虛擬語(yǔ)氣(講義及練習(xí))

虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或假設(shè)，或者表達(dá)建議，命令，勸告等語(yǔ)氣，不表示客觀事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的詞性變換來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。帶If條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣If條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（系動(dòng)詞用were）；與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反haddone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（系動(dòng)詞用were）；wereto+do；should+do；主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反should|woulddo與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反should|wouldhavedone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反should|woulddo需要注意的幾點(diǎn)重要問(wèn)題should通常只用于第一人稱，would可用于任何人稱。有時(shí)候也可用might,could。一般情況下，主從句所指的時(shí)間是一致的，但有時(shí)候也可能不一致，這時(shí)候應(yīng)對(duì)主句和從句的時(shí)間分別進(jìn)行分析，從而確定主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞各自的正確形式。Ifyouhadtakenhisadvice,youwouldn’tbeinsuchabigtroublenow.IfIhadfinishedmyhomeworkyesterday,Iwouldgooutwithyoutomorrow.當(dāng)If條件句中含有were,had,should的時(shí)候，可以省略if，并將were,had,或should移到句首形成倒裝，句子的其余部分保持不變。Hadshegotmoremoney,shewouldhavefinishedhisMAstudy.Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.WereItomeethimtomorrow,Ishouldaskhimabouttheresult.含蓄條件句有些條件句中并不出現(xiàn)if，而是使用介詞短語(yǔ)（butfor;with;without等）或是連接詞（but;butthat;or;otherwise等），此時(shí)并不是全句都需要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，要根據(jù)具體的句意來(lái)確定句子應(yīng)該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的部分，并按照含有if條件句虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變換規(guī)則進(jìn)行動(dòng)詞變換。Butfortherain,weshouldhaveapleasantpicnic.（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反）Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反）Withfavorablewind,wemighthavegottheretwodaysbefore.（主句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反）Iwouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,butIwasreallyverybusy.(主句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，but分句用陳述語(yǔ)氣)IwouldgoabroadbutthatIdon'thaveenoughmoney.(主句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；butthat分句用陳述語(yǔ)氣)Sheeatstoomucheveryday,orshewouldbethinner.(主句用陳述語(yǔ)氣；or分句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)Iwasbusy,otherwiseIwouldhavegivenyoumorehelp.(主句用陳述語(yǔ)氣；otherwise分句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句或句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的運(yùn)用Itis(high；about)time(that)…是該。。。的時(shí)候了That引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，或者是should;could+do(should;could不能省略)Itishightimethatweleft.Itisaboutweshouldtakefurtheractions.wouldrather|wouldjustassoon+that…(寧愿。。。)that從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)；用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去。注意would有時(shí)候會(huì)被縮寫為’d。Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.Iwouldratheryoupaintedthewallnexttime.Iwouldratheryouhadnotdonethat.Ifitwerenotfor…如果沒(méi)有。。。Ifithadnotbeenfor…如果當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有在Ifitwerenotfor中，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should;would+do在Ifithadnotbeenfor中，逐句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should;wouldhave+doneIfitwerenotfortherain,thecropsshoulddie.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.在表示要求，建議，命令等的主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句中在上述四種從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要采用(should)+do。引起這類意思的從句的動(dòng)詞常用的有：suggest(suggestion),require(requirement),order(order),insist(insistence),advise(advice),propose(proposal),command(command),demand(demand),request(request),desire(desire)等。下面以suggest為例，分別舉例說(shuō)明在這四種從句中的具體使用。Hesuggeststhatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.Itissuggestedthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.Thesuggestionthatthemeetingshouldbepostponedwasrejected.Hissuggestionisthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.另外，在此種情況下的主語(yǔ)從句中，還應(yīng)該注意下列結(jié)構(gòu)：Itisnecessarythat…(should)do…此處和necessary用法相似的形容詞還有important;natural;desirable;advisable;strange;urgent;preferable等。Itisapitythat…(should)do…此處和pity用法相似的形容詞還有shame;wonder等。在wish（。。。就好了/但愿。。。）;ifonly（。。。