Unit1ScienceandScientists高二英語(yǔ)閱讀提升（人教版選擇性）

Unit1ScienceandScientists單元核心脈絡(luò)圖單元核心脈絡(luò)圖必備知識(shí)必備知識(shí)核心詞匯：1.proofn.證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)2.householdn.一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人3.multipleadj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的4.statisticn.[pl.]統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)5.transformvt.&vi.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)；改變；轉(zhuǎn)變6.microscopen.顯微鏡7.abstractadj.抽象的；理性的n.(文獻(xiàn)等的)摘要8.initialadj.最初的；開始的；第一的9.proteinn.蛋白質(zhì)10.conceptn.概念；觀念11.astronomern.天文學(xué)家12.telescopen.望遠(yuǎn)鏡13.shiftn.改變；轉(zhuǎn)換；輪班vi.&vt.轉(zhuǎn)移；挪動(dòng)；轉(zhuǎn)向14.vividadj.生動(dòng)的；鮮明的；豐富的15.virusn.病毒核心語(yǔ)法：表語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)篇：記敘文表達(dá)：熟悉記敘文語(yǔ)篇的特點(diǎn)和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠就英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題和方法運(yùn)用跟主題意義有關(guān)的詞匯和句式記敘一件事或者一個(gè)人。關(guān)鍵能力 關(guān)鍵能力1.以約翰斯諾戰(zhàn)勝霍亂的事件和他的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)為依據(jù)，舉行（模擬）答記者問(wèn)。2.總結(jié)優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家精神，即不僅要有科學(xué)的方法，還要有愛心和社會(huì)擔(dān)當(dāng)。學(xué)科素養(yǎng)通過(guò)閱讀學(xué)科素養(yǎng)理解質(zhì)疑精神在科學(xué)研究中的重要作用，思考科學(xué)研究對(duì)人類的影響。在模擬組織答記者問(wèn)得活動(dòng)中，總結(jié)杰出科學(xué)家的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)，達(dá)到對(duì)科學(xué)精神的深層理解。核心價(jià)值核心價(jià)值學(xué)生通過(guò)本文的學(xué)習(xí)，體會(huì)到英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰斯諾在霍亂防治鄰域的突出貢獻(xiàn)和他作為杰出科學(xué)家正直的品質(zhì)和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度。學(xué)會(huì)批判性思考，形成自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法。堅(jiān)定文化信念。單元主題導(dǎo)入單元主題導(dǎo)入引言解讀Everygreatachievementofscience，areboldfantasyasthestartingpoint。釋義:科學(xué)的每一項(xiàng)巨大成就，都是以大膽的幻想為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的。——杜威啟示:必須敢于想象才能在科學(xué)方面獲得成就。名言名句積累名言名句積累1、追求科學(xué)需要特殊的勇敢?！だ訲hepursuitofscienceneedsspecialcourage。2、運(yùn)動(dòng)是一切生命的源泉。——達(dá)·芬奇Sportisthesourceofalllife。3、真理可能在少數(shù)人一邊?！乩瓐DTruthmaybeinthesideofafewpeople。4、驚奇就是科學(xué)的種子?！獝鄣仙鶶urpriseistheseedofscience。5、只有順從自然，才能駕馭自然。——培根Onlyobeynatural，cancontrolthenature。6、人就像一粒種子，各方面都要健康?！∑組anislikeaseed，variousaspectsarehealthy。7、科學(xué)是永無(wú)止境的，它是一個(gè)永恒之謎?！獝垡蛩固筍cienceisendless，itisaneternalmystery。8、一旦科學(xué)插上幻想的翅膀，它就能贏得勝利?！ɡ贠ncethesciencewithwingsoffantasy，itcanwin。9、對(duì)搞科學(xué)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，勤奮就是成功之母。——茅以升Tomakescientific，diligenceisthemotherofsuccess。10、科學(xué)是使人精神變得勇敢的最好途徑。——布魯諾Scienceisthebestwaytomakethepersonspirittobeeso。主題語(yǔ)篇探究主題語(yǔ)篇探究單元主題探究單元主題探究在“人與社會(huì)”的主題下,本單元主題介紹科學(xué)家英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰斯諾由霍亂的成因中發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、提出假設(shè)，選擇調(diào)查方法、收集和分析數(shù)據(jù)、尋找支持證據(jù)，直到最后得出結(jié)論并提出解決方案的整個(gè)過(guò)程。語(yǔ)篇品讀JOHNSNOWDEFEATSKING“CHOLERACholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovere.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobeeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforallIngeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37.38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9Cambridgestreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.WhatismoreinanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwaterpaniesinLondon.SomepaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts,waterpaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,weknowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientiststudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofepidemiology全文翻譯”約翰·斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂”霍亂曾經(jīng)是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到一位英國(guó)醫(yī)生約翰·斯諾向我們展示了如何才能戰(zhàn)勝霍亂。這種疾病會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重腹瀉、脫水，甚至死亡。19世紀(jì)初，歐洲爆發(fā)霍亂，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人死于霍亂。作為一名年輕的醫(yī)生，約翰·斯諾變得沮喪，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人知道如何預(yù)防或治療霍亂。很快，他成為了一位著名的醫(yī)生，甚至在維多利亞女王分娩時(shí)照顧她。然而，他從未失去徹底消滅霍亂的愿望。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)生有兩種相互矛盾的理論來(lái)解釋霍亂是如何傳播的。一種理論認(rèn)為是空氣不好導(dǎo)致了這種疾病。另一種說(shuō)法是霍亂是由食物或水中的細(xì)菌感染引起的。斯諾贊同第二種理論。這是對(duì)的，但他還需要證據(jù)。因此，1854年倫敦爆發(fā)霍亂時(shí)，斯諾開始進(jìn)行調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩條街道的霍亂疫情非常嚴(yán)重，十天內(nèi)有500多人死亡。他決心找出原因。下雪的開始是在地圖上標(biāo)出所有死去的人居住過(guò)的確切地點(diǎn)。BroadStreet的水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16號(hào)、號(hào)和40號(hào)房子）。但是，有些家庭（如20和21BroadStreet，8和9Cambridge沒(méi)有死亡。這些人在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒吧工作。他們得到了免費(fèi)啤酒，所以沒(méi)有喝水泵里的水。斯諾懷疑是水泵造成的。更糟糕的是，在倫敦的另一個(gè)地方，一名婦女和她的女兒在離開布羅德街后死于霍亂。這個(gè)女人似乎非常喜歡水泵里的水，所以她每天都要把水送到她家里。作為這一證據(jù)的結(jié)果，約翰斯諾能夠宣布水泵的水?dāng)y帶霍亂病菌。因此，他把泵的手柄取下，使其無(wú)法使用。通過(guò)這一干預(yù)措施，疾病得以遏制。事實(shí)是，街上水泵的水已經(jīng)被垃圾污染了，而且，斯諾后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同供水公司之間的聯(lián)系。一些公司出售被未經(jīng)處理的廢水污染的泰晤士河的水。喝這種水的人比喝純凈水或白開水的人更容易得霍亂。通過(guò)斯諾的不懈努力，自來(lái)水公司開始銷售清潔水，全球霍亂的威脅也大幅減少。然而，霍亂仍然是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。每年，全世界有數(shù)百萬(wàn)人感染霍亂，許多人死于霍亂。幸運(yùn)的是，多虧了約翰·斯諾的工作，我們知道如何預(yù)防霍亂。此外，斯諾在使用地圖和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的過(guò)程中，改變了科學(xué)家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯諾被認(rèn)為是流行病學(xué)之父.詞塊積累cholera/?k?l?r?/n.霍亂severe/s??v??(r)/adj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴(yán)重的；嚴(yán)厲的diarrhoea/?da???r??/n.腹瀉dehydration/di?ha??dre??n/n.脫水frustrated/fr??stre?t?d/adj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的onceandforall最終地；徹底地contradictory/?k?ntr??d?kt?ri/adj.相互矛盾的；對(duì)立的；不一致的infection/?n?fek?n/n.感染；傳染infect/?n?fekt/vt.使感染；傳染germ/d???m/微生物；細(xì)菌；病菌subscribe/s?b?skra?b/vi.認(rèn)購(gòu)（股份）；定期訂購(gòu)；定期交納（會(huì)費(fèi)）subscribeto同意；贊同proof/pru?f/n.證據(jù)；證明；檢驗(yàn)multiple/?m?lt?pl/adj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的題源題源研讀拓展語(yǔ)篇品讀s://uww,wikihow.