英語報刊復習資料

English-ChinesTermitabloiddelayedleaddirectlead直接式導語coverstory封面文章dateline日期行by-linecaptionheadlineprominence(人物或事件的)突出性proximity（物理或心理上的）接近性humaninterest人情味readabilitypyramidstructureinvertedpyramidstructureuniquenessofaneventurgentn.急電adj. balanceandfairnessn. breakingnews (新聞)主體 column correspondent記者(reporter? editor’snotes/Eds. newsfeatures follow-upstory newslead thewatchdogroleofYellowhard soft key masscommunicationmass news news news newsvalue新聞價值(whatprinciples?)freedomofthepress freedomofopinion personalprofile electronicmedia printmedia ChapterBasicConceptsinEnglishJournalismtheprocessofsharingideas,information,andmessageswithothersinaparticulartimeandplace.Formsofverbalcommunication(writingandnonverbalcommunicationvisualcommunicationelectroniccommunicationDevelopmentoflong-distancecommunicationCourier-type(信使類)services(examples?)Government-operatedcommunicationsystemsThefirsttrulyelectronicmedium:(theworld’sfirstregulartelegraphservice:Thefirstmechanicaldevicewhichcouldtransmitthehumanvoiceoverwires:telephone,Theearliestsystemforsendingelectricalsignalsthroughtheairviaelectromagneticwaves:wireless/radio,andlater,television, wirelesstelephone,etc.Thefirstregularlyscheduledtelevisionprogramming:1941,intheTheearliestcomputernetwork: inthe1960s,intheU.S.ThemostextensivelyconnectedcomputersystemthroughoutthetheInternet,intheMassCommunicationMediaWhatisamedium?ThechannelthroughwhichamessagetravelsfromthesourcetotheWhatisMassTheprocessbywhichacomplex organization,withtheaidofoneormoremachinesproducespublicmessagesthatareaimedatlargeheterogeneous(ofdifferentkinds),andscatteredaudience.WhatisMassThemeansofcommunicationthatcanreachmanypeopleatatimeeitherbyprintedmaterialsorelectronicwaves.Theseincludenewspapers,magazines,books,radio,television,publicrelationandTVandnewspapersarethetwomajorkindsofmassmediainthepresentworld.Inanarrowsense,journalismisthecollectionandperiodicalpublishingofnews.Inabroadsense,journalismisthegatheringandtransmissionofnews,businessmanagementofjournals,andadvertisinginallitsDevelopmentofJournalismintheWestabriefThefirstEnglishnews-sheetwaspublishedinBytheearly18thcentury,thegreatEnglishjournalistsflourished,amongthemDanielDefoe,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,andSirRichardSteele.Alsoatthistimethelongstruggleforfreedomofthepress新聞自由)inthe19thJosephPulitzer,EdwardWilliesScripps,&WilliamRandolphHearst:newspapersappealingtothegrowingpopulationsofthebigcitiesTheDailyMirrorasthefirsttabloidnewspaper:Atthesametime:newpopularBackground:newtechnologyandtheemergenceof nationalbrandsofconsumergoodsthatrequirednationalmediainwhichtoadvertise.RadiostationsintheUnitedStatesstartedtoreportcurrenteventsinthe1920s,andbyWorldWarIIhadamassedahugeaudience.TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC):Commerciallyviabletelevision:intheTheCableNewsNetwork(CNN)news-only;24hoursaTheever-importantwatchdogroleofjournalisminmodern①muckrakersnamedbecauseoftheirmannerofexposingcorruptioninthedecade1902-1912.②Inthe1960s,reporterscoveringtheVietnamWarwereinstrumentalinturningpublicopinionagainstthewar.③In1972and1973:theWatergatescandal.FunctionsofMassCommunicationforSurveillance;interpretation;transmissionofvalues;diversionandTwoPioneersinJosephPulitzer(1847-①ThePulitzer②NewYork③Newspapersportspages,women'sfashionsections,comics,and④CompetitionbetweenPulitzerandWilliamRandolphWilliamRandolphHearstwhocontrolledachainof25newspaperspublishedinmajorcitiesacrosstheUnitedStatesby1927.who,aseditor,usedthesensationaljournalisticmethodslatercalledyellowjournalism.Yellowjournalism,inshort,isbiasedopinionmasqueradingasobjectivefact.Moreover,thepracticeofyellowjournalisminvolvedsensationalism,distortedstories,andmisleadingimagesforthesolepurposeofboostingnewspapersalesandexcitingpublicopinion.Itwasparticularlyindicativeoftwopapersfoundedandpopularizedinthelate19thcentury-TheNewYorkWorld,runbyJosephPulitzerandTheNewYorkJournal,runbyWilliamRandolphHearst.Thereareusuallyfivebasicelementsinnews:who,what,why,when,where,how.Hardnewsvs.SoftHardnewsgenerallyreferstoup-to-the-minutenewsandeventsthatarereportedimmediately.Softnewsisbackgroundinformationorhuman-intereststories,whichappealtopeople’scuriosity,sympathy,skepticism,oramazement.NewsvalueandpublicNewsvaluereferstotheimportanceofthefactsanddetailsinthenewsthatsatisfythepublic’s interestinnews.Publicinterestmeansthedegreeofattentionthatreaderspaytothenewsreports.◆Newspapereditorsdeterminethenewsworthinessofareportbythefollowingprinciples:ProminenceConsequenceorHumanOtherfactorsdeterminingnewsInstinctsofeditorsandreporters;Theaudience;Thenewshole;Availabilityofnews;Philosophyofthemediaoutlet;Pressurefrompublishers;Influenceofadvertisers;CompetitionamongmediaSourcesofnewsandnewsagenciesWhatarenewsagencies?——Organizationsthatcollect,transmit,anddistributenewstonewspapers,periodicals,television,radio,andotherjournalisticandmasscommunicationmedia.ThelargestworldwidenewstheAssociatedPress (AP),(美聯(lián)社),1848, Othermajornewsagenciesoftheworld:Reuters,1851,Britain,oneofthelargestEuropeanpressagencies.(路透社).theUnitedPressInternational(UPI)1907,USA.AgenceFrancePresse,(AFP),1835,France.XinhuaNewsAgency,1931,People’sRepublicofKyodoNewsAgency,1945, DeutschePresseAgentur(DPA), InformationTelegraphicAgencyofRussia(ITA-TASS),Marktwainoncesaid:thereareonlytwoforcesthatcancarrylighttoallcornersoftheglobe,thesuninheheavensandtheAssociatedPress(美國