歐洲觀點(diǎn)下的政府采購(gòu)條款與條件

TermsandConditionsinGovernmentProcurement,

fromanEUperspective

歐洲觀點(diǎn)下的政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)條款與條件Introduction引言依公平、公開之採(cǎi)購(gòu)程序，提升採(cǎi)購(gòu)效率與功能，確保採(cǎi)購(gòu)品質(zhì)（政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)法第1條）

TOestablishagovernmentprocurementsystemthathasfairandopenprocurementprocedures,canpromotetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofgovernmentprocurementoperation,andisabletoensurethequalityofprocurement.(Article1ofGovernmentProcurementLaw,ROC)ThreeprinciplesfortermsandconditionsoftheContractTermsWorkshopheldbyCommissionofNationalCorporation,(1993)

國(guó)營(yíng)會(huì)「外購(gòu)合約條款研討會(huì)」(1993)三點(diǎn)共識(shí)：

(1)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依合約特性由業(yè)主及承包商合理分擔(dān)

Projectrisksshouldbeequitablysharedbytheownerandthecontractor(2)一般合約條款依國(guó)際業(yè)界慣例及共識(shí)辦理

Generalprovisionsshouldfollowinternationalbusinesspracticeandtheconsensusreachedattheworkshop(3)特別條款本於公平合理原則尋求國(guó)際業(yè)界慣例，依合約特性及業(yè)主及承包商雙方商業(yè)考量辦理

Specialprovisions,tobebasedonspecificneedsoftheownerandthecontractor,shouldseektofollowthefairnessprincipleandinternationalbusinesspractices.EUperspective歐洲觀點(diǎn)

ContractimplementationanddeputesarisingfromcontractexecutionarenotcoveredbytheGPAoranyotherWTOagreementdirectly;

契約執(zhí)行以及因履行契約所生之爭(zhēng)議並未直接納入政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)協(xié)定或其他世貿(mào)組織協(xié)議；Draftcontracttermsareoftenpartofthetenderdocumentsandmayhaveanimportantimpactonbidders’decisiononwhethertobidornot;

契約條款草約常成為投標(biāo)文件之部分內(nèi)容，可能會(huì)對(duì)投標(biāo)人決定投標(biāo)與否產(chǎn)生重大影響；Onerousoradversarialprocurementcontracttermsandcontractmaycreate“anunnecessaryobstacletotrade”fromaGPAperspective

自政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)協(xié)定觀點(diǎn)視之，繁重棘手或較不友善之採(cǎi)購(gòu)契約條款和契約可能會(huì)造成「不必要之貿(mào)易障礙」；AllGPApartieshaveadoptedstandarddocumentsforthewholeprocurementprocess,includingstandardcontractforms:

所有政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)協(xié)定之會(huì)員國(guó)均已採(cǎi)納完整採(cǎi)購(gòu)程序之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件，包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)契約條款；EUperspective歐洲觀點(diǎn)

EUperspective歐洲觀點(diǎn)

TheEuropeanCommissionhasadoptedstandardtenderandcontracttermsforprocurementofgoods,servicesandworks.TheyarethemostadequatefortheCommissionneedsandbuiltontheirownexperienceandconsistentwiththeirlaws.

歐盟委員會(huì)對(duì)於產(chǎn)品、勞務(wù)及工程採(cǎi)購(gòu)已採(cǎi)納標(biāo)準(zhǔn)招標(biāo)與契約條款。以最適合歐盟委員會(huì)需求，根據(jù)本身經(jīng)驗(yàn)並符合法令要求之方式呈現(xiàn)；EUperspective歐洲觀點(diǎn)

Itisraretohaveauniquemodelforallkindsofcontracts(goods,servicesandworks).TheadoptionofthoseinternationalrecommendationsbytheTaiwaneseGovernmentwouldbehelpfultoimprovetheprocurementenvironment.

