高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí)必修2Unit2TheOlympicGames課件新人教版

必修二Unit2

TheOlympicGames1必備知識·盤點夯基2核心素養(yǎng)·精講層練3高效演練·素能提升1必備知識·盤點夯基Ⅰ．單詞立體巧記寫準記牢核心單詞1．__________n.祖國；本國2．_________vt.取代；替換；代替3．________vt.&vi.收費；控訴n.費用；主管4．__________adj.物理的；身體的5．_________vi.討價還價；講條件n.便宜貨6．_________vi.&vt.應(yīng)受(報答或懲罰)；值得

homeland

replace

charge

physical

bargain

deserve

寫準記牢核心單詞7．______vt.罰款8．_______n.獎牌；獎?wù)?；勛章；紀念章9．______vt.做東；主辦n.主人10．_________adj.古代的；古老的11．_________n.運動員；運動選手12．_________vt.值得；應(yīng)當(dāng)(受到)

fine

medal

host

ancient

athlete

deserve

語境運用1．IbelieveChinese__________(運動員)willdowellintheinternationalmarathon.2．(2020·全國卷Ⅲ)The______(主人)orhostessofthepartywill,however,probablygivealltheguestsatouroftheirnewhome.3．Iboughtadressforonly10dollarsinasale;itwasareal_________(便宜貨).

athletes

host

bargain

語境運用4．Thescientistmadegreatcontributionstoscience,sohe__________(deserve)givingsomanyawards.5．Ifyou’redrivingatthespeedof100kilometersanhour,youaremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeattheriskofgetting_______(fine).6．Weknowplayingcomputergamesforalongtimecanharmone’s__________(physics)health.

deserved

fined

physical

寫準記牢拓展單詞1．_________adj.規(guī)則的；定期的；常規(guī)的→____________n.規(guī)則；規(guī)章制度2．_________vi.比賽；競爭→_____________n.競爭；比賽→_____________adj.競爭的；有競爭力的→____________n.競爭者3．_______vt.&vi.容許；承認；接納→___________n.準入；入場費；承認

寫準記牢拓展單詞4．________________n.責(zé)任；職責(zé)→_____________adj.有責(zé)任心的5．_________adj.愚蠢的；傻的→______v.愚弄n.傻瓜；愚人6．___________n.志愿者；志愿兵adj.志愿的；義務(wù)的vt.&vi.自愿→___________adj.自愿的；志愿的

responsibility

responsible

foolish

fool

volunteer

voluntary

寫準記牢拓展單詞7．___________vt.&vi.做廣告；登廣告→_______________n.廣告→____________n.廣告商8．______n.疼痛；痛苦→_________adj.疼痛的；痛苦的→__________adj.無痛的；輕松的

advertise

advertisement

advertiser

pain

painful

painless

寫準記牢拓展單詞9．__________adj.沒有希望的；絕望的→______v.&n.希望→_________adj.充滿希望的

hopeless

hope

hopeful

語境運用1．Sheisina__________situation,andshe_______thatsomeonewillcomeandhelpherputthrough.(hope)2．Alltheexcited_____________whoarerelatively_____________are___________forthehonorofwinningthegoldmedalsinthe_____________.(compete)3．Uptillnow___________tocollegeisgainedbyexamonly.Ifyoucannotpasstheexam，youwillnotbe__________tocollege.(admit)

hopeless

hopes

admission

admitted

語境運用4．_____________aresupposedtobehonestwiththe_______________.Ifyou___________yourgoodsinadishonestway,youwillbefinedupto50,000yuan.(advertise)5．Alargenumberof____________fromtheuniversity___________toteachintheremotevillages.Their___________workiswellworthpraising.(volunteer)6．We’llbe__________foryoursafetyandyouneedtotake____________foryouractions.(responsible)

