2021屆高考英語閱讀之說明文訓(xùn)練

2020-2021高考英語閱讀之說明文訓(xùn)練

（A）

Waterbuurtisaresidential（住宅的）developmentinAmsterdam,whichconsistsofnearly

100floatinghomesonLakeEime匚

Thefloatinghomesarenotordinaryhouseboatsbutrealfloatinghouses.Theyonlymove

withthechangingtide。朝水）.DesignedbyDutcharchitectMarliesRohmer,thehouseshavea

basicdesignbutarealsocomfortable.AlthoughWaterbuurtisstillaworkinprogress,thereare

someofthehouseswheretherearealreadyresidents.

TwothirdsoftheNetherlands,peoplelivebelowsea-level,andwiththeflooding（發(fā)洪水）

becomingaseriousconcern,therearemanywhobelievethatlivingonwaterintheEuropean

countryismuchsaferthanlivingonland.Thepricesoflandhomesinlargecitycenterslike

Amsterdamhasriseninrecentyears.Butwaterisnotthatexpensive.

"Moreover,housesinthecitieshavetostaytherefor50or70years,“DutcharchitectKoen

Olthuissaid."Andascitieschange,theonlychoiceistodemolishthesehousesandbuildnew

ones.Butfloatingbuildingscanbemovedandadapted?'

Thefloatinghomesarebuiltatopunderwaterplatforms,andconsistsofalightsteelframe（鋼

架）andwoodenwallsandpaneling（嵌板）.Thebedroomsandbathroomarelocatedonthelower

floor,whichispartiallyflooded.Thekitchenanddiningroomarelocatedonthehigherground

floor,whilethemainlivingareaandtheoutdoortenaceareonthetoplevel.

Allfloatinghomesaredesignedwithalotofextrasthatbuyerscanchoose,likefloating

terraces,asecondentry,oraboardwalkaroundthehouse.

WaterbuurtissettobecomethelargestwatersettlementinthehistoryoftheNetherlands.

Apartfromfloatinghouses,itwillincludefloatingparksandevenfloatinghighbuildings.Itis

suretomeeteventhemostdifficultbuyersandwinmoreacceptancefromlocalpeople.

1.Whatcanweinferaboutthefloatinghouses?

A.Thepricesareslightlylower.B.Theyarefreefromflooding.

C.Theyareeasytotakedown.D.Thetotalcompletionisdone.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“demolish“inParagraph4probablymean?

A.Build.B.Destroy.C.Design.D.Buy.

3.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Waterbuurtcanexistfor50to70yearsintotal.

B.WaterbuurtisverycommoninAmsterdamnow.

C.Peopleareunwillingtoacceptthisnewkindofhouse.

D.Floatinghouseshaveasmanyfunctionsastraditionalhouses.

4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsWaterbuurt?

A.Curious.B.Optimistic.C.IndifferentD.Pessimistic.

(B)

Accordingtoasurvey,thewasteoffoodonthediningtableoccupies10%ofthetotalgrain

output.LastweekMeituanco-publishedaproposalwithanumberofbusinessorganizations,

callingonrestaurantstostopfoodwasteandhelpdevelopneweatinghabitsforcustomers.

"Restaurantsshoulduseofficialaccountsonsocialmediaandlive-streamingtopromoteand

advocatefood-savingactions,theproposalsaid.

Meituanandtheorganizationsareadvocatingthatmerchantsofferguidanceforconsumers,

includingremindingthemduringtheorderingprocessaboutthetasteoftheingredients,portion

sizesandotherinformationaboutthedishes,tohelpthemavoidfoodwasteduetomisleading

information.

Cateringassociationsinmorethan18provinceshavealsojoinedthecampaigntoremove

foodwaste.TheWuhanCateringAssociationproposedan"N?l"orderingcodefbrrestaurantsin

whichagroupof10dinerswouldonlyorderenoughforninepeople.Morefoodisonlybroughtto

thetableifrequired.Ithasinspiredpeopletorethinktheirrelationshipwithfoodandwaste.

OnFriday,theChinaCuisineAssociationannouncedthatithadteamedupwithEle.me,a

fooddeliveryplatform,tolauncha"half^dishplan",encouragingrestaurantstoprovidecustomers

withtheoptiontoordersmallerportions.Besides,customersareencouragedtotaketheirleftovers

home.

Toreducefoodwasteonsocialmediaplatforms,somepopularvideoplatformshavestepped

upcontentreviewsoffood-relatedlivestreamsandimplementedregulationofonlineeating

shows.Now,ifuserssearchcertainkeywords,suchas"eatingshow**or"competitiveeaters**,a

cautionarymessagepopsuptoremindthemtocherishfoodandkeepareasonablediet.