就不同類型契約(產(chǎn)品、勞務(wù)與工程)適用單一合約範(fàn)本之情況並不常見。如臺(tái)灣政府可採(cǎi)納國(guó)際推薦之各個(gè)合約範(fàn)本，將有助於改善採(cǎi)購(gòu)環(huán)境。（1）工程之定作procurementofworks（2）財(cái)物之買受、定製、承租procurementofgoods，及（3）勞務(wù)之委任procurementofservices採(cǎi)購(gòu)契約態(tài)樣（政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)法第2條）：常見國(guó)際工程採(cǎi)購(gòu)合約InternationalformsofcontractFIDICformcontract(FederationinternationaldesIngenieursConsultants)UNICETRALlegalGuideonDrawingUPInternationalContractsforConstructionofIndustrialWork(1998)ICEformcontract(InstituteofCivilEngineers)JCTformcontract(JointContractsTribunal)常見工程採(cǎi)購(gòu)合約條款議題

MainIssuesonTerms&Conditions1. Riskallocation風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分配1.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost工程施工成本增加1.2 Forcemajeure

不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2. LimitationofLiability責(zé)任限制2.1 Totalliability全部責(zé)任2.2 Liquidateddamages約定損害賠償2.3 Consequentialdamages衍生性損害賠償3. Guarantee保證3.1 Ontime準(zhǔn)時(shí)完工3.2 PerformanceGuarantee品質(zhì)保證4. Disputeresolution紛爭(zhēng)解決4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知4.2 Disputeresolutionmechanism爭(zhēng)議解決方法常見工程採(cǎi)購(gòu)合約條款議題

MainIssuesonTerms&Conditions- ArerisksallocatedfairlybetweenContractorandEmployer? 業(yè)主與承商間之風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分配是否公平？- 合約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)公平的由業(yè)主及承包商分擔(dān) Projectrisksshouldbeequitablysharedbytheemployerandthecontactor- 黃金原則：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)由能以最佳方式並最低成本的一方承擔(dān) GoldenRule:riskshouldbeallocatedtothepartybestabletomanageitatthelowestcost.1. RiskAllocation風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分配1.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost

工程施工成本增加

WhenacontractcontainsnopriceescalationclauseWhenacontractexpresslyprovidesthatthecontractpriceshouldn’tbeadjustedduetochangeincostWhenacontractcontainsapriceescalationclausebutcontractorarguesitsreasonableness1.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost

工程施工成本增加

13.8ofFIDICRedBook(1999) “TotheextentthatfullcompensationoranyriseorfallinCostsisnotcoveredbytheprovisionsofthisorotherClauses,theAcceptedContractAmountshallbedeemedtohaveincludedamountstocoverthecontingencyofotherrisesandfallsincosts.”1.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost

工程施工成本增加

13.8ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文「在本條或其他條規(guī)定對(duì)成本的任何漲落不足以完全補(bǔ)償?shù)那闆r下，得標(biāo)合約金額應(yīng)視為已包括應(yīng)付其他成本漲落的或有費(fèi)用。」1.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost

工程施工成本增加

最高法院96年度臺(tái)上字第2237號(hào)判決「查系爭(zhēng)工程契約第十三條第(三)款付款辦法業(yè)已約定：『物價(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整：工程進(jìn)行期間，如遇物價(jià)波動(dòng)時(shí)不予調(diào)整?！弧こ踢M(jìn)行期間亦僅短短一年餘。上開物價(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整條款之約定文字，似已明白表示兩造於締約時(shí)已預(yù)見締約後工程進(jìn)行期間物價(jià)可能發(fā)生之變動(dòng)，並同意於物價(jià)波動(dòng)時(shí)不調(diào)整工程款。乃原審竟捨此契約已表示之當(dāng)事人真意，而…據(jù)以認(rèn)系爭(zhēng)工程之給付有民法第二百二十七條之二第一項(xiàng)『情事變更原則』規(guī)定之適用，因而為上訴人敗訴之判決，自有可議?！?.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost

工程施工成本增加

最高法院96年度臺(tái)上字第2237號(hào)判決「(三)物價(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整及救濟(jì)補(bǔ)貼款部分，查…國(guó)工局之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)程序亦僅規(guī)定承包商應(yīng)依合約規(guī)定按期提出估驗(yàn)申請(qǐng)，如有工程材料已到場(chǎng)或物價(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整項(xiàng)目需併同估驗(yàn)時(shí)，應(yīng)另附到場(chǎng)材料估驗(yàn)附表及相關(guān)之物價(jià)指數(shù)機(jī)動(dòng)調(diào)整計(jì)算表?！阋娢飪r(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整連同救濟(jì)補(bǔ)貼款得依合約按期估驗(yàn)計(jì)價(jià)後，承包商至少於次月即知可否請(qǐng)求增值之調(diào)整金額…茲本件既係承攬契約，物價(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整及救濟(jì)補(bǔ)貼款性質(zhì)上亦屬承攬報(bào)酬之一部..。」97年4月15日修訂之「工程採(cǎi)購(gòu)契約範(fàn)本」

第五條6.物價(jià)指數(shù)調(diào)整

「工程進(jìn)行期間，如遇物價(jià)波動(dòng)時(shí)，就總指數(shù)漲跌幅超過0%

之部分，於估驗(yàn)完成後調(diào)整工程款。」

「就此等項(xiàng)目漲跌幅超過0%

之部分，於估驗(yàn)完成後調(diào)整工程款?！?.1 IncreaseinConstructionCost

工程施工成本增加

Aclauseclearlydefinesforcemajeurerisks,suchasactsofGodoractsthatareunforeseeableoruncontrollableandequitablyallocatestherisksbetweentheownerandthecontractorisrequired.

合約條款應(yīng)明確定義不可抗力之風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如天災(zāi)或其他無法控制之情事。 不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，應(yīng)公平合理的分配於業(yè)主及承包商之間。1.2ForceMajeureRisk(不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn))

1.2ForceMajeureRisk(不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn))

19.1ofFIDICRedBook(1999) “Inthisclause,“forcemajeuremeansanexceptionaleventorcircumstances:(a)whichisbeyondaparty’scontrol,(b)whichsuchpartycouldnotreasonablyhaveprovidedagainstbeforeenteringintothecontract,(c)which,havingarisen,suchpartycouldnotreasonablyhaveavoidedorovercome,and(d)whichisnotsubstantiallyattributabletotheotherparty”1.2ForceMajeureRisk(不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn))

19.1ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文 「在本條中，“不可抗力”係指某種特別事件或情況，其係：

(a)一方無法控制的，(b)該方在簽訂合約前，不能對(duì)之進(jìn)行合理準(zhǔn)備的，(c)發(fā)生後，該方不能合理避免或克服的，且(d)不能主要?dú)w責(zé)於他方?！?.2ForceMajeureRisk(不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn))

19.4ofFIDICRedBook(1999) “ifthecontractorispreventedfromperforminganyofhisobligationsunderthecontractbyforcemajeureofwhichnoticehasbeengivenundersub-clause19.2andsuffersdelayand/orincurscostbyreasonofsuchforcemajeure,thecontractorshallbeentitledsubjecttosub-clause20.1[contractor’sclaim]to(a)anextensionoftimeforanysuchdelay,ifcompletionisorwillbedelayed,and(b)iftheeventorcircumstanceisofthekinddescribedin19.1[definitionofforcemajeure]occursinthecountry,paymentofanysuchcost.”1.2ForceMajeureRisk(不可抗力風(fēng)險(xiǎn))

19.4ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文 「如果承包商因已根據(jù)第19.2款「不可抗力的通知」的規(guī)定發(fā)出通知的不可抗力，妨礙其履行合同規(guī)定的任何義務(wù)，使其遭受延誤和（或）致增加費(fèi)用，承包商有權(quán)根據(jù)第20.1款「「承包商的索賠」的規(guī)定要求：(a)根據(jù)第8.4款「竣工時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)」的規(guī)定，如果竣工已經(jīng)或?qū)⑹艿窖诱`，對(duì)任何此類延誤給予延長(zhǎng)工期；

(b)如果是第19.1款「不可抗力的定義」中所述的事件或情況發(fā)生在工程所在國(guó)時(shí)，對(duì)任何此類費(fèi)用給予支付。」2.LimitationofLiability(責(zé)任限制)Contractor’sliabilityislimitedtoareasonablelevel,withitsaggregateliabilityunderthecontractandtheliquidateddamagescapped,andnormallyexcludingconsequentialdamage.