Advertisers

advertisement

advertise

volunteers

volunteer

voluntary

responsible

responsibility

聯(lián)想積累：1．雙寫輔音字母的過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞①admit：admitted/admitted/admitting②permit：permitted/permitted/permitting③plan：planned/planned/planning④refer：referred/referred/referring⑤prefer：preferred/preferred/preferring2．-less否定后綴①hopelessadj.絕望的；沒有希望的②homelessadj.無家可歸的③endlessadj.無止境的④uselessadj.沒有用的⑤breathlessadj.上氣不接下氣的3．與“運動”有關(guān)的名詞匯總①athlete運動員②coach教練③referee裁判員④professional專業(yè)選手；職業(yè)運動員⑤amateur業(yè)余選手Ⅱ．短語語境助記寫準記牢1．____________參加；參與2．__________代表；象征；表示3．__________也；又；還4．__________主管；看管5．______________做交易6．______________被接納進入；被……錄取

takepartin

standfor

aswellas

incharge

makeabargain

beadmittedto

寫準記牢7．_________計算出；設(shè)計出；解決；結(jié)果；鍛煉8．___________除了9．_________________陸續(xù)地；一個接一個地10．________________代替11．________拾起；撿起；用車接某人12．_________________事實上

workout

apartfrom

oneafteranother

taketheplaceof

pickup

asamatteroffact

語境運用1．Aftertheteacher’spositiveencouragement,allthestudents____________thediscussion.2．Ifthereissomethingwrongwiththemachine,youmustreportitatoncetotheengineer__________.3．Studentswentoutoftheclassroom_________________whentheclasswasover.4．(2020·新高考卷閱讀)HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican,__________hisdelicatestomach.

tookpartin

incharge

oneafteranother

aswellas

語境運用5．Asisknowntous,thelettersBBC__________BritishBroadcastingCompany.6．___________goodservice,therestaurantoffersdifferentkindsoftraditionalFujiandishes.7．I’dappreciateitifyoucan________mysisteratfouro’clockattheairport.8．_________________，theremustbefailuresinourlife,butweshouldbeoptimisticallthetime.

standfor

Apartfrom

pickup

Asamatteroffact

Ⅲ．句式運用速記背會原句知曉考點我會仿用1．Ilivedinwhatyoucall“AncientGreece”.我生活在你們所說的古希臘。what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在本句中意為“所……的地方”。1．我被你在信中所描述的事情吸引。I’mattractedby_________________inyourletter.whatyoudescribed

背會原句知曉考點我會仿用2．Noothercountriescouldjoinin,norcouldslavesorwomen!別的國家不能參加，奴隸和婦女也不能參加！“nor/neither＋情態(tài)動詞/助動詞/系動詞be＋主語”構(gòu)成倒裝句；型，表示“……也不這樣”。2．如果你不參加這次會議，我也不去。Ifyoudon’tattendthemeeting,__________________.nor/neitherwillI

背會原句知曉考點我會仿用3．ThisisimportantbecausethemoreyouspeakEnglish,thebetteryourEnglishwillbecome.這很重要，因為英語說得越多，你的英語就會越好?！皌he＋比較級(…)，the＋比較級(…)”意為“越……，就越……”。3．(2020·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀)這是真的，隨著年齡的增長，我越發(fā)覺得時間有翅膀。It’strue,______________________________timehaswings.theolderIget，

themoreIfeel

背會原句知曉考點我會仿用4．There’sasmuchcompetitionamongcountriestohosttheOlympicsastowinOlympicmedals.國與國之間爭取奧運會舉辦權(quán)的競爭，就跟爭奪奧運獎牌一樣激烈。as…as…“像……一樣，同……一樣”4．(全國卷Ⅰ書面表達)我希望我的簡歷和要求的一樣正規(guī)，因為它要被寄送到一家國際公司。Ihopemyresumeis______________________