1.Whatisthepurposeoftheproposalmentionedinthepassage?

A.Tomonitorfoodsalesonsocialmediaandlive-streaming.

B.lbexpandthebusinessandcompetitiveabilityofMeituan.

C.Toencouragerestaurantstotakemeasurestoreducefoodwaste.

D.TopromotecooperationbetweenMeituanandotherorganizations.

2.HowisParagraph3developed?

A.Bydoingasurvey.B.Byofferinganalysis.

C.Bymakingcomparisons.D.Bygivinganexample.

3.Whatisthesuggestionfbrconsumersinthepassage?

A.Purchasingtheirfavoritefood.B.Buyingproperamountsoffood.

C.Followingsomecompetitiveeaters.D.Leavingtheirleftoversintherestaurant.

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“popsup“inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Appearsunexpectedly.B.Spreadswidely.

C.Movesquickly.D.Fadesslowly.

（C）

Singaporeresearcherssaytheyhavedevelopedaformofelectronicskinthatcancreatea

senseoftouch.Theyhopetheirinventionwillgivepeoplewithprosthetichands（假肢）theability

toidentifydifferentobjects.

Theskindevicemeasures1squarecentimeter.Thesystemcontains100smallsensorsthat

attempttorecreatethingsliketexlure（質(zhì)地），temperatureandevenpain.Theresearcherscallthe

deviceAsynchronousCodedElectronicSkin（ACES）,whichcanprocessinformationfasterthan

thehuman'snervoussystem.Machinelearningmethodstrainedthedevicetorecognize20to30

differenttextures.ItcanevencorrectlyreadBrailleletters（布萊什卜盲文）mostofthetime.

Thesystemdoesnotrequiretheusers'movementtowork.Theyjustneedtoslidetofeel

texture.Butinthiscasetheskin,withjustasingletouch,isabletodetecttexturesofdifferent

roughness.

Ademonstrationshowedthatthedevicecouldidentifythedifferencebetweenasoftbailand

asolidplasticone."Whenyouloseyoursenseoftouch,youessentiallybecomenumband

prostheticusersfacethatproblem,"saidBenjaminTee,leaderoftheresearchteam."Soby

recreatinganartificialversionoftheskinfbrtheirprostheticdevices,theycanholdahandand

feelthewarmthandfeelthatitissoft.”

TeesaidhisideaforthedevicecamefromthemovieStarWars,whencharacterLuke

Skywalkerloseshisrighthandanditisreplacedwitharoboticone.Inthefilm,thenewhandis

abletoexperiencetouchsensationsjustliketherealone.

Theartificialskintechnologyisstillgoingthroughexperimentsanddevelopment.ButTee

saidtherehadalreadybeenalotofinterestinthesystem,especiallyfromthemedicalcommunity.

Teesaidsimilarinventionsthathisteamhasdevelopedincludesee-throughskinthatcanrepair

itselfwhentornandamaterialforwearableelectronicdevicesthatgivesofflight.

1.WhatcanwelearnabouttheartificialskininParagraph2?

A.Itissensitivetohightemperature.B.Itreactsfasterthanournervoussystem.

C.Itcanrecognizedifferentobjects.D.IthelpstheusersmemorizeBrailleletters.

2.WhatcanbeinferredfromBenjaminTee'swords?

A.Theartificialskinfeelslikearealthing.

B.Peoplewiththeartificialskinfeelwarm.

C.Peopledon'twanttolosethesenseoftouch.

D.Heissympathetictowardstheprostheticusers.

3.WhatinspiredBenjaminTeetocreatetheartificialskin?

A.Thedesiretohelpthoseinneed.B.Thelifeofthedisabled.

C.Adreamofearningmoremoney.D.Ascenefromafamousmovie.

4.Whichwordcanbestdescribetheartificialskintechnology?

A.Profitable.B.Stable.C.Promising.D.Challenging.

（D）

Therearenearly2,800workingsatellitesinspace,whichwedependonfortechnologywe

useeveryday,suchasvideocalls,onlinemaps,satelliteTV,andweathertracking.Scientistsuse

themtostudyspaceandlearnmoreaboutourplanet.

Buttherearemanyothersatellitesinorbit（9L道）thatarenolongerworking.They'reamong

theobjectscluttering（使雜舌L）upspace.SomeoftheseeventuallyfallbacktowardEarth,either

landingorburningupintheatmosphere.Butmuchofthisspacejunk（垃圾）circlesEarthfbr

years.Spacejunkisaproblem.Debris（殘?。ゝloatingaroundEarthputstechnologyandfuture

spacetasksatrisk.Expertsareworkingonwaystosolveit.

