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學號：ATypicalInitiationStory——GenreAnalysisofGreatExpectations一部經典的成長小說——《遠大前途》的體裁分析系別外語系專業(yè)英語班級1001姓名指導教師年月日ATypicalInitiationStory——GenreAnalysisofGreatExpectationsbySupervisedbyHumanisticManagementCollegeof*************May摘要有關個人成長和教育的老式文學體裁被稱為成長小說，該小說體裁來源于18世紀德國，并流行于歐美各國。許多文學大師創(chuàng)作了許多不朽之作。其中英國十九世紀著名作家查爾斯·狄更斯的《遠大前途》就是一部成長小說的經典之作。有關狄更斯的小說《遠大前途》的研究可謂汗牛充棟，也不乏有從成長小說角度進行研究的文獻，但其中缺乏從小說重要元素的角度進行系統(tǒng)研究的文章。本文將根據文學原理中的小說三大重要元素，即主題、人物和情節(jié)對《遠大前途》進行詳細分析，論證作品符合成長小說的定義及其特點，是經典的成長小說。本論文由四部分構成，第一部分是引言，重要簡介作者查爾斯·狄更斯及其作品《遠大前途》；第二部分重要簡介成長小說理論、小說的三大要素：主題、人物和情節(jié)；第三部分從小說的主題、人物和情節(jié)等三要素分析《遠大前途》中的主題類型、人物設定和情節(jié)模式，論述小說的成長小說屬性，論證《遠大前途》是一部經典的成長小說。第四部分是結論，總結論文探討的主旨。關鍵詞：《遠大前途》；成長小說；體裁分析；文學元素AbstractTheinitiationstory（alsoknownasBildungsroman）isanovelofpersonaldevelopmentorofeducation.ItoriginatedfromGermanyinthelatterhalfofthe18thcenturyandhassincebecomeoneofthemajornarrativegenresinEuropeanandAnglo-Americanliterature.Someclassicsofthistypepublishedacrosstheglobal,oneofthemisCharlesDickens’GreatExpectations.Dickens’novelGreatExpectationspresentsthegrowthanddevelopmentofPip,theprotagonistofthenovel.ManyresearchesonGreatExpectationsasaninitiationstoryhavebeendone.Butnoresearcheshaveincludedallthethreemainelementsoftheme,characterandplotinthenovel.WiththethreeelementsfromtheElementsofLiteraturebyZhangJian,thispaperistohaveagenreanalysisofDickens’GreatExpectationsfromthreeaspectstheinitiationtheme,thecharacterdesignandtheplotpattern,thusprovingthatGreatExpectationsisatypicalInitiationstory.Thispaperconsistsoffourparts.ThefirstpartisaboutanintroductiontoCharlesDickensandhisnovelGreatExpectations,researchesdoneandtheresearchneededtobedone.Thesecondpartisanintroductiontotheinitiationstory,itsdefinition,itsorigin,itsdevelopmentanditscharacteristics.ThethirdpartisananalysisofGreatExpectationsasatypicalinitiationstorywhichinvolvestheinitiationtheme,thecharacterdesign,andtheplotpattern.Thelastpartconcludeswithareiterationofthemainpointsdiscussedinthispaper.KeyWords:GreatExpectations;Initiationstory;genreanalysis;literaryelementsContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u5528摘要 I2426Abstract II285291.Introduction 1134191.1CharlesDickensandHisWorks 135371.2IntroductionofGreatExpectations 186561.3TheCurrentResearchofGreatExpectationsandtheSignificanceofthisPaper 2311472.TheInitiationStoryaSpecificLiteratureGenre 364642.1ItsDefinition 3238092.2ItsOriginandDevelopment 388142.3TheCharacteristicsoftheInitiationStory 4306023.TheAnalysisofGreatExpectationsasaTypicalInitiationStory 5168293.1TheInitiationThemeinGreatExpectations 565253.1.1TheInitiationintheProtagonist’sLifeChanges 5303093.1.2TheInitiationintheProtagonist’sCharacteristicChanges 7239723.2TheCharacterDesign 8283343.2.1TheMainCharacterDesign 9259023.2.2TheMinorCharacterDesign 10192103.3ThePlotPattern 11109593.3.1TheSimilarityofPlotsinPip’sBoyhood 11202573.3.2TheTurningPointoftheInitiation 11287273.3.3TheMaturationandSelf-discoveryoftheProtagonists 1261484.Conclusion 128164Bibliography 1326909Acknowledgments 