就好了）;asif/though（好像/似乎）引導(dǎo)的從句中這類詞引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，遵循下面的規(guī)則：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過(guò)去時(shí)（系動(dòng)詞用were）與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反haddone;couldhavedone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反would|could|mightdoIwishitwerespringalltheyearround.IwishIhadtakenthatexam.Iwishyoucouldgowithme.Itlooksasifitmightrain.HetalkedaboutMikeasifhehadknownhimbefore.IfonlyIwereabird.IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.在evenif;whatif;imagine引導(dǎo)的從句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則同if條件句的變化規(guī)則。Evenifhewerewrong,youshouldnottreathimlikethat.Whatifyoucametomorrowinsteadoftoday?Thatwasnice,butwhatifyouhadnotfinishedit?Imaginethatwewereonalonelyisland.注：區(qū)分evenif和eventhoughEvenifhewerethirty,hewouldbehavelikeakid.Eventhoughheisthirty,hestillbehaveslikeakid.EvenifhewouldgetallArecord,hemightfailtogetthejob.EventhoughhegotallArecord,hefailedtogetthejob.在incase萬(wàn)一；lest以免；forfeatthat…恐怕引導(dǎo)的從句中在這些從句當(dāng)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用should+doHetookhisraincoatincaseitshouldrain.Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfeatthatheshouldcatchcold.Hetiptoedlestheshouldwakeupthebaby.用hadwanted|hadhoped|hadexpected等引起的從句中表示原來(lái)希望做到而實(shí)際上未能做到的事情，其賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用woulddo。IhadhopedthatIhadcalledyoulastnight.IhadexpectedthatIwouldgowithyoutomorrow.注：這類動(dòng)詞后面更多采用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，句意不變。如：Ihadhopedtocallyoulastnight.Ihadexpectedtogowithyoutomorrow.由providing|provided(that);onconditionthat引導(dǎo)的從句中根據(jù)情況，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，遵循if條件句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變換規(guī)則。Providedtheyweregivenenoughtime,theywouldfinishtheworkearlier.Theywouldnotbeintroubleonconditionthattheyhadtakenmyadvice.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havedone此類結(jié)構(gòu)是否屬于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的范疇，目前還沒(méi)存在爭(zhēng)議。但不管怎樣，這種結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常單獨(dú)或者和上面談到的虛擬語(yǔ)氣一起出現(xiàn)在試題當(dāng)中。故在此將此類用法做一總結(jié)。wouldhavedone表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事情的可能猜測(cè)，多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中。Somethingmusthavehappenedontheirwayhere.Ortheywouldhavearrivedbynow.may|mighthavedone表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事情的可能猜測(cè)，一般與虛擬語(yǔ)氣無(wú)關(guān)。Icannotfindtherecorderintheroom.Itmayhavebeentakenbysomebody.musthavedone表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事情的肯定的，把握性非常大的推測(cè)。Sincetheroadiswetandslipperythismorning,itmusthaverainedlastnight.can’thavedone表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事情的把握性非常大的否定判斷。是musthavedone的反義詞。Youcan’thaveseenherhereyesterday;she’sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.couldhavedone表示有能力做但實(shí)際上卻并沒(méi)有做一件事情。譯為“本來(lái)可以…”。Icouldhavetoldhimalotabouthisfamily’spast.注：wasabletodo表示有能力而且也成功的做了一件事情。如：Iwasabletotellhimalotabouthisfamily’spast.shouldhavedone|shouldn’thavedone表示應(yīng)該做的事情沒(méi)有做|不該做的事情卻做了。Youshouldhavecheckedthetimebeforewestart.Youshouldn’thavetrustedhimsoeasily.needn’thavedone表示做了一些本來(lái)不必要做的事情。譯為“本不必”。Youneedn’thavetrustedhimsowell.虛擬語(yǔ)氣專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1.Thedoctor’sadvicewasthatthepatient_____atonce.A.tobeoperatedB.beingoperatedC.beoperatedD.operated2.Idon’tthinkitadvisablethatTom_____tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.A.beassignedB.isassignedC.willbeassignedD.hasbeenassigned3.Shesaysshe’dratherhe_____tomorrowinsteadoftoday.A.leavesB.leftC.leaveD.wouldleave4.-Didyouseeheroffthedaybeforeyesterday?-No,butIwishI_____.A.wereB.didC.hadD.would5.Youhavestayedathomefortwodays.It’stimeyou_____forawalk.A.gooutB.wentoutC.willgooutD.wouldgoout6.Hersuggestionthateverybody_____wasnotappreciated.A.singasongB.sangasongC.sungasongD.singingasong7.Hadtheweatherbeengood,thechildren_____outforawalk.A.hadgoneB.couldhavegoneC.wouldgoD.went8.It’surgentthatameeting_____beforethefinaldecisionismade.A.willbearrangedB.mustbearrangedC.bearrangedD.wouldbearranged9.Hismotherinsistedthathe_____thecoatwhengoingout.A.putonB.putsonC.toputD.puttingon10.Let’sfinishourhomeworkinafewseconds;it’stimewe_____.A.playedfootballB.willplayfootballC.playfootballD.areplayingfootball11.Iamtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_____nextmonthforadinner.A.comeB.wouldcomeC.cameD.havecome12.Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI_____there.A.wereB.wouldbeC.hadbeenD.willbe13.Peterwishesthathe_____lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege.A.couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudy14.Butfortherain,we_____aniceholiday.A.shouldhaveB.wouldhavehadC.wouldhaveD.willhavehad15.Butformyclassmates’help,I_____theworkintime.A.didnotfinishB.couldnotfinishC.willnotfinishD.wouldnothavefinished16.Withoutheatandsunlight,plantsontheearth_____well.A.wouldnotgrowB.willnotgrowC.hadnotgrownD.wouldnotbegrown17._____youwerebusy,Iwouldn’thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.A.IfIrealizedB.HadIrealizedC.DidIhaverealizedthatD.AsIrealized18._____,Ishouldaskthemsomequestions.A.ShouldtheycometousB.IftheycometousC.WeretheycometousD.Hadtheycometous19._____theadviceofhisfriends,hewouldnothavesufferedsuchaheavylossinhisbusiness.A.IfhetookB.IfheshouldtakeC.WerehetotakeD.Hadhetaken20.IfBob_____withus,hewouldhavehadagoodtime.A.wouldcomeB.wouldhavecomeC.hadcomeD.came21.IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI_____him.A.hadknownB.haveknownC.knewD.know22.Marysaidtome,“HadIseenyourbag,I_____ittoyou.”A.willreturnB.mustreturnC.couldreturnD.wouldhavereturned23.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe_____inturn,you_____sotired.A.drove;didn’tB.drove;wouldn’tgetC.weredriving;wouldn’tgetD.haddriven;wouldn’thavegot24._____,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.A.IftheydonothelpusB.WasitnotfortheirhelpC.ShouldtheyoffertohelpusD.Butfortheirhelp25._____today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WasheleavingB.IfheisleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves26.IfonlyI_____howtooperateacomputerasyoudo!A.hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knew27.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit_____.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken28.Thechairmanrequestedthat_____.A.themembersstudiedtheproblemmorecarefullyB.theproblemsweremorecarefullystudiedC.theproblemscouldbestudiedwithmorecareD.themembersstudytheproblemmorecarefully29.IfI_____you,I_____moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallB.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpayD.were;wouldpay30.Wecannotimaginewhatourworld_____likewithoutelectricpower.A.isB.willbeC.wouldbeD.were31.Therewasahalfsmileonhisfacewhichsuggestedthathe_____happytohavegivenhislifeforhiscountry.A.wasB.shouldbeC.wouldbeD.were32.Weallagreedtohersuggestionthatwe_____tothepalaceforsightseeing.A.willgoB.goC.shallgoD.shouldhavegone33.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe_____nothingwrongand_____free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbeset34.Ilostyouraddress,otherwiseI_____youlongbefore.A.hadvisitedB.havevisitedC.wouldhavevisitedD.shouldvisited35._____therainwewouldhavehadaniceholiday.A.ButthatB.ButforC.DespiteD.Inspiteof36._____nogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.A.WerethereB.TherewereC.WasthereD.Therebe37.It’sgettingratherlate.It’stimewe_____.A.aregoingB.wentC.goD.mustgo38.Theykeeptellingusthatitisvitalthatwe_____thereontime.A.areB.beC.mustbeD.wouldbe39.Whatifyou_____tomorrowinsteadoftoday?A.cameB.comeC.willcomeD.wouldcome40.Imagineyou_____laughedatbythoseshallowpeople.A.areB.wereC.willbeD.aretobe41.IfonlyI_____theexamination!A.havepassedB.passC.willpassD.passed42.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI_____youradvice.A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowed43.ButI_____fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek,Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospital.A.wereB.hadbeenC.havebeenD.was44.I’dmuchratherthatyou_____tomorrowthantoday.A.cameB.willcomeC.hadcomeD.iscoming45.Iwishyou_____withustomorrow.A.wouldgoB.didgoC.hadgoneD.will46.Iwishyou_____likethat.A.don’ttalkB.won’ttalkC.didn’ttalkD.nottotalk47.IwishI_____longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.havesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.couldhaveslept48.Thefinalrecommendationwasthattheemployee_____aspecialnightclassforonesemester.A.hasattendedB.attendedC.attendsD.attend49.Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewe_____him.A.hadtelephonedB.wouldtelephonedC.musthavetelepho