詞性句子成分

英語語法初級---基礎(chǔ)語法至句子成分及句子種類學(xué)案（1）撰寫人：布萊爾老師【探究學(xué)習(xí)】知識點(diǎn)一：詞類1.（n.）名詞：表示人或事物的名稱。Iboughtabook.Sheisastudent.2.(pron.)代詞：代替名詞、數(shù)詞等。Thisismyfriend.Helikesthatbookbecauseitisveryusefultohim.3.（adj.）形容詞：表示人或事物的特征或性狀。Heissmallbutheisclever.Theredpenisusefulfortheteacher.Hepaintedthewallwhiteyesterday.4.(num.)數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目或順序。TherearetenapplesonthetableandIwilltakethefirstone.5.（v.）動(dòng)詞：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。WeareworkinghardatEnglish.Iwanttobecomeanengineer.6.（adv.）副詞：表示動(dòng)作的特征或性狀特征。 IlikeEnglishverymuch.Theteachertreatsuskindly.Thetraingoesfast.Heseldomcomestoseeus.7.(prep.）介詞：表示名詞、代詞和其他詞之間的關(guān)系。HeusuallystayathomeonSundays.8.（conj.）連詞：連接詞與詞或句與句的作用。 HeandIareinthesameclassandwearegoodfriends.TwoorthreeofuscandancewellbutIcan’t.9.(interj.）感嘆詞： 表示強(qiáng)烈的感情 Oh!Howbeautifulthesceneis!Whatagoodidea!Goodness!10.（art.）冠詞： 用來限制名詞的意義 Ihaveapetdog.Thedogisverylovely.Heisanoldmanbutverystrong.知識點(diǎn)二：句子的成分概念主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語的概念。1、主語：是一個(gè)句子所要說明的人和事物，是一句的主體。如IstudyEnglish中的I。作主語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語從句。2、謂語：它是說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的，如IstudyEnglish中的study.作謂語的有：及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語。3、賓語：它是表示及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語所作用的對象的，如IstudyEnglish中的English和Hemakesfulluseofhissparetimetostudy中的hissparetime.介詞后的名詞或代詞，叫做介詞的賓語，如Hewentawaywithnowords中的nowords.作賓語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和賓語從句。4、表語：它是放在連系動(dòng)詞之后表示主語的身份或特征的，如Thatsoundsagoodidea中的agoodidea.作表語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、介詞短語、表地點(diǎn)或方位的副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞和表語從句。5、定語：它是限定名詞或代詞用的，作定語的有：名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞和定語從句，若是詞則多作前置定語，若是短語或定語從句則只能作后置定語。如thepollutedriver中的polluted和theriverpollutedbychemicals中的pollutedbychemicals.6、狀語：它是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句用的。如Ilikeitverymuch中的very修飾much,而much又修飾like。作狀語的有：副詞（短語）、介詞短語、不定式、分詞（短語）、名詞短語和狀語從句。狀語說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表頻率或程度的副詞應(yīng)位于句中be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間應(yīng)按先小后大的順序。7、補(bǔ)足語：補(bǔ)充說明句中的主語或者賓語的，作補(bǔ)足語的有：名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、不定式和分詞（短語）。如Ifinditinteresting中的interesting.8、同位語：把一個(gè)名詞（短語）、代詞或從句放在另一名詞或代詞后，用以說明前者的性質(zhì)或情況，這樣的名詞或代詞叫同位語。如WeChinesepeoplelovepeace中的Chinesepeople是主語We的同位語.知識點(diǎn)三：句子的成分詳細(xì)用法與理解1.主語（subject）：句子說明的人或事物。主語一般位于______。例句：1.Lucylikeshernewbike.2.Weworkhard.3.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.4.Playingfootballafterschoolisgreatfun.2.謂語:說明主語做什么或怎么樣。通常由______充當(dāng).動(dòng)詞常分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞.例句：1.WeloveChina.2.Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.3.HecanspeakEnglish.4.Sheseemstired.△情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語,必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語.例句：TheycanspeakEnglishwell.Theyareplayingoverthere.△系動(dòng)詞（四類）1）狀態(tài)、保持類：be，keep,remain,stay等。Heisateacher.Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他開會時(shí)總保持沉默。2）感官類：主要有feel,look,smell,sound,taste等。Thisflowersmellsverysweet.Helookstired.3）變化類：主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come等。Hebecamemadafterthat.4）似乎好像結(jié)果證明是類，主要有seem,appear,prove,turnout等。Heseems(tobe)verysad.Therumorprovedfalse.這謠言證實(shí)有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。3.賓語：動(dòng)作行為的對象，說明主語做什么。一般放在_________或_______后面.1.WestudyEnglish.2.Ourteachersaidthathewouldgothere.3.Heislookingatthedog.△雙賓語：指人的是間接賓語，指物的是直接賓語。間人直物（賤人植物）。Hegavemetwobooks.4.表語：跟在連系動(dòng)詞后面的詞語或從句（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）,用來說明主語的身份,特征,狀態(tài).ThetreesturngreenTheflowerisbeautiful.5.定語：用來修飾_____.Thisisaredcar.Thebuildingistheirteachingbuilding.Thewomandoctorismywife.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.ThemaninfrontofthegateisMr.Li.EverystudenthasanEnglishbook.6.狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、因果、條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的、伴隨等。試著分析下列狀語是說明什么的：Johnoftencametochatwithme．()Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.()Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.()Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.()Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.()Hecamerunning.()7.補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)語是用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的身份或特征。EveryonecallshimJack.（賓補(bǔ)）HeiscalledJack.（主補(bǔ)）8.同位語：同位語是位于名詞或代詞后面的個(gè)別名詞或名詞詞組，對前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。TheGreatWall,oneofthewondersintheworld,attractsalargenumberofforeignfriends.知識點(diǎn)四：it做形式主語的情況當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語嗎?你知道怎么翻譯下列句子嗎？1)Itiswrongtotellalie.()

