskindoftranslation,theresponseoftherecipientofthetargettextisbasicallythesameasthatoftherecipientoftheoriginaltext.Thatistosay,anequivalenttranslationshouldbeproducedinlinewiththeprocessofanalysis,transferandrestructuringsothatitsoundsmorenatural.Inthelate19thcentury,thefar-reachingtranslationtripleprincipleof"faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance"wasfirstpropoundedbyYanFu,afar-famedtranslatorinChina.Thisprincipleisverysimilartothewesterntheoryoffunctionalequivalence.Later,FuLeiputforwardthetheoryof“spiritalikeness”,whichemphasizedresemblanceinspiritinsteadofresemblanceinform(傅雷，1951).Additionally,QianZhongshumentionedthetheoryof“sublimity”,believingthatthehighestleveloftranslationistopreservethestyleoftheoriginaltextandatthesametimemakethelanguageofthetranslationnatural,withoutanytracesoftranslation(錢鐘書，1964).TherearenumeroussimilaritiesbetweenthesetwotheoriesandNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory.Inspiteofthefactthatthefunctionalequivalencetheoryhasbeenarguedaboutalotwithinthewesterntranslationfieldatthebeginningofthepresentation,ithasinitiatedanewagefortranslationtheoryresearch.Uptothepresentmoment,ithasdevelopedintothemostdebated,influentialandappliedtheory.2.2PreviousStudiesoftheTranslationofGovernmentWorkReportThedegreeofacountry'sdiplomaticexchangesandtheconstructionofitsculturalenvironmentcanbemanifestedthroughthepoliticalpropagandatranslation.Toalargeextent,peopleintheworldgettoknowChinabythewayofthetranslationofthesepoliticaltexts.ThetranslationofGovernmentWorkReportisapartofthis,whichiscompletedbythetranslationassociationcomposedofhigh-levelexpertsandscholars.Translatorsaresupposedtohavesophisticatedprofessionalismaswellaspoliticalawareness,foranymistakeintranslationmaycauseseriousconsequence.Inthe21stcentury,withtheenhancementofChina'sinternationalprestigeandstanding,thetranslationstudiesofgovernmentdocumentshavebeguntogaininpopularity.JiaYuling(2003)whoisadeptattranslatingattheCompilationandTranslationBureauoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,systematicallyanalyzedthecausesoftheoccurrenceofChinglish,baseduponthetranslationofGovernmentWorkReport.ChengZhenqiu(2003),ontheotherhand,discussedthepracticeandresearchofpoliticaldocumenttranslationfromvariousperspectives.Fromtheaspectsofculture,languageandstyle,theprincipleoffaithfulnessinpoliticaltranslationhasbeenmootedinhisownwork.Theproblemofmigrationredundancyexistinginthetranslationof2010governmentworkreportanditsmatchingexplicationshavebeenthoughtthroughbyWuGuangjun(2010)intheregardsofsentenceanddiscourse.2.3ABriefIntroductionofGovernmentWorkReport2.3.1FormationofGovernmentWorkReportAdraftingpanelofGovernmentWorkReport,whichcomposesofmembersworkingattheResearchOfficeoftheStateCouncil,isfoundedbytheStateCouncilattheendofeveryyear.Meanwhile,relatedgovernmentorgan,localauthorities,specialistsandscholarswillalsobeencouragedtoparticipateinthedraftingofgovernmentworkreports.Inordertocarryouttheresearchinvariousmanners,thedraftingpanelwilllearnthespiritoftheCentralCommitteeandclarifytherequirementsoftheprimeminister,heartheviewsofallsidesandformthefirstdraftofthereport.Notonlydoesthegovernmentworkreportretrospectandoutlinethegovernmentworkintheyearbefore,butitalsoproposesthegovernment'sworkplansandgoalsforthenextyear.Thegovernmentworkreportemphasizesworkstepsandworkschedulesintermsofgovernmentfunctions,democraticrights,administrationinaccordancewithlaw,andworkstyledevelopment.InadditiontocoveringChina'sworkplansinvariousfields,thereisalsothecontentofdiplomaticandinternationalaffairs,sendingoutthevoiceoftheChinesegovernmenttothepublicathomeandabroad.2.3.2LinguisticCharacteristicsofGovernmentWorkReportThewordsusedintheGovernmentWorkReportarestandardizedandaccurate,focusingonthesubtledifferencesbetweensimilarwords,soastoreflectthestandardizationoftheGovernmentWorkReport,andfaithfullydemonstratetheintentionofthegovernmentorgantoissuethedocument.SincethelanguagefeaturesoftheGovernmentWorkReportareboundupwiththepolitical,economicandsocialdevelopment,thereareagreatdealofwordswithrichconnotationsandwithlocalcharacteristicsinthereport.Moreover,thereportalsolikestousefour-characteridioms.InGovernmentWorkReport,alongandcomplexsentenceisbrokenintoseveralpartsbythewayofcomma.Everyindependentparthasitsownmeaning.Besides,mostsentencesareactive.Finally,mostofthesentencesarewithoutsubjectinthereport.GovernmentWorkReport,withrigorousstructureandformalstyle,hasdistinctivefeaturesindiscourse.Paragraphdivisionismainlyonthegroundsofthecontentandfunction.Therearenoconspicuouscohesivewordsinthecohesionofthetext.ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework3.1TheDefinitionofFunctionalEquivalenceIn1986,EugeneA.Nida,whohasinitiatedthemoderndisciplineoftranslationstudieswithotherlinguists,broughtforwardfunctionalequivalencetheory.AccordingtoNida,thetargetlanguageitemisselectednotbecauseitissimilarinformtothesourcelanguageitem,butbecauseitenablesthetargetreadertounderstandthecontextualmeaningoftheoriginaltextmoreclearly.Inotherwords,translationdoesnotquestforthesimpleandplaincorrespondenceonthesurfaceofthetext,butachievestheequivalencebetweenthetwolanguages.Heexpectedthattheterm“function”and“functional”haveafirmerfoundationforarguingabouttranslationasamannerofcommunication,becausecenteroftranslationliesinitsfunctionorperformance.Nidagaveprioritytocontentoverform.Hedeemsthat“thetranslatorshallmakesomechangestothetranslation,oraddfootnotestomakeexplanationifformsarerequiredtoberetained”(1964).Thetranslatorshouldalterthetranslationcorrespondinglyaccordingtothereadertobefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Thistheoryalsosuggeststhatanidealtranslationshouldbeabletoproducefunctionalequivalence,informationequivalence,andresponseequivalencetothetargetandtheoriginalrecipient.3.2TheDevelopmentofFunctionalEquivalenceDefinedbyNidaasoneof“twodifferenttypesofequivalence”,formalequivalenceattachesimportancetothemessageitself,containingbothformandcontent.Itrepresentsatendencythattheformalfeaturesoftheoriginaltextaremechanicallytranslatedinthereceptorlanguage.DynamicequivalencewasintroducedinNida’sbookTowardaScienceofTranslatingin1964,whichisareceptor-orientedtheoryfocusingonreader’sresponse.Itmeans“theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource-languagemessage”(1964).Later,NidastartedtousefunctionalequivalenceinhisbookFromOneLanguagetoAnother(1986),aimingforahighdegreeofdynamicequivalence.Functionalequivalencehasarousedwidespreadconcernandchangedpeople'sviewsontranslationstandardsinthepast.ChapterFourTranslationStrategiesofGovernmentWorkReportfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory4.1FunctionalEquivalenceatLexicalLevelInfunctionalequivalence,lexicalequivalenceisinthemostelementaryposition,anditisalsothepremiseofsyntacticequivalenceandtextualequivalence.Itrequiresthatthetranslatedvocabularybeconsistentwiththeoriginalvocabularyinconnotationandstyle.Toachievelexicalequivalence,thefollowingthreetechniquesareusedinthetranslationofthe2019GovernmentWorkReport.4.1.1AmplificationDuetothedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishculturalbackgroundsandlanguagehabits,itisalsonecessarytoaddpropervocabularyintheprocessofChinese-EnglishtranslationtohelpthetargetreadersunderstandthedeepmeaningofsomeChinesecharacteristicexpressions.Atthelexicallevel,Amplificationistoaddnecessarywordsaccordingtothesemanticorsyntacticrequirementsoftheoriginaltext,soastoachievedoubleequivalencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettextintermsofcontentandculture.Example1:“雙隨機(jī)、一公開”監(jiān)管全面實(shí)施Translation:Oversightconductedthroughtherandomselectionofbothinspectorsandinspectiontargetsandthepromptreleaseofresultswereimplementednationwide.ManypoliciesorsocialphenomenainChineseareusuallysummedupinafewwords,whichareconciseandeasytospread.Ifonlytheliteralmeaningofthesewordsistranslated,thetargetreaderswillnotunderstandthedeepmeaningofthepolicybecausetheydonotunderstandtheculturalbackgroundandpoliticalpoliciesofChina.Therefore,inordertoachievesemanticequivalence,itisnecessarytoaddtheomittedwordsintheoriginaltextandexpresstheirimpliedcomponentstomakethetranslationclear.Onlyinthiswaycanwenotonlyrevealitsconnotation,butalsoavoidmisunderstandingofthetargetreaders.4.1.2OmissionOmissionalludestothefactthatsomewordsintheprimitivetextcanbeleftoutinthetranslationratherthanbetranslated.Inspiteofnoexactlycorrespondingwordinthetranslatedtext,thetranslationstillobviouslyindicatestheoriginalauthor’sintention.Thegoalofomissionistomakethetranslationsmootherandmoreconsistentwiththehabitoftranslation.Example2:解憂紓困Translation:overcomeproblemsandconcernsExample3:減稅降費(fèi)Translation:cuttaxesandfeesTheoriginalChinesetextsometimesuseshighlyrepetitivewordsforemphasis.Inthiscase,thosewordscanbeomittedduringtranslation.Chineseverbsareusedmorefrequently,butEnglishhashigherrequirementsforpredicateverbsinsentences,sosomeverbscanbeomittedappropriatelyinthetranslation.4.1.3ConversionConversionreferstochangingthepart-of-speechofcertainwordsintheoriginaltextwhilekeepingtheoriginalcontentunchangedduringtranslation,inordertoachievefunctionalequivalence.Example4:絕不允許增加新的拖欠Translation:newarrearsareimpermissibleChinesesentencesliketouseverbs,whileEnglishsentencestendtouseotherpartsofspeech.Sometimesfortheneedsofexpression,ChineseverbscanbeconvertedintoEnglishadjectives,makingthetranslationmorevividandconcise.4.2FunctionalEquivalenceatSyntacticLevelSyntacticequivalenceisbasedonfunctionalequivalenceatthesyntacticlevel,whichisbasedonlexicalequivalence.Itnotonlyrequirestheequivalenceofmeaningstylebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettext,butalsorequirestheequivalenceofsentencestructure.4.2.1TranslationofZero-subjectSentencesThereareagreatnumberofzero-subjectsentencesinthe2019GovernmentWorkReport.InChineseexpression,sentenceswithoutsubjectaremorecommon,butinEnglish,sentenceswithoutsubjectareincomplete,sotheyneedtobeprocessedinthetranslation.Example5:防范化解重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Translation:Weforestalledanddefusedmajorrisks.Inmanycases,wecanselectthegeneralpersonalpronounssuchaswe,one,andyouasthesubjectofthezero-subjectsentencefortranslation.Sometimeswecanalsoaddorchooseapropernounsubjectaccordingtothespecificsituation.Example6:取消一批行政許可事項(xiàng)Translation:Anumberofgovernmentpermitswereabolished.Inthesixthexample,theactivesentenceofChineseistransformedintothepassivesentenceofEnglishfortheconvenienceofreaders.SincepassivesentencesareuniversalinEnglish,theactive-passivetranslationmethodisusedtotransformsentencepatterns.TheuseofpassivesentencescanmakethelanguageofGovernmentWorkReportmoreimpersonalandofficial,andaccomplishfunctionalequivalenceinstyle.4.2.2TranslationofLongandComplicatedSentencesChineselongsentencesaresentenceswithmanywords,complicatedstructures,andmultiplelevelsofsemantics.Sincethetwolanguagesareverydifferentinsentencestructure,whentranslatingalongChinesesentence,wemustfirstanalyzethewholesentence,determinethesubjectandpredicate,adjustthewordorder,andreproducetherelationshipsinthesentenceaccordingtotheEnglishexpression.Example7:政府工作存在不足，一些改革發(fā)展舉措落實(shí)不到位，形式主義、官僚主義仍然突出，督查檢查考核過多過頻、重留痕輕實(shí)績，加重基層負(fù)擔(dān)。