（高考題源報(bào)刊）COVID19ChangedHowtheWorldDoesScience,TogetherByMattApuzzoandDavidD.KirkpatrickWhilepoliticalleadershavelockedtheirborders,scientistshavebeenshatteringtheirs,creatingaglobalcollaborationunlikeanyinhistory.Neverbefore,researcherssay,havesomanyexpertsinsomanycountriesfocusedsimultaneouslyonasingletopicandwithsuchurgency.Nearlyallotherresearchhasgroundtoahalt.Normalimperativeslikeacademiccredithavebeensetaside.Onlinerepositoriesmakestudiesavailablemonthsaheadofjournals.Researchershaveidentifiedandsharedhundredsofviralgenomesequences.Morethan200clinicaltrialshavebeenlaunched,bringingtogetherhospitalsandlaboratoriesaroundtheglobe.Onarecentmorning,forexample,scientistsattheUniversityofPittsburghdiscoveredthataferretexposedtoCovid19particleshaddevelopedahighfever—apotentialadvancetowardanimalvaccinetesting.Underordinarycircumstances,theywouldhavestartedworkonanacademicjournalarticle.“Butyouknowwhat?Thereisgoingtobeplentyoftimetogetpaperspublished,”saidPaulDuprex,avirologistleadingtheuniversity’svaccineresearch.Withintwohours,hesaid,hehadsharedthefindingswithscientistsaroundtheworldonaWHOconferencecall.“Itisprettycool,right?Youcutthecrap,forlackofabetterword,andyougettobepartofaglobalenterprise.”全文翻譯新冠病毒改變世界科研，科學(xué)家同舟共濟(jì)當(dāng)下，一些國(guó)家的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人已宣布“鎖國(guó)”，而與此同時(shí)，科學(xué)家們正打破他們之間的科研邊界，形成了一股前所未有的全球合作態(tài)勢(shì)。研究人員表示，從來(lái)沒(méi)有像現(xiàn)在這樣，有這么多國(guó)家的專家們?nèi)绱似惹械赝瑫r(shí)專注一個(gè)課題。幾乎所有其他研究都暫停了。如學(xué)術(shù)成就等往常重要的事情已被擱置一旁。在線信息庫(kù)讓研究論文提前于期刊數(shù)月便可供查閱。研究人員已經(jīng)鑒定并共享了數(shù)百個(gè)病毒基因組序列。200多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)業(yè)已啟動(dòng)，將全球各地的醫(yī)院和實(shí)驗(yàn)室聯(lián)結(jié)在了一起。比如，在最近的一個(gè)早晨，匹茲堡大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一只暴露在新冠病毒顆粒環(huán)境中的雪貂出現(xiàn)了高燒癥狀——這可能是動(dòng)物疫苗試驗(yàn)的一個(gè)進(jìn)展。通常情況下，他們會(huì)開始撰寫學(xué)術(shù)期刊文章?！暗悄阒绬?？以后有的是時(shí)間發(fā)表論文，”在該大學(xué)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一疫苗研究項(xiàng)目的病毒學(xué)家保羅·杜普瑞斯說(shuō)道。他表示，兩個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)，他就在世界衛(wèi)生組織的會(huì)議上與世界各地的科學(xué)家們分享了前述發(fā)現(xiàn)?！斑@件事很酷，對(duì)吧？你無(wú)需廢話，我也找不到更好的詞了，就能參與到一項(xiàng)全球事業(yè)中?！痹~塊積累1.lock[l?k]vt.上鎖，封閉n.鎖2.shatter[???t?]vt.打破；徹底毀壞，破滅3.collaboration[k??l?b??re???n]n.合作，協(xié)作4.simultaneously[?s?m?l?te?ni?sli]adv.同時(shí)5.urgency[???d??nsi]n.緊迫，急迫6.imperative[?m?per?t?v]n.重要、緊急的事7.repository[r??p?z?t(?)ri]n.存放庫(kù)，倉(cāng)庫(kù)8.launch[l??nt?]vt.啟動(dòng)9.ferret[?fer?t]n.雪貂10.particle[?pɑ?t?k?l]n.微小的顆粒11.potential[p??ten??l]adj.可能的，潛在的12.circumstance[?s??k?mstɑ?ns]n.情形13.virologist[va???r?l?d?ist]n.病毒學(xué)家14.enterprise[?ent?pra?z]n.大型的、復(fù)雜的項(xiàng)目；語(yǔ)篇拓展閱讀語(yǔ)篇拓展閱讀Passage1主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)技術(shù)作為學(xué)生應(yīng)該了解并跟上人工智能發(fā)展的一些相關(guān)信息?！