承包商的責(zé)任應(yīng)有一合理之限制，其在合約中全部累計(jì)責(zé)任及約定之損害賠償責(zé)任，應(yīng)設(shè)有上限，且多排除衍生性損害賠償責(zé)任。2.LimitationofLiability(責(zé)任限制)

2.1 TotalLiability全部責(zé)任?§17.6ofFIDICRedBook(1999)

“ThetotalliabilityoftheContractortotheEmployer,underorinconnectionwiththeContractotherthansub-clause4.19[electricity,waterandgas],sub-clause4.20[employer’sequipmentandfree-issuematerial],sub-clause17.1[indemnities]andsub-clause17.5[intellectualandindustrialpropertyrights]shallnotexceed…theAcceptedContractAmount.

ThisSub-Clauseshallnotlimitliabilityinanycaseoffraud,deliberatedefaultorrecklessmisconductbythedefaultingParty.”2.LimitationofLiability(責(zé)任限制)

2.1 TotalLiability全部責(zé)任17.6ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文「除根據(jù)第4.19款「電、水和然氣」、第4.20款「雇主設(shè)備和免費(fèi)供應(yīng)的材料」、第17.1款「補(bǔ)償」和第17.5款「智慧財(cái)識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)」的規(guī)定外，承包商根據(jù)或有關(guān)合約對(duì)雇主的全部責(zé)任不應(yīng)超過得標(biāo)合約金額。

本款不適用於違約方的詐欺、故意及重大過失之違約行為?！?.1 TotalLiability全部責(zé)任Article222ofTaiwanCivilCode

民法第222條Article250ofTaiwanCivilCode

民法第250條Article45ofEssentialRequirementsforProcurementContracts

「採(cǎi)購(gòu)契約要項(xiàng)」第45條2.2 Liquidateddamagesfordelay

(遲延之約定損害賠償)Theamountofliquidateddamagesshouldbereasonablycapped.約定之損害賠償應(yīng)有合理之上限。2.2 Liquidateddamagesfordelay

(遲延之約定損害賠償)8.7ofFIDICRedBook(1999)“Thisdelaydamagesshallbetheonlydamagesduefromthecontractorforsuchdefault,otherthanintheeventofterminationundersub-clause15.2[terminationbyemployer]priortocompletionoftheworks.Thesedamagesshallnotrelievethecontractorfromhisobligationtocompletetheworkorfromanyotherduties,obligationsorresponsibilitieswhichhemayhaveunderthecontract.”2.2 Liquidateddamagesfordelay

(遲延之約定損害賠償)8.7ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文「除在工程竣工前根據(jù)第15.2款「由雇主終止」的規(guī)定終止的情況外，遲延損害賠償費(fèi)應(yīng)是承包商就遲延之違約應(yīng)付的唯一損害賠償。但此損害賠償不應(yīng)解除承包商完成工程的義務(wù)，或合約規(guī)定的其可能承擔(dān)的其他責(zé)任、義務(wù)或職責(zé)?！?.3

Consequentialdamages

(衍生性損害賠償)Consequentialdamageisinherentlyariskofownershipandinternationalpracticeexemptscontractorsfromsuchliabilities.Forcontractsthatdonotexemptcontractorsfromconsequentialdamages,areasonableceilingliabilityisrequired.