Translation:Thereisroomforimprovementintheworkofgovernment.Somemeasuresandpoliciesforreformanddevelopmenthavenotbeenfullyimplemented.Westillhaveaseriousproblemwithpointlessformalitiesandbureaucratism.Excessiveandover-frequentinspectionsandevaluationsandafocusonthesuperficialtotheneglectofthesubstantivehaveincreasedtheburdenonofficialsworkingattheprimarylevel.ThestructureoftheinitialChinesesentenceisrelativelyloose,andthelogicalrelationshipinthesentenceisnotobvious.Intranslation,onesentenceoftheoriginaltextcanbetranslatedintotwoormoresentences,soastoconformtothehabitsofthetargetlanguageandfacilitatethereaders'understanding.Example8:經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化遭遇波折，多邊主義受到?jīng)_擊，國際金融市場震蕩，特別是中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦給一些企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營、市場預(yù)期帶來不利影響。Translation:Setbacksineconomicglobalization,challengestomultilateralism,shocksintheinternationalfinancialmarket,andespeciallytheChina-USeconomicandtradefrictions,hadanadverseeffectontheproductionandbusinessoperationsofsomecompaniesandonmarketexpectations.TherearenotmanyconjunctionsinChinesesentences,butinEnglish,thesentencestructureisrigorous,thelogicalrelationshipisstrict,andthesentencetrunkisclear.IntheprocessofChinese-Englishtranslation,severalChinesesentencescanbeappropriatelycombinedintoonelongEnglishsentence.4.3FunctionalEquivalenceatTextualLevelText,asemanticunit,expressescompletemeaninginaspecificcontextbutisnotconstrictedbysentencegrammar.Inordertoachievecommunicativepurposes,somemeaning-relatedsentenceswillusediscoursecohesiontoformthetext.Forbetterunderstandingofreaders,thetranslatorneedstodealwiththecohesionskillsofthetext,sothatachievetheequivalenceintheformofthetext,andthenachievetheequivalenceinthestyleofthewholetext.4.3.1ReferencesAccordingtoHalliday,“Aparticipantintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.Inthesimplestcase,itmeansthatthesamethingcomesagain.”(Halliday,1994：309)Example9:政府要堅(jiān)決把不該管的事項(xiàng)交給市場，最大限度減少對資源的直接配置，審批事項(xiàng)應(yīng)減盡減，確需審批的要簡化流程和環(huán)節(jié)，讓企業(yè)多用時(shí)間跑市場、少費(fèi)功夫跑審批。Translation:Thegovernmentmustactwithresolvetohandmattersitshouldn’tmanageovertothemarket,andmakemaximumreductionstoitsdirectallocationofresources.Everyrequirementforgovernmentapprovalthatshouldbecanceledwillbecanceled.Whenapprovalisrequired,theproceduresandstepsinvolvedwillbesimplified.Thiswillleavecompaniestospendmoretimedoingbusinessandlesstimechasingapprovals.ThelengthysentencesinthepremierChinesetexthaveintricatesemanticrelationships.InthetargetEnglishtext,thetranslatordividestheoriginalsentenceintoseveralsentencestotranslate.Forthesakeofnoduplication,thecohesiveword"This"isexertedinthetranslation.Bymeansoftheutilizationofword"This",theassociationbetweensentencesismoredefined,soastofulfillcontentequivalenceinfunctionalequivalenceatthediscourselevel.4.3.1ConjunctionsConjunction,byitsdefinition,isanuninflectedlinguisticformwhichcombinessentences,clauses,phrasesorwords.Theapplicationofconjunctionscannotonlymakereadersbeevidentlyawareofthesemanticrelationshipbetweensentences,butalsoimplementtheformalequivalencebetweenthetranslatedtextandtheoriginaltext.Example10:充分發(fā)揮消費(fèi)的基礎(chǔ)作用、投資的關(guān)鍵作用，穩(wěn)定國內(nèi)有效需求，為經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行提供有力支撐。Translation:Wewillfullyleveragethebasicroleofconsumptionandthekeyroleofinvestment,ensuresteadyeffectivedomesticdemand,andthusbooststableeconomicperformance.Thetenthexampledescribesmeasurestounleashthepotentialofdomesticdemand,followedbytheexpectedresults.Theparallelrelationshipbetweensentences,withtheadditionoftheconjunction“thus”,becomesmoreobvious.ChapterFiveConclusion5.1SummaryofFiningsThetranslationoftheGovernmentWorkReportplaysapositiveroleinspreadingabouttheChinesegovernment’spoliticaldecision-makingandlettingtheworldbettercatchontoChina.Notonlyshouldthetranslatorspreciselytransmitthesubstance,formandstyleofthesourcetext,buttheyshouldmoreoverpossessasharppoliticalawareness.Asaconsequence,thetranslatorshouldtaketheprincipleoffaithfulnessasthefundamentalcriterionintheprocessoftranslation,soastoensurethatthetranslationtextaccuratelyretainstheoriginalmeaning.Thisthesis,inlightofNida’sfunctionalequivalence,scrutinizest