141.IntroductionTheinitiationstoryisatraditionalliterarygenredescribingahero’sgrowthanddevelopment.Thereareanumberofclassicalnovelsbelongingtothisgenre.GreatExpectationsisoneofthetypicalInitiationstorieswrittenbyCharlesDickenswhoisregardedasthegreatestBritishnovelistofVictorianperiod.ThispartwouldgiveanoverviewofCharlesDickens,andanintroductiontothenovelGreatExpectations,currentresearchandthesignificanceofthisthesis.1.1CharlesDickensandHisWorksCharlesDickens,whosefullnameisCharlesJohnHuffamDickens,wasbornin7February1812anddiedin9June1870.HeisoneofthegreatBritishwriterandsocialcriticinthe19thcentury.Duringhislife,heenjoyedunprecedentedfameforhisworks,andbythetwentiethcenturyhisliterarygeniuswasbroadlyacknowledgedbothbythecriticsandscholars.Dickenshadwrittenvariousnovels,includingthepicaresquenovelThePickwickPapers;thehistoricalnovelATaleofTwoCities;thesethreenovels:BleakHouse,HardTimesandLittleDorritwhichreflectsocialandpoliticalproblems;threeclassicalInitiationstoriesOliverTwist,DavidCopperfieldandGreatExpectations;andotherfamousnovelsandnovellas,suchasDombeyandSon,TheOldCuriosityShop,andAChristmasCarol.Amongthem,DavidCopperfieldisregardedasDickens’autobiography.Hisfictions,withvividdescriptionsoflifein19th-centuryEngland,haveinaccuratelyandanachronisticallycometosymbolizeonagloballevelVictoriansociety(1837–1901)asuniformly"Dickensian",wheninfact,hisnovels'timescopespannedfromthe1770stothe1860s.Hiscreativegeniushasbeenpraisedbyalotofwriters—fromLeoTolstoytoG.K.ChestertonandGeorgeOrwell—foritsrealism,comedy,prosestyle,andsocialcriticism.Mostsignificantly,DickensisoneoftheBritishwriterswhodevelopedtheInitiationstoryfromGermanytoEurope.1.2IntroductionofGreatExpectationsGreatExpectationsisCharlesDickens'thirteenthnovelinhislateryears.ItisDickens’thirdInitiationstory.TheothertwoworksareOliverTwistandDavidCopperfield.ThisnoveldepictsthegrowthandpersonaldevelopmentofanorphannamedPip.Collectedanddense,withanunusualconcisenessforDickens,thenovelrepresentsDickens'peakandmaturityasanauthor.AccordingtoG.K.Chesterton,DickenspennedGreatExpectationsin"theafternoonofhislifeandfame.”O(jiān)ncepublished,thenovelgotagreatpopularityandalsoreceivedmixedreviewsfromcritics:ThomasCarlylespeaksof"AllthatPip'snonsense,”whileGeorgeBernardShawpraisedthenovelas"Allofonepieceandconsistentlytruthful.”Itwasalsoadaptedmanytimesinpopularmoviesandstageplays.Theentirestoryisunderstoodtohavebeenwrittenasaretrospective,ratherthanasanarrativeoradiary.ThestoryisdividedintothreepartsofPip'sexpectations.Thefirst"expectation"startsfromchapter1tochapter19,thesecondpartisfromchapter20tochapter39,andthelastpartisfromchapter40totheend.Thegeneralplotofthisnovelislikethis:Pipisakind-heartedandinnocentlittleboylivingwithhisbad-temperedsisterandkind-heartedbrother-in-lawJoe.Underhissister’smaltreatmentandJoe’sprotection,Piplivesinapooryethappylife.HehasnoambitionbuttobeablacksmithlikeJoe.AllofthatischangedsinceheisinvitedtobeacompanionwithEstellainSatisHousewhichbelongstoarichbutstrangewomanMiss.Havisham.PipisashamedofhimselfcomparedwithEstella,andlongstobeaneducatedgentleman.Inafortuitouschance,PipgetsafortunefromasecretbenefactorandisaskedbetrainedasagentlemaninLondon.TherePip’svanityandambitiongetfulfilled.Afterseveralyears,thebenefactorappears.Pip’sdreamisbroken.Herealizeshowwronghewasinthepast.Hechangestobepracticalandgrowsuptobeamaturemanlivingbyhisownhandsintheend