Orbitaldebris,atypeofspacejunk,isanyhuman-madeobjectthathassloppedworkingbut

continuestofloataroundtheEarth.Thisincludessatellitesthatarenolongerusedandpiecesof

spacecraft,suchasrocketstages.Ithasbeenalargeproblemsincethe1960s.

Spacejunkalsoincludesbrokenpiecesofobjects.Theseoccurwhensatelliteshitagainst

things.Theyalsoresultfromanobjectcrashingintoanoldrocketstagethatstillcontainsfuel,

causinganexplosion（爆炸）.Therehavebeenmorethan250spaceexplosionssincethe1960s.

Thesetinybrokenpiecescandamageworkingsatellites,whichcanaffectresearchinspace.

Companiesallovertheworldareworkingtocleanuptheareasurroundingourplanet.A

companybasedinJapanwilltestthemethodofusingmagnets（磁石）tocollectspacedebris.

AnothermissionisledbyacompanybasedinSwitzerland.Itplanstocarryoutadebris-removal

spacecraftin2025.Thecraftwillgetholdofapieceofanoldrocket,slowitdown,andmoveit

backtoEarth.Eventually,thedebriswillburnoutlikeashootingstar.

Governmentsaretryingtohelptoo.Someareupdatingtheircountry'sspaceguidelinesto

limittheamountofdebriscreated.Spaceissolargethattheproblemwon'tbesolvedbyasingle

organizationorasinglecountry.Wehavetoworkonthistogether.

1.Whatisthebiggestharmthatspacejunkdoestohumanbeings?

A.ItwillfallbacktowardtheEarth.

B.ItcirclestheEarthforyears.

C.Itputsotherspaceobjectsindanger.

D.Itwillbumupintheatmosphere.

2.HowwilltheSwisscompanycleanuptheEarthorbit?

A.BymakingtheorbitaldebrisfallbacktoEarth.

B.Byputtingthepiecesalltogether.

C.Bycollectingspacejunkwithmagnets.

D.Bysendingspacejunkintodeepspace.

3.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestoncleaningupspacejunk?

A.Strictlaws.

B.Globalefforts.

C.Stoppinginspaceexploration.

D.Settingupprofessionalorganizations.

4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.Earthanditssatellites.

B.Theproblemofspacejunk.

C.Waysofcleaningupspacejunk.

D.Thevarioususesofman-madesatellites.

（E）

Theworld'selderlypopulationisincreasing.Thenumberofolderpeople---thoseage60

yearsorolder-isexpectedtodoubleby2050andisgrowingfasterthanallyoungeragegroups

acrosstheglobe.Thatcomeswithanincreasingneedforcaregiverswhichcanprovide24-hour

care,notonlyathospitalsornursinghomes,butalsoatprivatehomes.

Already,caregivingrobotsareprogrammedtoaskquestionsanursewouldaskandcankeep

aneyeonpatientsforfalls.Theseroboticassistantsareexpectedtobecomeincreasingly

marketableandreach450,000by2045becauseoftheexpectedcaregivershortageintheUSA.

*'Unluckily,thehardstructureofpresentcaregivingrobotspreventsthemfromasafe

human-robotinteraction（互動），limitingtheirassistancetoonlysocialinteractionandnotphysical

interaction,'1saidRamsesMartinez,anassistantprofessorinPurdue'sCollegeofEngineering.

uAfterall,wouldyouleavebabiesoroldpeopleinthehandsofarobot?',

Recentadvancesinmaterialsciencehaveenabledtheproductionofsoftrobotswith

deformable（可變形的）bodiesortheabilitytoreshapewhentouched,buttodaythecomplex（復(fù)

雜的）designpreventstheuseofthistechnologyathome.

However,Martinezandotherresearchershavedevelopedanewdesignmethodwhichshows

promiseinenablingtheproductionofsoftrobotsusinga3Dprinter.

"Thesoftmachinesmovelikehumans.Theirabilitytochangetheirbodystructureand

movementtoadapt（適應(yīng)）toawidevarietyofenvironmentswillimprovecaregivinggreatly/

saysMartinez.

Theresearchersarelookingforpartnerstotestandbringtheirtechnologytomarket.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"That*'inParagraph1referto?

A.TheyoungeragegroupB.Thegroupofolderpeople

C.ThepopulationacrosstheglobeD.Thegrowthoftheelderlypopulation

2.Whatisthedisadvantageofthepresentcaregivingrobots?