becauseitwillbedeliveredtoaninternationalcompany.asformal

asrequired

2核心素養(yǎng)·精講層練with

for

提能—單句寫作。⑤(2018·天津卷書面表達)我們可以和來自其他大學(xué)的學(xué)生在世界青少年機器人技能競賽中競爭。_________________________________________________theWorldAdolescentRoboticsCompetition.admissionn.允許進入；承認；入場費2．a(chǎn)dmitv.容許；承認；接納；容納(1)beadmittedas/tobe…作為……被接受beadmittedto/into…被接收(入學(xué)/入院/入黨等)(2)admitthat…承認……admitdoing/havingdonesth.承認做/做過某事Itisadmittedthat…人們公認……夯基—單句語法填空。①(2017·天津卷書面表達)Forexample,Ihavesuccessfullygot__________(admit)asavolunteerforthe13thNationalGames,whichisscheduledtobeheldattheendofthisAugust.②Theyoungmanhadtoadmit______________________(drive)withoutadrivingpermit.③(牛津高階)Shefailedtogain___________(admit)totheuniversityofherchoice.admitted

driving/havingdriven

admission

提能—熟詞生義。④(2019·全國卷Ⅲ書面表達)Themusicfestivalwillbeshowninthehallwhichcanadmit1,600students.______⑤Gatesopenat1030a.m.andtheadmissionisfree.________容納

入場費

提能—單句寫作。⑥__________________thehousereallydeservesbuying,becauseallitswidewindows________________theroom.人們公認這個房子的確值得購買，因為它所有的大窗戶都使光線透進室內(nèi)。Itisadmittedthat

admitlightinto

3．replacevt.取代；代替；替換；把……放回原處replaceAwith/byB用B代替Ataketheplaceof/takeone’splace代替；取代inplaceof取代(介詞短語)insteadof代替(介詞短語)夯基—單句語法填空。①(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)Ehlerseventuallysucceededincoaxing(哄)theanimaltohim.Nervousnessandfear______________(replace)withjoy.提能—熟詞生義。②Shereplacedthebooksafterreadingandfellasleep.________________werereplaced

將……放回原處

提能—一句多譯。找一個人來代替現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)理是不容易的。③Itwouldbedifficulttofindaman____________________________.④Itwouldbedifficulttofindamanto__________________________.⑤Itwouldbedifficulttofindamanto_____________________________________.inplaceofthepresentmanager

replacethepresentmanager

taketheplaceofthepresent

manager

4．chargevi.&vt.收費；控訴；充電

n.費用；主管(1)chargesb.withsth.控告某人犯某罪chargesb.forsth.因為……收取某人費用(2)takechargeof掌管(表動作)

inchargeof掌管(表狀態(tài))inthechargeof…由……負責(zé)或看護freeofcharge(＝forfree)免費(1)charge和accuse都有“指控；控告”之意，但是charge常與with搭配，而accuse常與of搭配。(2)inchargeof往往以人作主語，指“某人負責(zé)(主管)某事”；inthechargeof往往以物作主語，指“某物由某人主管”。類似的還有：inthepossessionof，inpossessionof；incontrolof,inthecontrolof等。夯基—單句語法填空。①(牛津高階)Aslongasyou’vepaidinadvance,wewon’tchargeyou_____delivery.②It’shardtomakeadecisionwhowouldbetheproperperson____chargeofthefactory.③Twowomenhavebeencharged______kidnappinganewbornbaby.④Youcanplayfootballinthestadiumfree____chargeifyouareamember.for

in

with

of

inchargeof

wasaccusedof

提能—單句寫作。⑥(2017·天津卷滿分作文)Duringtheperiodoftwoweeks,weheldaseriesofactivitiesonstudyandsports,afewofwhich____________________________________.在兩周的時間里，我們舉辦了一系列關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)和運動的活動，其中一些是由英語系學(xué)生負責(zé)的。⑦(全國卷Ⅰ書面表達)我想知道這六周的課程您會向我收費多少。______________________________________________________wereinthecharge

ofEnglishstudents

Iwonderhowmuchyouwillchargemeforthesix-weekcourse.