§17.6ofFIDICRedBook(1999) “NeitherPartyshallbeliabletotheotherPartyforlossofuseofanyworks,lossofprofit,lossofanycontractorforanyindirectorconsequentiallossordamagewhichmaybesufferedbytheotherpartyinconnectionwiththecontract,otherthanundersub-clause16.4[paymentoftermination]andsub-clause17.1[indemnities]“2.3Consequentialdamages(衍生性損害賠償)

17.6ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文 「除根據(jù)第16.4款「終止時(shí)的付款」和第17.1款「補(bǔ)償」的規(guī)定外，任何一方不應(yīng)對(duì)另一方使用任何工程中的損失、利潤(rùn)損失、失去預(yù)期合約的損失，或?qū)α硪环娇赡茉馐艿呐c合約有關(guān)的任何間接的或衍生性損失或損害負(fù)責(zé)?！?.3Consequentialdamages(衍生性損害賠償)3. Guarantee(保證)Anownerofaconstructionprojectasksforprojectcompletionontime,pursuanttothespecificationsandwithinthebudget.AContractorhasanobligationtoguaranteethedeliveryisfreefromdefects.Liquidateddamagefordelayshouldbeimposedonlyfordelayscausesbythecontactororfactorswithinhiscontrol.

3.1Ontime–DelayDamages遲延責(zé)任8.7ofFIDICRedBook(1999)“Ifthecontractorfailstocomplywithsub-clause8.2[timeforcompletion],thecontractorshallsubjecttosub-clause2.5[employer’sclaims]paydelaydamagestotheemployerforthisfault…Thesedelaydamagesshallbethesumstatedintheappendixtotender,…However,thetotalamountdueunderthissub-clauseshallnotexceedthemaximumamountofdelaydamages(ifany)statedintheappendixtotender.”3.1Ontime–DelayDamages遲延責(zé)任8.7ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文「如果承包商未能遵守第8.2款「竣工時(shí)間」的要求，承包商應(yīng)當(dāng)為其違約行為根據(jù)第2.5款「雇主的索賠」的要求，向雇主支付遲延損害賠償。遲延損害賠償應(yīng)按邀標(biāo)書附錄中所列每天應(yīng)付的金額…。但按本款計(jì)算的賠償總額不得超過邀標(biāo)書附錄中規(guī)定的遲延損害賠償?shù)淖罡呦揞~（如有）」

3.1Ontime–DelayDamages遲延責(zé)任行政院公平交易委員會(huì)(86)公貳字第8605226-005號(hào)「目前各機(jī)關(guān)營(yíng)繕工程合約及施工須知常載有『承包商如因甲方(工程主辦機(jī)關(guān))原因，或人力不可抗拒等因素，申請(qǐng)延長(zhǎng)工期，且工程司核準(zhǔn)其延長(zhǎng)之請(qǐng)求，則承包商須放棄對(duì)該一事件再提出要求補(bǔ)償之權(quán)利?！活愃埔?guī)定，因延長(zhǎng)工期原因不一，是否違反公平交易法，仍須視具體個(gè)案而定；惟如有可歸責(zé)於主辦機(jī)關(guān)，卻使交易雙方所負(fù)之風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯不對(duì)等，而超過承包商可預(yù)期之完工風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，明顯減損營(yíng)繕工程效能競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，倘又未能就同一情事要求補(bǔ)償，則不排除涉有顯失公平之虞?！?.1Ontime–DelayDamages遲延責(zé)任Warrantyandremedyprovisionsshouldincorporateacleartimelimitforclaims.3.2 PerformanceGuarantee(履約保證)11.3ofFIDICRedBook(1999)“Theemployershallbeentitledsubjecttosub-clause2.5[employer’sclaim]toanextensionofthedefectsnotificationperiodfortheworksorasectionifandtotheextentthattheworks,sectionoramajoritemofplant,…cannotbeusedforthepurposesofwhichtheyareintendedbyreasonofadefectordamage.However,adefectnotificationperiodshallnotbeextendedbyorethantwoyears.