A.Theycan'tprovidesafephysicalinteraction

B.Theycan'tcommunicatewithpatients

C.Theycan'twatchpatientsforfalls

D.Theycan'tprovide24-hourcare.

3.WhatdoweknowaboutMartinez'snewdesignmethod?

A.Itrequiresaspecialkindof3Dprinter.

B.Itmakestheproductionofsoftrobotssimpler.

C.Ithasbeenputontothemarket.

D.Itishardforuserstomaster.

4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Therobotindustryinthefuture

B.Effectsofpopulationageing

C.Robotsfortheelderlycreatedwith3Dprinters

D.Thedevelopmentofcaregivingrobots

參考答案：

A

1.Ao根據(jù)第三段中“ThepricesoflandhomesinlargecitycenterslikeAmsterdamhas

riseninrecentyears.Butwaterisnotthatexpensive.（近年來，像阿姆斯特丹這樣的大城市中心

的地價已經(jīng)上漲。但是水上建房并不是那么貴。）”可以推知，在水上修建住宅價格會更低

些。故選A項。

2.Bo根據(jù)第四段中劃線詞句的下一句"Butfloatingbuildingscanbemovedand

adapted.（但是漂浮的建筑可以移動和適應(yīng)。）”可知，和陸地房子的區(qū)別是，漂浮的房子沒有

固定的地皮，再根據(jù)劃線詞句“Andascitieschange,theonlychoiceistodemolishthesehouses

andbuildnewones.（隨著城市的變化，唯一的選擇就是demolish這些房子，建造新的。）”可

以推知，城市中陸地的房子隨著城市的變化，只有拆掉舊房子才能建造新房子，所以demolish

應(yīng)是“拆除”的意思。選項B“摧毀”與之意義最為接近，故選B項。

3.Do根據(jù)第二段中“Thefloatinghomesarenotordinaryhouseboatsbutrealfloating

houses.（這些漂浮的房子不是普通的船屋，而是真正的漂浮的房子。）”根據(jù)第五段中“The

bedroomsandbathroomarelocatedonthelowerfloor,whichispartiallyflooded.Thekitchenand

diningroomarelocatedonthehighergroundfloor,whilethemainlivingareaandtheoutdoor

terraceareonthetoplevel.（臥室和浴室位于較低的樓層，部分被淹在水中。廚房和餐廳位于

較高的一層，而主要的生活區(qū)和室外露臺在頂層。）”可以推知，漂浮房屋和傳統(tǒng)房屋有同

樣多的功能。故選D項。

4.Bo根據(jù)最后一段中uWaterbuurtissettobecomethelargestwatersettlementinthe

historyoftheNetherlands.Apartfromfloatinghouses,itwillincludefloatingparksandeven

floatinghighbuildings.Itissuretomeeteventhemostdifficultbuyersandwinmoreacceptance

fromlocalpeople.（Waterbuurt將成為荷蘭歷史上最大的水上定居點。除了漂浮的房屋，它還

將包括漂浮的公園，甚至漂浮的高樓。它會滿足最難版買家的需求，更能得到當(dāng)?shù)厝说恼J

可。）”可以推知，作者對Waterbuurt的態(tài)度是樂觀的。故選B項。

B

1.C。根據(jù)第一段中“LastweekMeituanco-publishedaproposalwithanumberofbusiness

organizations,callingonrestaurantstostopfoodwasteandhelpdevelopneweatinghabitsfor

customers.aRestaurantsshoulduseofficialaccountsonsocialmediaandlive-streamingto

promoteandadvocatefood-savingactions,vtheproposalsaid.（上周，美團網(wǎng)與一些商業(yè)組織

聯(lián)合發(fā)布了一項提議，呼吁餐館停止食物浪費，幫助消費者養(yǎng)成新的飲食習(xí)慣。該提議稱：

“餐廳應(yīng)利用社交媒體和直播的官方賬號來推廣和倡導(dǎo)節(jié)約食品的行動"）”可推知，文章

中提到的提議的目的是鼓勵餐館采取措施減少食物浪費。

2.Do根據(jù)第三段“Cateringassociationsinmorethan18provinceshavealsojoinedthe

campaigntoremovefoodwaste.TheWuhanCateringAssociationproposedan"N?l”ordering

codeforrestaurantsinwhichagroupof10dinerswouldonlyorderenoughforninepeople.More

foodisonlybroughttothetableifrequired.Ithasinspiredpeopletorethinktheirrelationshipwith