(1)deserve＋n.應(yīng)該得到(好的結(jié)果或壞的報應(yīng))deservearest/break/holiday應(yīng)該得到休息/假期(2)deservetodosth.應(yīng)該做……；值得做……(3)deservetobedone＝deservedoing……值得被做deserveconsideration/attention值得考慮/注意5．deservevt.值得；應(yīng)當(dāng)(受到)deserve后跟v.-ing的主動形式表示被動意義，相當(dāng)于接動詞不定式的被動形式，即deserve＋doing＝deserve＋tobedone(有同樣用法的動詞還有：need，want，require意為“需要”)。夯基—單句語法填空。①Hedoesn’tdeserve_______(win)anyrespectfromanybodyjustbecausehedoesnotknowhowtorespectothers.②Thereisnodoubtthatthemanisguiltyandthathedeserves___________________________________(punish).towin

punishment/punishing/tobepunished

提能—一句多譯。你在會上提到的這個建議值得考慮。③Thissuggestionyouputforwardatthemeetingdeserves_______________.④Thissuggestionyouputforwardatthemeetingdeserves_____________.⑤Thissuggestionyouputforwardatthemeetingdeserves________________.consideration

considering

tobeconsidered

6．takepartin參加；參與(1)takepartin通常指參加有組織的重大活動，并在其中起積極作用，如會議、勞動、游行等(2)takeanactivepartin積極參加(3)participatein/joinin參加，參與takepartin指參加群眾性活動、會議等并在其中起作用join指加入某個組織并成為其中一員(becomeamemberof)join(sb.)in指參與某項活動，口語中常與takepartin通用attend是正式用語，指參加會議、婚禮、典禮；聽報告、講座；上學(xué)等。一般指成為觀眾或聽眾takinganactivepartinsocialactivities

去掉第二個in

takepartinavarietyof

activities

7．standfor代表；象征；表示；主張；支持；容忍standby站在旁邊；袖手旁觀standout突出；顯眼；杰出standonone’sownfeet自立；不依靠他人夯基—寫出下列句中standfor的含義。①(全國卷Ⅰ)Withacodebook,youmightwritedownwordsthatwouldstandforotherwords.____________________②InChina,theseknotsstandforfriendship,loveandgoodluck.____________③Weshouldrespectpeopleofallfaithsandstandforreligiousfreedom.____________④Iwillnotstandforbehaviorofthatkindinmyhouse.______代表，是……的意思

象征；代表

支持；主張

容忍

stoodout

standby

standontheirownfeet

8．a(chǎn)swell也；又；還(常放在句子末尾，作為副詞短語使用)(1)aswellas多用作介詞，相當(dāng)于besides，inadditionto，表示“除……之外”“不但……而且……”；也可用作并列連詞，連接平行結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)aswellas也是well的同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)，此時表示“和……一樣好”。(3)may/mightaswelldosth.(＝hadbetterdosth.)意為“最好做某事；做某事倒也無妨”。當(dāng)“AaswellasB”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)與A在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致。夯基—單句語法填空。①Youcan’texpecthertodothehouseworkaswellas______(look)afterthechildren.②Aswellas_________(know)someRussian，shespeaksEnglishverywell.③Mr.Smithaswellashiswifeanddaughters，____(be)goingtovisitBeijingnextweek.look

knowing

is

提能—詞匯升級。④(2018·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達)Inmyview,itisagoodideatobringabunchofflowersandaboxofchocolates．→Inmyview,itisagoodideatobringabunchofflowers__________aboxofchocolates．a(chǎn)swellas

9．usedto過去常常；過去曾經(jīng)(后接動詞原形)(1)否定形式：usednotto＋動詞原形＝usedn’tto＋動詞原形didnotuseto＋動詞原形＝didn’tuseto＋動詞原形(2)疑問形式：used＋主語＋to＋動詞原形＝did＋主語＋use＋to＋動詞原形(3)Thereusedtobe…過去曾經(jīng)有……；過去曾存在……(4)beusedtodosth.被用來做……beusedtodoingsth.習(xí)慣于……夯基—單句語法填空。①(2018·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀)GoodMorning.Britain’sSusannaReidisusedto__________(grill)guestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.②(2018·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀表達)Animportantpartofitscornisusedto______(feed)chickens,pigs,andcattle.grilling

