殖民時期及十八世紀(jì)美國文學(xué)

HistoryofAmericanLiterature

ABriefOutlineColonialPeriod(1620-1776)EighteenthcenturyAmericanliteratureJonathanEdwards,Franklin,JeffersonAmericanRomanticism(endofthe18thcentury—1861)Earlyperiod:Irving,CooperNewEnglandTranscendentalism:Emerson,ThoreauHighRomantic:Hawthorne,Melville,Poe,Whitman,DickinsonTheAgeofRealism(1865—1914):James,Twain,DresierAmericanLiteratureDuringtheTwoWorldWars(1914—1945)SinclairLewis,Hemingway,Fitzgerald,,SteinbeckSouthernAmericanLiteratureFaulknerAmericanDrama:O’Neill,Miller,WilliamsBlackAmericanLiterature(1920s:theHarlemRenaissance)Hughes,Wright,RalphEllisonChineseAmericanLiteratureMaxineHongKingston,AmyTanLecture1:Colonial&18thcenturyAmericanLiteratureDiscoveryof

AmericaColonialPeriod(1620－1776)

PilgrimFathersAmericanPuritanismLiteratureofearlysettlementsLiteratureofEighteenthCenturyBenjaminFranklinThomasJeffersonDiscoveryofAmericaChristopherColumbus:Italiansailor,whofirstdiscoveredthe“NewWorld”in1492,butwhobelievedthelandhehadreachedwasAsia.AmerigoVespucci:Italiansailor,whosailedtoBrazilin1501andnotedthattheyhadarrivedatanewcontinent.Itwasafterhimthatthenewlandwasnamed:America.PilgrimFathers(清教徒前輩移民)InNovember1620,agroupofEnglishsettlers,sailingontheshipoftheMayflower,steppedontheNewEngland

shoreatPlymouth,Massachusetts.Onlyhalfofthe149peoplesurvivedthehardvoyageontheAtlanticOcean.ThesepeoplearecalledPilgrimFathers,theforefathersoftheAmericanpeople.TheirarrivalmarkedthebeginningoftheAmericanhistory.NewEnglandAnareaincludingthepresentstatesofMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut,namedbyCaptainJohnSmithinhismapof1616.Theharshclimate,rockysoil,andpaucityofnaturalproductsdiscouragedcolonization,exceptbythePuritans,whosoughtanewhomeinwhichtocultivatetheirfaith.(Pic.1;Pic.2)NorthAmerica1750The13OriginalStatesTheBritishColoniesinNorthAmerica,1763-1775AmericanPuritanismDoctrinesofPuritanism(pp11-12)Puritans’wayofLife(p13,p15)

InfluenceofPuritanism(pp13-15)Puritanismvs.Confucianism(p13)InfluenceonAmericanliteratureOptimisticattitude(originoftheAmericanDream)(p14)Literarysymbolism(p14)Styleofwriting(p15)DoctrinesofPuritanismAmericanPuritanismstressedpredestination（命運神定),originalsin,totaldepravity(徹底的墮落),andlimitedatonement

(有限的贖罪)fromGod’sgrace.

Withsuchdoctrinesintheirminds,PuritansleftEuropeforAmericainordertoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven.TheyfeltthattheywereexilesunderthespecialgraceofGodtoestablishatheocracyintheNewWorld.

StyleofwritingWithregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.Thepuritansplacedunusualstressuponplainnessinwritingbecausetheywereunusuallyinterestedininfluencingthesimple-mindedpeople.BearingthedirectinfluenceoftheChristianBiblicalpoetics,thePuritanwritingsarefresh,direct,andwithatouchofnobility.Puritans’wayofLifeOvertheyearsinthenewhomelandthePuritansbuiltawayoflifethatstressedhardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.InHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterthereisagooddescriptionofthePuritans’life.(Pic.1;Pic.2)LiteratureofearlysettlementsMainwritersJohnSmithWilliamBradfordAnneBradstreetThomasPainePhilipFreneauJohnSmith(1580-1631)ADescriptionofNewEngland