.WecangetsomethingaboutDickens’thoughtfromthenovel.CreatedinDickens’lateryears,GreatExpectationscontainshisdeeperunderstandingabouthuman,surroundingenvironmentandlifeexperiences.Asthetitle,thephrase“greatexpectations”hasthemeaningofirony.ItisnotjustastoryaboutthedisillusionmentofPip’sgreatexpectationsofbeingagentleman,butpaysmoreattentiontotheinfluenceofenvironmentonhuman,whichisoneofDickens’philosophicalthoughts.1.3TheCurrentResearchofGreatExpectationsandtheSignificanceofthisPaperTherearemanyresearchesaboutGreatExpectations.While,thecurrentresearchusuallyfocusesonseveralaspectsofit.Firstly,thenarrativeperspective,suchasLuoYufeng’sAnAnalysisofNarrativePerspectiveinGreatExpectations.Secondly,thethemeofvalues,suchasRuanYajun’sTheTureFortuneThroughPip’sEyesinGreatExpectations.Thirdly,thefeminism,suchasWangMin’sASacrificeintheMale-dominatedSociety:ontheImageofMissHavishaminGreatExpectations.Someresearchersalsofocusonitsdifferentthemeslikecrime,socialclass,empireandambition.However,thereislittleresearchonthegenreanalysisofGreatExpectations.Thethesisfocusesonthispointandusesthethreemainelementsofnovelstoanalyze.AsCharlesDickensisoneofnovelistswhodevelopedInitiationstoryinEurope,itismeaningfultoletthegenreanalysisshowhowDickensdevelopedInitiationstoryinhisownway,andtogetmoreknowledgeaboutthesocialenvironmentoftheVictorianageandstoriesofnormalindividualsatthattime.2.TheInitiationstoryaSpecificLiteratureGenreInliterarycriticism,theinitiationstoryisaliterarygenrethatfocusesonthepsychologicalandmoralgrowthoftheprotagonistfromyouthtoadulthoodandinwhichcharacterchangeisextremelyimportant.ThebirthoftheinitiationstoryisnormallydatedbacktothepublicationofWilhelmMeister'sApprenticeshipbyJohannWolfgangGoethein1795–96.AlthoughtheinitiationstoryaroseinGermany,ithashadextensiveinfluencefirstinEuropeandlaterthroughouttheworld.2.1ItsDefinitionAccordingtoCarly.M.Bonar,“TheBildungsroman,aparticularlydifficultgenretopindown,hastraditionallydesignatedthematurationprocessofyoungboysthroughadolescence,culminatingwiththeachievementofself-identity.”Thoughmanyscholarsaretryingtodefineit,thebestdefinitionofitisstillnotestablished.Amongallthedefinitionsnowwehave,Mark’sisthemostwidelyacceptedone:theinitiationnoveldescribesthattheyoungherochangeshispreviousworldview,ortransfigureshisdisposition,orhechangesthebothaftersufferingphysicalandmentaltraumas;thischangelethimgetridofhisinnocentchildhood,andfinallyleadshimtothecomplicatedadultsociety.InAGlossaryofLiteraryTerms,literarycriticM.H.AbramsstatesthattheBildungsromanillustrates:thedevelopmentoftheprotagonist’smindandcharacterfromchildhoodthroughvariedexperiencesandoftenthroughaspiritualcrisisintomaturity,andinsuchprocess,thenovelalsousuallyinvolvestherecognitionofone’sidentityandroleintheworld.2.2ItsOriginandDevelopmentTheInitiationStory,asanindependentliterarygenre,hasexperiencednearlythreecenturies’developmentandresearch.Ithasformedauniqueliterarystyleandoccupiedanimportantpositioninthefieldofliterarystories.Theinitiationnovelbeginsatthe18thcentury,firstinGermany,andthenprevailsinEuropeandAmerica.ThetraditionalInitiationstoryisconsideredtohaveoriginatedfromGoethe’sWilhelmMeister’sApprenticeship,andtheGermanterm"Bildungsroman"hascometosignifyit.AccordingtoAnnikenTelnesIversen,“Goethe’sWilhelmMeisterisapointforreferencebecauseitisgenerallyrecognizedasthefoundingworkofthegenreandamajorinspirationfortheearlywritersofbildungsromansinBritain.”Then,itisnamedastheInitiationstoryinEnglish.However,itdidnotdevelopsmoothly.Therewasalong-timecontroversyaboutInitiationStoryinhistory.Criticsandscholarsconsistentlydebatedontheoriginationanddefinitionofthespecialliterarygenresinceitappearedinthe18thcentury.Inthe19thcentury,withWilhelmMeister'sApprenticeship’stranslatedintoEnglish,theInitiationstoryprevailsinBritish.BritishwritersinheritedtheInitiationstoryanddevelopeditwiththeirownwritingstyle.ThetraditionalrealismofBritishnovelscontributedtothepopularityofBritishwritingstyleandmakeitfocusonindividual’sgrowth,andevendevelopeditintoaliterarygenre,suchasRobinsonCrusoe(1719),whichisanovelaboutsurvivalandadventure,andwhichalsodepictsanunrulystoryofateenager’sgrowth.Othernineteenth-centuryEnglishauthorsproducedsimilarnovels—CharlesDickens'sGreatExpectations(1861)andCharlotteBront?'sJaneEyre(1847)aregenerallyconsideredastwoout-standingexamplesoftheInitiationStorygenre.ThoughthesenovelsresembletheirGermancounterparts,scholarshavenotedthatafterbeingtransplantedtoEngland,theirformstookonsomeuniquecharacteristics.2.3TheCharacteristicsoftheInitiationStoryThereareseveralviewstowardstheInitiationstory’scharacteristics.Firstly,onstructure,theInitiationstoryisusuallynarratedfromtheperspectiveofthefirstperson,andthegrowthofprotagonistscouldbegenerallydividedintoseveralstagesineachofwhichheorshehasdifferentgrowingexperiencesandcharacteristics.Secondly,oncontent,theInitiationstoryusuallydepictsamanorawoman’sgrowthsincehisorherchildhoodandtheprotagonistsusuallysuffersalotintheirearlierlife,suchasleavinghome,andtheywouldgainself-awakeningatlast.Thirdly,thereareplentyofpsychologicaldescribingabouttheprotagonists’growthintermsofmentalmaturity.3.TheAnalysisofGreatExpectationsasaTypicalInitiationStoryInthispart,ThispaperwillprovethatGreatExpectationsisatypicalInitiationstorybasedontheanalysisofitstheme,characterandplot.Firstly,Thispaperwouldstartwithabriefintroductionofthethreemainelementsofanovel.Therearetotallysevenelementsofanovelincludingtheme,character,plot,pointofview,style,toneandirony,andsymbol.Amongthem,theme,characterandthemearethemainelements.Themeisdefinedasthecentralordominatingpartofaliterarywork.Charactercanbedividedintoprotagonistsandantagonists,andPlotisthearrangementofeventsthatmakeupthestory.Theyareindependentfromyetcomplementeachother.Theyaltogethermakeupthewholestory.TheInitiationstoryisnotexceptional,butitdohasaspecialandnarrowdefinition.3.1TheInitiationThemeinGreatExpectationsAccordingtoSpringfield,“AnInitiationstoryis‘anovelaboutthemoralandpsychologicalgrowthofthemaincharacter’”.ThethemeofanInitiationstoryisusuallyaboutprotagonists’physicalandpsychologicalgrowth.Atthebeginning,theprotagonistsintheInitiationstoryareinnocentorimmature.Latertheyencounteraseriesofeventsandexperiencesufferings.Duringthisprocesstheyfeelconfusedandlost.Theycontinuallyraisequestionsabouttheoutsideworldandthesociety,strugglingtofindananswerandawaytobeonepartofthesociety.Atlast,theyembraceanewbirthandbecomemature.InGreatExpectations,Dickensdepictedtheprotagonist’sgrowthasaninitiationstory.Here,thispaperwouldmakeaplotanalysisofPip’sinitiationinhislifechangesandpsychologicalchanges.3.1.1TheInitiationintheProtagonist’sLifeChangesInPip’sthreestagesoflife,hehasthreedifferentgreatexpectations.ThethreeexpectationsaremoreandmorematureandpracticalwithPip’sgrowth.Fromhislifechanges,Wecouldanalyzehisinitiationintermsofsocialstatusandpsychologicalmaturity.Atthebeginningofthenovel,thestorydepictsaninnocentandtimidyoungprotagonist.ThelittlepoororphanPiplivesahumblelifewithhisill-temperedeldersisterandherstrongyetgentlehusband,JoeGargery.Theybelongtothelowerclassinsociety.Atthattime,hisiswillingtobecomeablacksmithlikeJoe.HelearnsalotfromBiddyduetoalittleboy’slongingforcuriousthings.Lifeispeacefulandsmooth.WhenhehelpstheescapedconvictAbelMagwitchatagraveyard,heneverknowsthatthemysteriousmanwillinfluencehiswholelife.Heisafraidoftheconvictbutsympathizeshiminthemeantime,soheprovidedhimwithfoodandtools.Thisimpliestheboy’skindness.Pip’speacefullifedoesnotchangeuntilheishiredbyanembitteredwealthywoman,MissHavisham,asanoccasionalcompaniontoherandherbeautifulbuthaughtyadopteddaughter-Estella.Fromthattimeon,Pipgraduallyfeelsashamedofhisstatusandlife,andaspirestochangehissimplelifeandbecomeagentleman.HespendsmoreyearsasanapprenticetoJoe,sothathemaygrowuptohavealivelihoodworkingasablacksmithandtoreachEstella’sclass.Helongsforself-perfection.ThislifeissuddenlychangedwhenheisvisitedbyaLondonattorney,Mr.Jaggers,whoinformsPipthatheistocomeintothe"GreatExpectation"ofahandsomepropertyandbetrainedtobeagentlemanatthebehestofananonymousbenefactor.Tobeagentleman,thefirststepistoleavehisoriginallife,whichisthefoundationtoknowtheoutsideworldandtocontactwiththeupperclass.However,heisafraidoftheunknownworldandfeelssorryforJoe.Thisisadispensablestepforhisgrowing.Itleadstohisnewviewstowardstheworld.Thedescriptionof“mist”isappropriatetoimplyPip’sdestiny.ThesecondstageofPip'slifehashappenedinLondon,helearnsaboutthedetailsofbeingagentleman.There,hehastutors,fineclothing,andjoinsthecultivatedsociety.Itseemsthathehassteppedintotheupperclassandalmostbecameagentleman.Asheadoptsthephysicalandculturalnormsofhisnewstatus,healsoadoptstheclassattitudesthatgowithit,andwhenJoecomestovisitPipandhisroommateHerberttodeliveranimportantmessage,PipisembarrassedtomeetwithJoe'sunlearnedways,despitehisprotectioninthenameofloveandfriendshipforJoe.Attheendofthisstage,Magwitch’sappearanceagainchangeshisworld.ItisasignalpullingPipbacktohisoriginallife,andmakethingsevenworse.ThethirdandlaststageofPip'sexpectationsaltersPip'slifefromtheartificiallysupportedworldofhisupperclasslifeandbringshimbacktotherealitiesthathemustdealwith-facingmoral,physicalandfinancialchallenges.AfterMagwitchisarrested,Piploseshisallmoneyandgoestothedebtor’sjail.Hethinksalotandunderstandeverythingatlast.Afterafewdays,withJoe’shelp,hewasreleased.withJoe’sencouragement,hedecidestorebuildhislifebyhisownhands,sohegoestoEnglandandgetsajob.Atthattime,wecouldseethatPiphasgrownuptobearealmaturemanandcouldshoulderresponsibilityforhimself.HavingareviewofPip’sthreestagesoflife,wecouldseethatthesecondstageisthebest.Atthattime,Piplivesintheupperclass,wearsfineclothesandactsinagentlemanner,andhissocialstatusishigher,themostimportantelementsofall.However,hegetsthoseillusorythingsatthecostofaffectionandloyalty,soheisnothappyatall.Hisgreatexpectationatthatstageisimmatureandfragile.Incontrast,althoughheisacommonclerkafterheleavesLondonandbeginsnewlife,hecansupporthimselfwithhisownhandsandisrespectedbyothers.Thisistherealsocialstatusthatheearnedallbyhimself.3.1.2TheInitiationintheProtagonist’sCharacteristicChangesPip’scharacteristicsalterwiththepsychologicalchangesinhisinnerworld.Byanalyzingthechanges,wecangetapsychologicalinitiationofPip.Atthebeginning,littlePipisatimidboysincehischildhood.JoeloveshimandhelovesJoe,whichiscrucialfortheabilitytoformcloserelationshipsbetweenthemlaterintheirlife.Ontheotherhand,hissisterisatyrannical,inconsistent“mother”whometesoutpunishmentfornoreason.Shebringshimup“withhands”isprobablythereasonforPip’sdeep-seatedfear,particularlyhisconstantfearofdoingsomethingwrong.WhenhehelpsMagwitch,hefeelsguilty;heisalsoafraidthatsomeonewillfindouthiscrimeandarresthim.Infact,Pipisaverygenerousandsympatheticyoungmanbyhisnature.Thereisafactthatcanproveit,forinstance,hehelpsMagwitch,secretlybuyingHerbert’swayintobusiness,andhisessentialloveforallthosewholovehimalsoindicatesthefact.EvenwhenhelivesinLondonandbeingselfishandarrogant,healwayshasaninternalstrugglewithhisconsciencethroughoutthebook.Themainlineofthenovel-Pip’sgrowthmaybeseenastheprocessoflearningtoplacehisnativesenseofkindnessandconscienceabovehisimmatureidealism.Becauseheisnotconfidentandnarrowlyeducated,hegetsill-treatmentfromMiss.HavishamandEstellawithoutanywordsandheevenfeltshamedonhimselfbeingsopoorandnormal.AftermeetingEstellaandMiss.Havisham,shamebecomeshismostdominantcharacteristic,andhetellsus,“itisamostmiserablethingtofeelashamedofhome”(chapter14).Estella’sjudgmentofhimis“common”(chapter8)and“ignorantandbackward”(chapter9).InordertoreachEstella’sclass,hetrieshisbesttolearn.Tosomeextent,Pipcanberegardedasanidealist.InPip’sgreatexpectations,hepursuesself-improvementinthreeaspects,theyarerespectivelymoral,social,andeducational.Pipdesireshisownmoralimprovement.First,inordertobecomeagentleman,helostJoeandhisoriginallife,andheevendiscriminatesthem.Atlast,whenherealizeshisfaultandleavesLondon,heregretsforhavingeverbeensobadtoJoe.Hegetsamoralinitiation.Second,inordertomarryEstella,Piplongstobeagentlemantofither.ItisthefirsttimeforPiptohaveasenseofinferioritywhenhemeetsEstellaatSatisHouse.HewantstobecomeamemberofEstella’ssocialstatus,soheacceptstogotoLondon.Third,agentlemanmustbeaneducatedman.Piptrieshisbesttolearntoreadtomakehisambitioncometrue.Atlast,learningfromhissufferingandtheexamplesofJoe,Biddy,andMagwitch,Piplearnsthatsocialandeducationalimprovementareirrelevanttoone’srealworthandthatconscienceandaffectionaretobevaluedaboveeruditionandsocialstatuses.HischaracteristicdoesnotchangeuntilhemeetsMissHavishamandEstellawhenPip’sdesireforadvancementexpandsanditovershadowshiskindness.Afterreceivinghismysteriousfortune,hisidealisticwishesseemtohavebeenjustified,andhegiveshimselfovertoagentlemanlylifeofidleness.Hisambitionbecomesstrongerduringthatperiod.However,whenhediscoversthatMagwitch,butnotthewealthyMissHavisham,ishissecretbenefactor,Pip’sdreamisbroken.ThefactthathecomestoadmireMagwitchwhilelosingEstellatothebrutishnoblemanDrummleultimatelyforceshimtorealizethatone’ssocialpositionisnotthemostimportantqualityonehave,andthathisbehaviorasagentlemanhasmadehimtohurtthepeoplewhocareabouthimmost.Helearnstobepracticalinsteadofpursuingaftertheillusoryexpectation.Heknowsabouthisownidentityanddowhathereallywants.Pip’spsychologicalinitiationembodiedinhisidentitytohimself.Afterexperiencedheart-breakingandphysicalpain,herealizesthetruevaluesoflife.Fromthispart,wecanconcludethatthethemeofGreatExpectationsaccordswiththeInitiationtheme.Now,let’scometothecharacterdesign.3.2TheCharacterDesignInthecharacterdesignoftheInitiationstory,therearemaincharacterdesignandminorcharacterdesign.TheMaincharacterdesignisanauthor’sdescriptionoftheprotagonists,andminorcharacterdesignactsasafoiltothemaincharacterdesign.IntheInitiationstory,theauthorsusuallydesignminorcharactersastheinitiationguideswhoexertinfluencesontheprotagonists’maturation.Accordingtothepositiveandnegativeinfluences,itcanberespectivelydefinedaspositiveinitiationguidesandnegativeinitiationguides.Besides,wewillhaveathoroughdiscussioninthisregard.ThispartwouldmakeadetailedanalysisofthecharacterdesigninGreatExpectations.3.2.1TheMainCharacterDesignIntheinitiationstory,maincharactersarecommonlyregardedastheprotagonists.Authorsdesignmaincharactersbydescribingdetailsoftheirlifeandtheirpsychologicalinitiation.InthenovelGreatExpectations,DickensdepictsalotofdetailsaboutPip’slifechangesandcharacteristicchangesinhisthreeinitiationstages.DickensdescribedasceneofdesolationinPip’seyesandintroducedafrightenedboytoreaders.ThisimpliesPip’slittleknowledgetotheworldandhisinnocentnature.“Conscienceisadreadfulthingwhenitaccusesmanorboy;butwhen,inthecaseofaboy,thatsecretburdencooperateswithanothersecretburdendownthelegofhistrousers,itis(asIcantestify)agreatpunishment”(Chapter1)FromthisdescriptionaboutPip’sthoughts,wecanbeinformedofPip’sguiltypsychologytohisconscience.Actuatedbyhissympathyfortheconvict,Pipstealshissister’spieandJoe’stool,buthecannotbearsufferingsfromhisownconscience.ItimpliesthatPipisakind-heartedandconscientiousboy.AfterPiphasvisitedinSatisHouse,heisimpressedbydifferentlifestylesoftheupperclassandEstella’sprideandprejudice.Hebeginstobeunsatisfiedwithhisownlifeandsocialstatus,sohedecidestomakehimselfuncommon.FromChapter20toChapter39isthesecondstageofPip’slifeinLondon.DickensusedanumberofconversationstoillustratePip’scuriositytowardshisnewlifeandhischanges.InconversationsbetweenPipandJaggers’,wecanknowthatPipisexcitedabouthisintendedroleasagentleman;inconversationsbetweenPipandJoe,itisclearlytoseePip’sdisgusttohisoriginalsurrounding;inconversationsbetweenPipandHerbert,wecanseethatPipishappytomakeanewfriendintheupperclassandhiswarm-heartednature.Inaddition,DickensalsodepictedPip’sloveforEstella,whichisthemotivationofPip’sgreatexpectations:“Ahme!Ithoughtthosewerehighandgreatemotions.ButIneverthoughttherewasanythinglowandsmallinmykeepingawayfromJoe,becauseIknewshewouldbecontemptuousofhim.Itwasbutadaygone,andJoehadbroughtthetearsintomyeyes;theyhadsoondried,Godforgiveme!Soondried”InChapter39,DickensdepictedPip’sshockwhenhemeetshissecretbenefactor,whichshowsPip’sself-awakening.HeusedalotofPip’sinternalmonologuetodescribePip’spsychologicalchanges.Inthethir