foodandwaste.（18個省的餐飲協(xié)會也加入了這場消除食物浪費的運動。武漢餐飲協(xié)會提出

了“N?l”訂餐代碼，即10人一組只訂夠9人用餐的量。更多的食物只有在需要的時候才

會被帶到餐桌上。它啟發(fā)人們重新思考他們與食物和浪費的關(guān)系）”可知，第三段中以武漢

餐飲協(xié)會提出“N-1”方案為例，可推知，第三段是通過舉例而展開的。

3.Bo根據(jù)第二段uMeituanandtheorganizationsareadvocatingthatmerchantsoffer

guidancefbrconsumers,includingremindingthemduringtheorderingprocessaboutthetasteof

theingredients,portionsizesandotherinformationaboutthedishes,tohelpthemavoidfood

wasteduetomisleadinginformation.（美團和相關(guān)組織倡導(dǎo)商家為消費者提供指導(dǎo)，包括在點

餐過程中提醒消費者有關(guān)食材的味道、份量等信息，幫助消費者避免因信息誤導(dǎo)而造成的食

物浪費）”；倒數(shù)第三段中“TheWuhanCateringAssociationproposedan"N-l”orderingcode

forrestaurantsinwhichagroupof10dinerswouldonlyorderenoughforninepeople.（武漢餐飲

協(xié)會提出了“N-l”訂餐代碼，即10人一組只訂夠9人用餐的量）”以及倒數(shù)第二段“OnFriday,

theChinaCuisineAssociationannouncedthatithadteamedupwithEle.me,afooddelivery

platform,tolauncha“half-dishplan1',encouragingrestaurantstoprovidecustomerswiththe

optiontoordersmallerportions.Besides,customersareencouragedtotaketheirleftovers

home.（周五，中國烹飪協(xié)會宣布與餓了嗎合作。外賣平臺餓了么將推出“半份計劃”，鼓勵

餐廳為顧客提供點小份的選擇。此外，鼓勵顧客把剩菜帶回家）”可推知，文中提到的商家

在顧客點菜過程中提醒顧客食物份額的大小，武漢餐飲協(xié)會提出的N-1方案以及中國烹

飪協(xié)會與“餓了么”平臺合作推出的“半份計劃”，即文章中對消費者的建議是購買適量的

食物。

4.A。根據(jù)畫線詞上文"ifuserssearchcertainkeywords,suchas"eatingshow"or

acompetitiveeaters",acautionarymessagew以及后文“toremindthemtocherishfoodandkeep

areasonablediet.”可知，當(dāng)用戶搜索與食物有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞時，警示信息就會“突然出現(xiàn)，彈

出”，提醒他們珍惜食物，保持合理飲食。故畫線詞意思是“突然出現(xiàn)，彈出”。

C

I.B。根據(jù)第二段第三句“…whichcanprocessinformationfasterthanthehuman'snervous

system."（它處理信息的速度比人類的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)還要快。）可知，人造皮膚的反應(yīng)速度比我

們的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)快。

2.A。根據(jù)第四段尤其是最后一句話"Sobyrecreatinganartificialversionoftheskin,for

Iheirprostheticdevices,theycanholdahandandfeelthewarmthandfeelthatitissoft."（因此，

通過為他們的假體設(shè)備重新創(chuàng)造一種人造皮膚，他們可以握住一只手，感覺到溫暖和柔軟。）

可知，這種人造皮膚就像真的皮膚一樣。

3.Do根據(jù)第五段第一句"TeesaidhisideaforthedevicecamefromthemovieStarWars,

whencharacterLukeSkywalkerloseshishandanditisreplacedwithroboticone."（Tee說他對

這個裝置的想法來自電影《星球大戰(zhàn)》，當(dāng)時角色盧克?天行者失去了他的手，取而代之的

是一個機器人。）可知，這個裝置的想法來自電影《星球大戰(zhàn)》中的場景.

4.Co根據(jù)最后一段第二句"ButTeesaidtherehadalreadybeenalotofinterestinthe

system,especiallyfromthemedicalcommunity.（但是Tee說，已經(jīng)有很多人對該系統(tǒng)感興

趣，特別是來自醫(yī)學(xué)界的。）可知，已經(jīng)有很多人對該系統(tǒng)感興趣，尤其是醫(yī)學(xué)界。所以說

人造皮膚這項技術(shù)是很有前途的。

D

1.Co根據(jù)第二段"Spacejunkisaproblem.Debris（殘?。ゝloatingaroundEarthputs

technologyandfuturespacetasksatrisk.（太空垃圾是個問題。漂浮在地球周圍的碎片將技術(shù)和

未來的太空任務(wù)置于危險之中）”可知，太空垃圾對于人們的壞處是它將其他太空物體置于

危險之中。

2.Ao根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段uAnothermissionisledbyacompanybasedinSwitzerland.It

planstocarryout