铩铩铩顳uringthepastdecade,artificialintelligencehasbeenrapidlyevolvingandchangingourdailylives.FromvirtualpersonalassistantslikeSiriandAlexatoselfdrivingcars,AIhasnotonlyimprovedourefficiencybutalsocreatednewindustriesandnewpossibilities.Asstudents,it’scriticaltounderstandandkeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentsinartificialintelligence.Let’stakeacloserlook.AIisdefinedastheabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence,suchasvisualperception,speechrecognition,decisionmaking,andlanguagetranslation.Thankstorapidimprovementsinputerhardwareandsoftware,AIhasbeenwidelyappliedtoavarietyofindustries,includinghealthcare,finance,transportation,andeducation.Forexample,AIpoweredmedicaldevicescandetectillnessesandprovidepersonalizedtreatmentremendations.AIalgorithmscanalsohelpfinancialinstitutionstodetectfraudandimproveinvestingdecisions.However,AIisnotwithoutitschallenges.OneoftheprimaryconcernsistheimpactofAIonemployment.AsAIcontinuestoreplacehumanworkers,manyarguethatitcouldleadtojobdisplacementandineinequality.Additionally,therearegrowingconcernsabouttheethicalimplicationsofAI.Forexample,AIalgorithmscouldreinforcesocietalbiasesorbeusedinmaliciousways,suchascybercrimeorwarfare.HowcanweensurethatAIisbeingdevelopedandusedethically?OnesolutionistopromotecollaborativeeffortsbetweenAIdevelopers,policymakers,andthegeneralpublic.TransparencyandopennessinAIdevelopmentcouldhelptomitigatepotentialbiasesandensurethatAIalgorithmsarebeingdevelopedinlinewithsocialvalues.TheriseofAIhasthepotentialforbothpositivesandnegatives.It’scriticalforstudentstostayinformedandcontributetotheconversationontheethicaldevelopmentandusageofAI.1．WhichofthefollowingindustrieshaveundergoneasignificanttransformationthankstotheswiftandpotentadvancementofAI?A．PredominantlythetransportationandtechnologiessectorB．SolelythefinancialsectorandthemedicalfieldC．TheconstructionandhospitalityindustryD．Theautomobileandfashionindustry2．Whatistheparamountapprehensionregardingtheproliferationofartificialintelligence?A．thepotentialimpactofAIontheenvironmentB．thepotentialimpactonthegenerallabormarketandineinequalityC．AIpromisingnationalsecuritymeasuresD．theeffectsofAIonpublichealthcare3．Artificialintelligenceisbestdefinedaswhichofthefollowing?A．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthatrequirerobustmanuallabor.B．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformcreativetasks.C．Thecapabilityofmachinestoperformefficientteamwork.D．Thecapabilityofmachinestoprocessandanalyzedatainordertogeneratepredictionsanddecisions.【答案】1．A2．B3．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹的是作為學(xué)生應(yīng)該了解并跟上人工智能發(fā)展的一些相關(guān)信息。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thankstorapidimprovementsinputerhardwareandsoftware,AIhasbeenwidelyappliedtoavarietyofindustries,includinghealthcare,finance,transportation,andeducation.Forexample,AIpoweredmedicaldevicescandetectillnessesandprovidepersonalizedtreatmentremendations.(隨著計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件的快速發(fā)展，人工智能已廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療、金融、交通、教育等多個(gè)行業(yè)。例如，人工智能醫(yī)療設(shè)備可以檢測(cè)疾病并提供個(gè)性化治療建議。)”可知，人工智能在交通以及醫(yī)療、教育等方面取得了重大的轉(zhuǎn)變，醫(yī)療、教育等行業(yè)屬于技術(shù)部門，由此可知，人工智能主要在交通以及技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得了重大的轉(zhuǎn)變。