《新蘇格蘭記述》WilliamBradford(1590-1657)OfPlymouthPlantation《普利茅斯種植園史》

AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)

“Contemplations”《沉思》PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”

(1772)《蒸蒸日上的美利堅》ThomasPaine(1737-1809)Life托馬斯·潘恩Mainworks

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1737HewasbornatThetford,NorfolkinEngland,asasonofaQuaker.1762hewasemployedasanexciseofficer.1774hemadehiswaytoPhiladelphia.1776hewasappointedaide-de-camp（副官）toGeneralGreene.1787hewenttoParisandLondon,andsecuredforeignpatents專利權(quán)forhisbridge.1809hediedinNewYorkCity1772hewrotehisfirstpamphlet,TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise1776PaineformulatedhisideasonAmericanindependenceinhispamphlet

CommonSense.

1776-1783hewroteaseriesofsixteenpamphletsentitledAmericanCrisis

back1791-1792hepublishednumerouseditionsofhisRightsofMan1794-1795hecompletedTheAgeofReason1797hewrotehislastimportanttreatise（著作）

,AgrarianJustice.CommonSense

CommonSensepresentedtheAmericancolonistswithanargumentforfreedomfromBritishruleatatimewhenthequestionofindependencewasstillundecided.Painewroteandreasonedinastylethatcommonpeopleunderstood;PainestructuredCommonSenselikeasermon（布道）andreliedonBiblicalreferencestomakehiscasetothepeople.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)Life本杰明·富蘭克林MainworksStyleofwritingEmbodimentoftheAmericanDream(pp35-37)Franklin’slifeBorninacandle-maker’sfamilyinBostononJanuary6,1706.tenthson.At12,aapprenticetohishalf-brother,anewspaperprinterinBoston.At17,wenttoPhiladelphiaandstartedhisownprintingbusiness.At42,becamefinanciallyindependentandretired.DiedonApril17,1790,attheageof84asoneofthemostbelovedAmericans.本杰明.富蘭克林（BenjaminFranklin）(1706-1790)——資本主義精神最完美的代表，十八世紀(jì)美國最偉大的科學(xué)家和發(fā)明家，著名的政治家、外交家、文學(xué)家和航海家以及美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭的偉大領(lǐng)袖。Franklin’sservicesasadiplomatinFrancehelpedgreatlyinwiningtheRevolutionarywar.ManyhistoriansconsiderhimtheablestandmostsuccessfuldiplomatthatAmericahaseversentabroad.

BenjaminFranklinwasthemostfamousandinfluentialAmericanswhohaveeverlived.Hewasaprinter,author,diplomat,philosopher,scientist,andagreateststatesman,andhedidthemoat（護(hù)城河）tomaketheUnitedStatesafreeandindependentcountry.富蘭克林本人對節(jié)儉、責(zé)任、勤勞與樸素的見解。Apennysavedisapennyearned.

省一分，掙一分。Earlytobedandearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.

早睡早起，體健、財多、頭晴朗。Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves.