3.2 PerformanceGuarantee(履約保證)11.3ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文「如果因?yàn)槟稠?xiàng)瑕疵或損害達(dá)到使工程、分項(xiàng)工程或某項(xiàng)主要生產(chǎn)設(shè)備（視情況而定，並在接收以後）不能按原訂目的使用的程度，雇主應(yīng)有權(quán)根據(jù)第2.5款「雇主的索賠」的規(guī)定對(duì)工程或某一分項(xiàng)工程的缺陷通知期限提出一個(gè)延長(zhǎng)期。但是，瑕疵通知期限的延長(zhǎng)不得超過兩年?！?.2 PerformanceGuarantee(履約保證)acontractforhiringofworks

承攬契約Acombinationoftheoneforhiringofworksandtheoneforsaleofgoods

承攬與買賣混合契約Poorperformance/badperformance(Article227oftheCivilCode)

民法第227條不完全給付3.2 PerformanceGuarantee(履約保證)4.

DisputeResolution(爭(zhēng)議解決)4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知§20.1ofFIDICRedBook(1999) “IftheContractorconsidershimselftobeentitledtoanyextensionoftheTimeforCompletionand/oranyadditionalpayment…theContractorshallgivenoticetotheEngineer…Thenoticeshallbegiven…notlaterthan28daysaftertheContractorbecameaware,orshouldhavebecomeaware,oftheeventorcircumstance.”“IftheContractorfailstogivenoticeofaclaimwithinsuchperiodof28days,theTimeforCompletionshallnotbeextended,theContractorshallnotbeentitledtoadditionalpayment,andtheEmployershallbedischargedfromallliabilityinconnectionwiththeclaim….”4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知20.1ofFIDICRedBook(1999)中文「如果承包商認(rèn)為，根據(jù)本條件任何條款或與合約有關(guān)的其他文件，有權(quán)得到竣工時(shí)間的任何延長(zhǎng)期和（或）任何追加付款，承包商應(yīng)向工程司發(fā)出通知，說明引起索賠的事件或情況。該通知應(yīng)盡快在承包商發(fā)現(xiàn)或應(yīng)以發(fā)現(xiàn)該事件或情況後28天內(nèi)發(fā)出。如果承包商未能在上述28天期限內(nèi)發(fā)出索賠通知，則竣工時(shí)間不得延長(zhǎng)，承包商無權(quán)獲得追加付款，而雇主應(yīng)免除有關(guān)該索賠的全部責(zé)任。」4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知?Sub-clause(4),Clause52,“ValuationofOrderedVariations,”I.C.E.FormofContract(6thEdition)(a)IftheContractorintendstoclaimahigherrateorpricethanonenotifiedtohimbytheEngineer…theContractorshallwithin28daysaftersuchnotificationgivenoticeinwritingofhisintentiontotheEngineer.(b)IftheContractorintendstoclaimanyadditionalpayment…h(huán)eshallgivenoticeinwritingofhisintentiontotheEngineerassoonasmaybereasonableandinanyeventwithin28daysafterhappeningoftheeventsgivingrisetotheclaim…

(e)IftheContractorfailstocomplywith…thentheContractorshallbeentitledtopaymentinrespectthereofonlytotheextentthattheEngineerhasnotbeenpreventedfromorsubstantiallyprejudicedbysuchfailureininvestigatingthesaidclaim…4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知Conditionprecedent?

承商求償權(quán)發(fā)生之前提條件或先決條件?Incontradictionto/inviolationofthefollowingprinciples/laws? -theprincipleofprotectingpublicinterests,fairnessandreasonablenessunderArticle6ofGPL?

違反政府採(cǎi)購(gòu)法第6條第1項(xiàng)前段所定之公平合理原則？4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知- Article247-1ofTaiwanCivilCode?

違反民法第247條之1之規(guī)定？- Article147ofTaiwanCivilCode?

違反民法第147條之規(guī)定？- Article16ofConstitution?

違法憲法第16條所定人民之訴訟權(quán)應(yīng)予保障之規(guī)定？ApplicabilityofArticle227-2(1)ofTaiwanCivilCode?有無民法第227條之2第1項(xiàng)規(guī)定之適用？4.1 NoticeofClaims求償通知4.2 DisputeResolutionMechanism

爭(zhēng)議解決機(jī)制DisputeAdjudicationBoard(DAB)爭(zhēng)端裁決委員會(huì)Mediation調(diào)解Arbi