故選A項(xiàng)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“OneoftheprimaryconcernsistheimpactofAIonemployment.AsAIcontinuestoreplacehumanworkers,manyarguethatitcouldleadtojobdisplacementandineinequality.(其中一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是人工智能對(duì)就業(yè)的影響。隨著人工智能繼續(xù)取代人類工人，許多人認(rèn)為它可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致工作轉(zhuǎn)移和收入不平等。)”可知，人工智能的擴(kuò)散會(huì)導(dǎo)致人工智能繼續(xù)取代人類勞動(dòng)力，從而會(huì)導(dǎo)致工作轉(zhuǎn)移和收入不平等問(wèn)題，由此可知，人工智能的擴(kuò)散可能會(huì)影響一般勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和收入不平等。故選B項(xiàng)。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“AIisdefinedastheabilityofmachinestoperformtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence,suchasvisualperception,speechrecognition,decisionmaking,andlanguagetranslation.(人工智能被定義為機(jī)器執(zhí)行通常需要人類智能的任務(wù)的能力，如視覺(jué)感知、語(yǔ)音識(shí)別、決策和語(yǔ)言翻譯。)”以及“AIalgorithmscanalsohelpfinancialinstitutionstodetectfraudandimproveinvestingdecisions.(人工智能算法還可以幫助金融機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)欺詐行為，并改善投資決策。)”可知，人工智能定義為需要人類智能完成任務(wù)的機(jī)器能力，它能夠幫助做出預(yù)測(cè)和改善投資決策，由此可知，人工智能最佳的定義為一種機(jī)器處理和分析數(shù)據(jù)以產(chǎn)生預(yù)測(cè)和決策的能力。故選D項(xiàng)。Passage2主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)精神作者通過(guò)上即興交流課，學(xué)會(huì)了“yes,and”方法，讓自己更善于傾聽，并給自己的科學(xué)研究帶來(lái)了好處?！铩铩風(fēng)earningtosay“yes,and”WhenIfirstheardabouttheimprovisation(即興交流．,soitseemedlikeaperfectchancetolearnhowtospeakandmunicatewithotherseffectively.Isignedup,knowingtheexperiencewouldgivemehelp.Duringourfirstclass,welearnedanimportantconceptofimprovisation:“yes,and.”Itmeansthat,asimprovisers,we’dbetteracceptwhatfellowperformerssay.Ifsomeonesaysthatrhinos(犀牛)arelibrarians,forexample,thenrhinosarelibrarians.Wedonotquestionthelogic;wesay“yes”andthencontinuewiththesceneasifnothingiswrong.Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortableandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ibecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.OncewhenIwasgivingapresentationaboutmyscience,anaudiencemembersurprisedmewithaquestionthatdidn’tgrowoutoftheinformationI’dpresented.Insteadofgettingconfusedandnervous,Itookthe“yes,and”approach—acceptingthequestionandlettingmymindfocusonwhyitwasasked.Thathelpedmefindanappropriateanswer.Igotprettyexcitedaboutit.Thebenefitsofimprovisationgobeyondmunication.Beforeattendingtheclass,Iwouldgetstuckwhenmyexperimentsproducedunexpecteddata,thinkingthatIhadmadeamistake.Butnow,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Iwillstayopentothepossibilitythattheresultsarereal,keepexploringthedataandendupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatisn’tbehavingasexpected.Ithinkallscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthfindingoutwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Asscientists,ourjobisn’ttochallengedatathatsupport,apreconceivedstory,buttosay“yes,and.”4．Whydidtheauthorattendtheimprovisationclass?A．Togetadifferentexperience.B．．a(chǎn)tuniversity.C．Togiveupherjobasasciencemunicator.D．Toimproveherspeakingandmunicatingability.5．Whatwastheauthor’schangeafterattendingtheimprovisationclass?A．Sheformedherownideaquickly.B．Shecameupwithlotsofcreativeresponses.C．Shepaidmoreattentiontothelogicofanswers.D．Shebecameagoodlistenerbeforegivinganopinion.6．Theauthormentionsapplyingthe“yes,and”approachtoherscientificexperimentsto________.A．explaintheprocessofusingthemethodB．provethebenefitsoftheimprovisationclassC．shareherownresearchexperienceswithreadersD．a(chǎn)ttractfellowscientiststoattendtheimprovisationclass7．Whatcanbeinferredaboutscientistsfromthelastparagraph?A．Theyshouldattendtheimprovisationclass.B．Theyshouldquestionallpreconceivedideas.C．Theyshouldcarryonresearchbyadmittingearlierdata.D．Theyshouldtrytoimprovetheiracademicknowledge.【答案】4．D5．D6．B7．C【分析】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章主要介紹了作者通過(guò)上即興交流課，學(xué)會(huì)了“yes,and”方法，讓自己更善于傾聽，并給自己的科學(xué)研究帶來(lái)了好處。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段關(guān)鍵句“Asaquietandshygirl,Ifearedimprovisinginfrontofstrangers.However,IknewIwantedtoworkasasciencemunicatorafterfinishingmyPh.D.,soitseemedlikeaperfectchancetolearnhowtospeakandmunicatewithotherseffectively.Isignedup,knowingtheexperiencewouldgivemehelp.”（作為一個(gè)安靜害羞的女孩，我害怕在陌生人面前即興交流。然而，我知道我想在完成博士學(xué)位后成為一名科學(xué)交流者，因此，這似乎是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)如何有效地與他人交談和溝通的絕佳機(jī)會(huì)。我報(bào)名了，因?yàn)槲抑肋@段經(jīng)歷會(huì)給我?guī)椭┛芍?，因?yàn)樽髡叽蛩愕耐瓿刹┦繉W(xué)位后成為一名科學(xué)交流者，需要提高與他人交談和溝通的能力，但她一個(gè)安靜害羞的女孩，她參加即興交流課是想要提高自己的交談和溝通的能力，由此可知，作者參加即興交流課是為了提高她的交談和溝通能力。故選D項(xiàng)。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段關(guān)鍵句“Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortableandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ibecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.”（最初的幾個(gè)場(chǎng)景很難，但隨著上了幾個(gè)月課后，我變得更舒服了，甚至開始享受我們的課程。我變得更善于傾聽，更善于與我的談話伙伴交流，也更善于在這一刻清晰地溝通）可知，在上了幾周課后，作者變得更善于傾聽，更善于與談話伙伴交流，也更善于清晰地溝通，由此可知，作者參加即興交流課后的變化是：在發(fā)表意見之前，她成了一個(gè)很好的傾聽者。故選D項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段關(guān)鍵句“Beforeattendingtheclass,Iwouldgetstuckwhenmyexperimentsproducedunexpecteddata,thinkingthatIhadmadeamistake.Butnow,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Iwillstayopentothepossibilitythattheresultsarereal,keepexploringthedataandendupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatisn’tbehavingasexpected.”（在上課之前，當(dāng)我的實(shí)驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生意想不到的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，我會(huì)被卡住，覺(jué)得自己犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。但是現(xiàn)在，我不會(huì)灰心，而是會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果是真實(shí)的可能性保持開放態(tài)度，繼續(xù)探索數(shù)據(jù)，最終發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新類型的細(xì)胞——一種不符合預(yù)期的細(xì)胞）和最后一段關(guān)鍵句“Ithinkallscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.”