自助者天助。Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks.小斧慢砍，巨樹可斷。熱心公共事業(yè)的富蘭克林In1731hefoundedwhatwasprobablythefirstpubliclibraryinAmerica.Heformedthecitypolicewhenhesawthatcriminalsweregettingawaywithoutpunishment.Heraisedmoneytohelpbuiltacityhospital,thePennsylvaniaHospital.Thecityhadnoschoolforhighereducation,sohehelpedfoundtheacademythatgrewintotheUniversityofPennsylvania.科學(xué)家富蘭克林Franklinwasoneofthefirstpersonsintheworldtoexperimentwithelectricity.HeconductedhismostfamouselectricalexperimentatPhiladelphiain1752(費城實驗).Heflewahomemadekiteduringathunderstorm,andprovedthatlightningiselectricity.Thenheinventedthelightningrodtosavebuildingsfromdamage.科學(xué)家富蘭克林HebecamethefirstscientisttostudythemovementoftheGulfStreamintheAtlanticOcean.Franklin’sscientificworkwonhimmanyhighhonors.TheRoyalSocietyofLondon(倫敦皇家學(xué)會)electedhimtomembership,ararehonorforapersonlivinginthecolonies.外交家富蘭克林SoonafterthecoloniesdeclaredtheirindependenceinJuly1776,FranklinwassenttoFranceastheAmericanenvoy,andheremainedthereuntil1785.HewasverypopularamongtheFrenchpeople,whowerecharmedbyhiskindness,hissimpledressandmanner,hiswiseandwittysayings,andhistactandcourtesyingreetingthenobilityandcommonpeoplealike.envoy使者；代表witty機智的；言辭詼諧的tact老練；圓滑courtesy禮貌；彬彬有禮外交家富蘭克林WhentheAmericanwontheSaratoga（薩拉托加）,theFrenchagreedtoatreatyofalliance(盟約).FranklinthenmadearrangementfortheFrenchtosendtheirfleettoAmerica.HemanagedtokeeploansandgiftsofmoneyflowingtotheUnitedStates.ManyhistoriansbelievedthatwithoutthisaidtheAmericanscouldnothavewontheirindependence.Alliance結(jié)盟；聯(lián)盟fleet艦隊；海軍偉人的離去HislastpublicactwastosignanappealtoCongressurgingtheabolitionofslavery.FranklindiedinPhiladelphiain1790,attheageof84.Heleft﹩5000eachtoBostonandPhiladelphia,tobeusedforpublicworks.譯文：他為公共事業(yè)所做的最后一件事是簽署一份請愿書遞交國會，敦促廢除奴隸制：富蘭克林于1790年秋逝世于費城，享年84歲，他為波士頓和費城個留下5000美元，用于市政工程的建設(shè)。MainworksPoorRichard’sAlmanac

(1732-1758)《窮查理警句》Autobiography(1771-1790)《富蘭克林自傳》ThirteenVirtuesinAutobiography1.Temperance溫和2.Silence3.Order4.Resolution決心5.Frugality節(jié)儉6.Industry7.Sincerity8.Justice9.Moderation節(jié)制10.Cleanliness11.Tranquility平靜12.Chastity貞潔，純潔13.Humility謙遜Franklin'sstyleofwritingFranklinmodeledhisstyleontheclarity,goodsense,andsimplicityoftheEnglishessayistsJosephAddisonandRichardSteele,twoleadingEnglishsatiristsatthetime.clarity清楚，明晰ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)Life托馬斯·杰弗遜LiteraryachievementsStyleofwritingJefferson'sroleinUScurrencyThomasJeffersononPresidentialDollarJeffersonportrayedontheUnitedStatestwo-dollarbillTheJeffersonNickel1938–2004Jefferson'sfaceincloseprofile,USnickel,2005Jefferson'sface,USnickel,2006–presentJeffersonMemorialRushmoreMountLife(abriefoutline)borninAlbemarleCounty,Virginia,April13,1743,inaprominentfamily.in1775,representedVirginiaintheSecondedContinentalCongress.In1776,withJohnAdmas,BenjaminFranklin,RogerSherman,RobertR.Livingston,hedraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.

wonpresidentialelection(thethirdpresident)in1800,andservedtwotermsaspresident(1800-1809).diedin1826,the50thanniversaryofthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependence.HEREWASBURIED

THOMASJEFFERSON

AUTHOROFTHE

DECLARATION

OFAMERICANINDEPENDENCE

OFTHE

STATUTEOFVIRGINIA

FOR

RELIGIOUSFREEDOM

ANDFATHEROFTHE

UNIVERSITYOFVIRGINIA

BORNAPRIL2.1743.O.S.

DIEDJULY4.1826LiteraryAchievementsHewasalmostwhollyresponsibleforthespiritandphrasingoftheDeclarationofIndependence(1776),hisgreatmonumentinliteratureandpoliticaltheory.Jefferson’sstyleJeffersonisfamousforhismasterlyprosestylethatisclassicallyspare,andremarkableinitsease,simplicity,andpower.TheDeclarationofIndependenceexemplifie