feed

提能—完成句子。③I_____________,butIgaveupacoupleofyearsago.我以前吸煙，但幾年前就戒掉了。④(牛津高階)We___________thenoisefromthetrafficnow.現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)適應(yīng)車輛往來的噪音了。⑤(牛津高階)___________________________atlunchtime.我不習(xí)慣午飯吃那么多。usedtosmoke

areusedto

I’mnotusedtoeatingsomuch

(1)句型“nor/neither＋be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞＋另一個主語”用于否定陳述句之后，表示“也不”。(2)句型“so＋be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞＋另一個主語”用于肯定陳述句之后，表示前面所說的情況也適合于另一個人或物。10．Noothercountriescouldjoinin,norcouldslavesorwomen!別的國家不能參加，奴隸和婦女也不能參加！(3)句型“soitis(was)with/itis(was)thesamewith＋另一主語”既能表示肯定意義，又能表示否定意義，其主要用于以下情況：①上文有兩個分句；②上文有兩個(或兩個以上)不同謂語；③上文既有肯定也有否定。(4)句型“so＋主語＋be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞”中的主語與前一句的主語通常是指同一個人或物，主語、謂語不需要倒裝。這種句型表示說話者贊同前句所提到的情況或事實，其中的so作“不錯；確實如此”講。(5)“主語＋do＋so”在上下文中用來避免重復(fù)，可譯為“某人/物那樣做了”。夯基—句型轉(zhuǎn)換。①TomcanspeakFrenchandhisbrothercanspeak,too.→TomcanspeakFrenchand_________________.②Ifyoudon’tattendthemeeting,Iwon’t,either.→Ifyoudon’tattendthemeeting,__________________.socanhisbrother

neither/norwillI

③Theydidn’tfinishthetasksuccessfullyandwerescoldedbytheboss.Soitwaswithus.→Theydidn’tfinishthetasksuccessfullyandwerescoldedbytheboss.____________________.夯基—單句改錯。④Ifyoucycletoschooltomorrow,sodoI.__________Itwasthesamewithus

do→will

提能—完成句子。⑤Janewon’tjoinusfordinnertonightand____________________.簡今晚不會和我們一起吃晚飯，湯姆也不會。⑥(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,________________，and___________________.最出名的設(shè)計師是中國人，模特們也是中國人，而且顧客也都是中國人。nor/neitherwillTom

soarethemodels

soaretheconsumers

⑦MarywasborninAustraliaandshelivedintheUnitedStates.__________________________________________瑪麗在澳大利亞出生，在美國居住。簡也是。⑧—Putinhasbeennamedtheworld’smostpowerfulpersonbyForbesmagazineforthethirdyearinarow.—___________——普京在連續(xù)三年中第三年被評為《福布斯》全球最具權(quán)力人物?！_實是。SoitwaswithJane./ItwasthesamewithJane.

Sohehas.

Ididso

本句中的themore…,thebetter…意為“……越多……就越好”。(1)“the＋比較級＋(主語＋謂語)，the＋比較級＋(主語＋謂語)”意為“越……就越……”。(廣東高考寫作)Thelesstheteacherdoes,themorethestudentsdoandthemoretheywilllearn.老師做得越少，學(xué)生做得越多，他們學(xué)到的就越多。(2)“比較級＋and＋比較級”意為“越來越……”，表示自身程度的變化。Moreandmorecarsarerunninginthestreetstoday,inwhichcase,moreandmorewastegaswillbesentintotheair.如今越來越多的汽車在街上跑，在這種情況下將會有越來越多的廢氣被排到空氣中。“the＋比較級(…)，the＋比較級(…)”結(jié)構(gòu)中，第一個“the＋比較級”是表示條件的狀語從句，在表示將來意義的情況下，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。夯基—單句語法填空。①Theharderyouwork,the_________(great)progressyouwillmake.②Themorecarefulyouare,the_______(few)mistakesyouwillmake.提能—單句寫作。③(2018·北京卷書面表達)__________________________________________，_________youareinterestedinit.你對我們的傳統(tǒng)文化的了解越多，你就對它越感興趣。greater

fewer

Themoreyouknowaboutourtraditional

culture

themore

提能—翻譯句子。④(2018·浙江卷閱讀)Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.__________________________________________________________________________可循環(huán)使用的袋子越結(jié)實，它的使用年限越長，它就能抵消更多的塑料袋的使用。