2)Itisnousearguingaboutit.()

3)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.()【訓(xùn)練提升】（一）主語：分析什么做主語1.Thesunrisesintheeast.（）2.Helikesdancing.（）3.Twowillbeenough.()4.Seeingisbelieving.（）6.Toseeistobelieve.（）7.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.()8.Whatheneedsisabook.（）9.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（）（二）賓語賓語可以用下面這些東西表示：1.Shelivedahappylife.()2.Iloveyou.()3.Weneedtwo.()4.Doyoumindmyopeningthedoor?()5.HebegantolearnEnglishayearago.()6.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.()7.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?()（三）表語表語可以用下面這些東西表示：Heisateacher.()Myideaisthis.()Shewasthefirsttoarrive.()Ifeelmuchbettertoday./Imustbeoffnow.()Heisoutofdanger.()Thenewswasexciting./Theywereexcitedatthenews.()WhatsurprisedmemostwasthathespokeChinesesowell.()（四）定語定語可以用下面這些東西表示：It’saredcar.()Theyliveintheroomabove.()Mybrotherisateacher.()Webelongtothethirdworld.()Lucy’sfatherisapoorworker.()Mothermadeabirthdaycakeforme.()Themanunderthetreeismyteacher.()Theswimmingboyismybrother./Theboyswimmingintheriverismybrother.()Ilikedthefoodcookedbymymother./Retiredpeoplehaveagoodtimeathome.()Therearetwothingstobediscussedtoday.（）Willyoutellusaboutyourteachingplan?（）ThisistheverybookthatIneed.()（五）狀語狀語可以用下面這些東西表示：Heisoftenlateforclass.()Wesawthatpictureatthecinema.()Hesattheresmoking.()Theyreturned，tiredandhungry.（）Theydideverythingtheycouldtosavetheboy’slife.（）Althoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.()TheboxissoheavythatIcan’tliftit.()Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,IwaswatchingTV.（）Hewasangrybecausewewerelate．(）（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：IconsiderJimagoodfriend.()Ialwaysfindherhappy.()Peoplepraisedhimasahero.()IhadtheTVfixed.()Isawhimenteringthebuilding.()Whatmadeyouthinkso?()Doyouwantmetogo?()英語語法初級---基礎(chǔ)語法至句子成分及句子種類學(xué)案（2）撰寫人：布萊爾老師【探究學(xué)習(xí)】知識點(diǎn)一：句子的種類簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句知識點(diǎn)二：英語五種基本句型

基本句型一：

Ｓ

Ｖi

（主＋謂）

基本句型二：

Ｓ

Ｖ

Ｐ

（主＋系＋表）

基本句型三：

Ｓ

Ｖ

Ｏ

（主＋謂＋賓）

基本句型四：

Ｓ

Ｖ

Oi

Od（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

基本句型五：

Ｓ

Ｖ

Ｏ

Ｃ

（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）練習(xí)：簡單句的五種基本類型1.Heruns.2.Peoplemakehistory.3.Hegavemeabook.4.WecallherLily.5.Knowledgeispower.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成份。1.ThereisgoingtobeaChinesefilmtonight.()2.SheistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.()3.Herwishistobecomeateacher.()4.He,mybrother,managedtofinishtheworkintime.()5.WefounditimportanttolearnEnglish.(6.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyourname?()7.Theynoticedamanentertheroom.()8.JohnnyCarsonbeganhiscareerinhistwenties.()知識點(diǎn)三：簡單句Lookatsomeotherexamples－－Iboughtabeautifulbird.Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個(gè)短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，定語和狀語是句子的修飾成分．知識點(diǎn)四：并列句1.并列句是有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的相互關(guān)聯(lián)而又獨(dú)立的簡單句,由并列連詞或;連接而成.用分號：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分號，后跟一個(gè)連接副詞：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、or等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing.2.常用并列連詞

平行并列連詞：轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：因果并列連詞:選擇并列連詞:知識點(diǎn)五：復(fù)合句1.復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。復(fù)合句在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起名詞、形容詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句：名詞性從句形容詞性從句副詞性從句2.復(fù)雜句不“復(fù)雜”復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句句子體會：Idon’tknowhim.Thatsurprisedthepeopleintheroom.Thatisadesk.He,mybrother,isastudent.Thefactsurprisedallofus.Thefactsurprisedallofus.Theyaskmeaquestion.Theworkwasworthdoing.Heworkedinthatfactory【課堂總結(jié)】【訓(xùn)練提升】1.請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。(1).Hewastired.Hewenttobed.(2).Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.(3).Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.2.指出下列各從句的類型:Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.3.將各組句子連接為一個(gè)含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句。Hedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（時(shí)間）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（結(jié)果）We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(條件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(讓步）4.單句語法填空(1).你最好把那堵危險(xiǎn)的墻推到。（過去分詞作補(bǔ)語）You’dbetterhave/getthedangerousbuilding_______(pull)down.(2).我昨天弄斷了我的左臂。（過去分詞作補(bǔ)語）Ihadmyleftarm________(broke)yesterday.(3).騙子難以讓人相信。（過去分詞作補(bǔ)語）Aliarcannotmakehimself__________(believe).(4).在地震中毀壞了，這個(gè)城市將會被重建。（過去分詞作狀語）_________(destroy)intheearthquake,thecitywillberebuilt.(5).他一直在討好導(dǎo)演，想在劇中扮演主角。（現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語）Hehasbeencourtingthedirector,________(hope)togettheleadingroleintheplay.(6).因?yàn)閷懙脗}促，她沒有注意其中的拼寫錯(cuò)誤。(現(xiàn)在分詞作原因狀語）__________(write)hurriedlyasshewas,shedidn’tnoticethespellingerrors.5.翻譯句子(1).問題是這部電影是否值得看。（whether引導(dǎo)的從句作表語）__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2).問題是我們能找到誰去替換他。（who引導(dǎo)的從句作表語；替換replace）__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(3).有志者，事竟成。（從句作地點(diǎn)狀語）_________________________________________________________(4).由于所有座位都坐滿了，他只得站著等待。(從句作原因狀語）_________________________________________________________(5).他買了書以便能夠跟上電視課程。（從句作目的狀語）_________________________________________________________(6).他如此生氣以至于他一句話都沒說就離開了房間。（從句作結(jié)果狀語）_________________________________________________________(7).只要明天天氣晴朗我們就打籃球。(從句作條件狀語）_________________________________________________________(8).盡管他老了，他仍然還能騎自行車。（從句作讓步狀語）_______________________________________________________________________________6.語法填空練習(xí)A:IntheUnitedStates,therewere222people1(report)tobebillionairesin2022.The2oftheseisBillGates,worthatleast$41billion,whomadehismone3__startingthecompanyMicrosoft.MrGateswasonly21yearsold4hefirsthelpedtosetupthecompanyin1976.Hewasabillionaire5thetimehewas31.6,therearestillsomeotherpeoplewhohavemadelotsofmoneyateven7___(young)ages.OtheryoungpeoplewhohavestruckitrichincludeJackieCooganandShirleyTemple.8ofthesechildactorsmadeoveramilliondollars9(act)inmoviesbeforetheywere14.But10youngestbillionaireisAlbertvonThurnandTaxisofGermany,who,in2022,inheritedabilliondollarswhenheturned18.B:Friendshipisoneofthemostimportantthingsineveryone’slife.__1__isverydifficulttofindabetterdefinition(定義)offriendship.Atruefriendistheperson___2___cansharealloursadnessanddoubleallourhappiness.Intimeoftrial(嘗試),heorsheisalwaysatoursidetogiveushisorherhelpandcomfort.Knowinghow___3___(value)friendshipis,weshouldbeverycarefulwithourchoiceofafriend.Weshouldchoosethosepeoplewithagoodcharacter___4___ourfriends,butwemusttrytoavoid___5___(make)friendswithabadman.Besides,weshouldforgivetheirmistakesandtrytohelpthemasmuchaspossible.Atruefriendcanalways___6___(trust),lovedandrespected.Ifyoutellafriendyoursecrets,heorshewon’ttell___7