3高效演練·素能提升Ⅰ．單句語法填空1．—Whatapity!ImissedThe

Voice

of

Chinalastnight.—Don’tworry.It_________________(broadcast)againthisweekend.解析：考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：——多么遺憾，我昨天錯過了《中國之聲》。——不用擔(dān)心，這個周末又要重播了。根據(jù)句意，用的是將來時態(tài)。It指代的是The

Voice

of

China

和broadcast是被動關(guān)系，故用的是將來時的被動語態(tài)willbebroadcast。willbebroadcast

2．—Headmitted________________________(cheat)intheexam.—That’swhyhewasnotadmitted_________universitiesorcolleges.解析：考查非謂語動詞和固定短語。句意：——他承認在考試中作弊?！@就是他為什么未被大學(xué)錄取的原因。admit意為“承認”，常接動名詞作賓語；admitsb.to/into…“準許……入學(xué)”。故填cheating/havingcheated；to/into。cheating/havingcheated

to/into

3．—It’sbetterforyoutoloseweightbytakingexerciseeverymorning.—Ithinkyoursuggestiondeserves__________________(try).解析：考查非謂語動詞。deserve“值得”，deservetobedone＝deservedoing“……值得被做”。故填trying/tobetried。trying/tobetried

4．(2019·江蘇卷改編)Themusicianalongwithhisbandmembers__________(give)tenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.解析：考查現(xiàn)在完成時與主謂一致。句意：在過去的三個月里，這名音樂家與他的樂隊成員已經(jīng)完成了十場演出。由“inthelastthreemonths”可知，這句話的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時。本句主語為themusician，為第三人稱單數(shù)形式，句中的“alongwithhisbandmembers”是附加成分，故謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填hasgiven。hasgiven

5．Eatingproperlyandexercising___________(regular)makeoneenjoyalongerandhealthierlife.解析：考查副詞。句意：合理飲食加上經(jīng)常鍛煉能使人健康長壽。regularly“經(jīng)常地”，修飾動詞exercise要用副詞。故填regularly。regularly

6．Iregrettoinformyouthatyourbrotherisjusttheonewe’llgetsomeone___________(replace).解析：考查固定句型。句意：很抱歉通知你，那個我們要找人替換的人就是你哥哥。replace的賓語是定語從句中省略掉的關(guān)系代詞that或who。getsb.todosth.“讓某人做某事”。故填toreplace。toreplace

will

for

9．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀)Youwillbeabletotakepart____anumberofactivitiesfromcanoeingtowildcampingonDartmoor.解析：考查介詞。句意：在達特穆爾，你能參加很多活動—從獨木舟到野外宿營。takepartin“參加”。故填in。in

10．(2017·天津)Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,____________(regard)asoneofthebestall-roundformsofexercise.解析：考查主謂一致和語態(tài)。句意：如今，騎行與慢跑、游泳一起被認為是最全面的運動方式之一。當(dāng)主語后面接由alongwith引起的短語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)和主語(cycling)保持一致；cycling與regard之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。故填isregarded。isregarded

and→but

去掉第一個the

admitted后加to/into

in→on

out→up

they后加will

Ⅲ．單句寫作1．我的媽媽很擅長與賣者們講價，并且對便宜貨很有眼光。Mymotherisgoodat__________________________________________________________(bargain)bargainingwithsellersaboutpricesandhas

aneyeforbargains.

2．他不能掌管那家電腦公司，因為這超出了他的能力。(1)_________________________________________________________________________(inthechargeof)(2)_____________________________________________________________________(takechargeof)(3)_____________________________________________________________________(inchargeof)3．他也被選中參加奧運會了。(aswell)__________________________________________________4．如果你不出席會議，我也不去。(neither/nor＋倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))_________________________________________________5．你用來練習(xí)英語口語的時間越多，你的英語口語就會越熟練。(themore…，themore…)_______________________________________________________________