（我認(rèn)為所有的科學(xué)家都能從這個(gè)課中受益）可知，運(yùn)用了“yes,and”方法，讓作者在進(jìn)行科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程中受益，她會(huì)對(duì)意想不到的結(jié)果持開放態(tài)度，繼續(xù)研究，最終有了意想不到的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，她認(rèn)為所有的科學(xué)家都能從這個(gè)課中受益，由此可知，作者提到在她的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中運(yùn)用“yes,and”的方法是為了證明即興交流課的好處。故選B項(xiàng)。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段關(guān)鍵句“Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthfindingoutwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Asscientists,ourjobisn’ttochallengedatathatsupport,apreconceivedstory,buttosay“yes,and.””（如果數(shù)據(jù)顯示犀牛是圖書管理員，那么就有必要了解犀牛是否是圖書管理員。作為科學(xué)家，我們的工作不是去挑戰(zhàn)支持一個(gè)事先形成的描述的數(shù)據(jù)，而是說(shuō)“yes,and”）可知，作者認(rèn)為面對(duì)之前的科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)，我們的工作并不是去挑戰(zhàn)它，而是要接受它，并繼續(xù)研究，探索真?zhèn)?，由此可知，從最后一段可以推斷出科學(xué)家應(yīng)該通過(guò)接受早期數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行研究。故選C項(xiàng)。Passage3主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)精神論述了毫不費(fèi)力的思考的危害以及當(dāng)代世界迫切需要批判性思維這一話題。★★★★InaclassicepisodeofTheSimpsons,Homer’sclassreunionendsinshamewhenoneofHomer’sguiltysecretsisexposed:henevergraduatedfromhighschool.Togethisdiploma,hemustpassasciencetest.Ashesitsdowntoretaketheexam,heholdsoneofhistrademarkdialogueswithhisbrain.“Allright,brain.Youdon’tlikemeandIdon’tlikeyou.Butlet’sjustdothisandIcangetbacktokillingyouwithbeer.”Manyatruewordisspokenasajoke.HomerSimpson’sEverymancharacterreallyisanEveryman.Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.Itissomucheasiertoquitandletthebrain’sautopilottakeover.Andnowonder.Evolutionhasblessedthehumanbrainwithallkindsofmentalshortcutsthatmakelifemanageable.Ifwehadtothinkabouteveryactionorweighupeverydecision,wewouldbreakdown.Asaresult,certainideasandmodesofthinkingenaturallytous,suchaseffortlessthinking.Butathugecost.Ourmentalshortcutsworkfineatthelevelofindividualsandsmallscalesocieties,butinanincreasinglyinterconnectedandglobalizedworld,theyareadangertosociety.Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.Allarecausedbypeopledisengagingtheircriticalthinkingandgoingwiththeirgut(非理性的)feeling.Everybodyiscapableofgutfeeling,butalsoofthecriticalthinking.Boththinkingstylesareneededtomaketheworldgoround.Unfortunately,thelatterrequirestrainingthatisunavailableorunappealingtomanypeople.Oneofthebrightspotsin2017wasthestartofamovementcalledtheMarchForScience.Thosewhobelieveinthepowerofscienceneedtokeeponmarching,orgivemorepowertopeoplewhodon’tmuchliketheirownbrains—orotherpeople’s.8．WhatdoestheauthorwanttoconveythroughHomer’sstory?A．Feelingisveryimportant.B．Drinkingbeerisharmfultoone’sbrain.C．Highschoolseniorsshouldworkhard.D．MostpeoplehateeffortfulthinkinglikeHomer.9．Howdoyoureadbetweenthelinesoftheunderlinedsentenceaccordingtothepassage?A．Mostpeoplewouldrathertelljokesthantellthetruth.B．Mostpeopledon’twanttotoilthroughscientifictests.C．Mostpeoplewouldlovetohavetheirbrainscontrolledbyapilot.D．MostpeoplelikeSimpson’sordinarycharacterarewillingtothinksimple.10．Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Ourmentalshortcutsfunctionwell.B．Effortlessthinkingisexpensiveforpeople.C．Effortlessthinkingisdangeroustosociety.D．Peopleprefereffortlessthinkingtocriticalthinking.11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcriticalthinking?A．Itmakestheworldgoround.B．Itneedsnecessarytraining.C．Itworksfineatthelevelofpersonalaffairs.D．ItleadstotheMarchForSciencein2017.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeededB．EffortlessThinkingIsOutofDateC．WeNeedtoMarchTowardsScienceD．ThinkingContributestoSocialProblems【答案】8．D9．D10．C11．B12．A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。文章以電影《辛普森一家人》中荷馬失敗的同學(xué)會(huì)開始，揭露出大部分人不喜歡進(jìn)行需要花費(fèi)努力的批判性思維，論述了毫不費(fèi)力的思考的危害以及當(dāng)代世界迫切需要批判性思維這一話題。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“HomerSimpson’sEverymancharacterreallyisanEveryman.Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.(荷馬·辛普森飾演的普通人真的是普通人。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，為了通過(guò)科學(xué)考試而進(jìn)行的那種費(fèi)力的思考感覺(jué)太辛苦了)”可推知，作者想通過(guò)荷馬的故事說(shuō)明大多數(shù)人像荷馬一樣討厭像費(fèi)力的思考。故選D項(xiàng)。9．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中畫線句下文的“Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，從事那種通過(guò)科學(xué)考試所需的輕松思考，感覺(jué)太像是艱苦的工作)”可推知，劃線句子想要表達(dá)的意思是荷馬·辛普森飾演的普通人真的與普通人十分相似，即大多數(shù)像辛普森一樣平凡的人都愿意簡(jiǎn)單地思考。故選D項(xiàng)。10．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Butathugecost.Ourmentalshortcutsworkfineatthelevelofindividualsandsmallscalesocieties,butinanincreasinglyinterconnectedandglobalizedworld,theyareadangertosociety.Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.(但代價(jià)是巨大的。我們的思維捷徑在個(gè)人和小規(guī)模社會(huì)的水平上運(yùn)行良好，但在一個(gè)日益相互聯(lián)系和全球化的世界中，它們對(duì)社會(huì)是一種危險(xiǎn)。毫不費(fèi)力的思考是當(dāng)今世界許多最嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題的根源：恐怖主義、仇恨、不平等和宗教極端主義)”可知，第四段主要是關(guān)于毫不費(fèi)力的思考對(duì)社會(huì)是危險(xiǎn)的。故選C項(xiàng)。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句話“Unfortunately,thelatterrequirestrainingthatisunavailableorunappealingtomanypeople.(不幸的是，后者需要的培訓(xùn)對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)是不可能或沒(méi)有吸引力的)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為批判性思維需要進(jìn)行一些必要的培訓(xùn)。故選B項(xiàng)。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Formostpeople,engaginginthekindofeffortfulthinkingthatisrequiredtopassasciencetestfeelstoomuchlikehardwork.(對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，從事那種通過(guò)科學(xué)考試所需的輕松思考，感覺(jué)太像是艱苦的工作)”及第四段中的“Effortlessthinkingisattherootofmanyofthemodernworld’smostseriousproblems:terrorism,hatred,inequalityandreligiousextremism.(毫不費(fèi)力的思考是當(dāng)今世界許多最嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題的根源：恐怖主義、仇恨、不平等和宗教極端主義)”可知，本文主要介紹了現(xiàn)在多數(shù)人不喜歡批判性思維，即理性思維，而當(dāng)今世界一些嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題的根源在于人們?nèi)狈硇运季S。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“CriticalThinkingIsUrgentlyNeeded(批判性思維迫切被需要)”適合作文章最佳標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。教材語(yǔ)篇研讀教材語(yǔ)篇研讀I.教材語(yǔ)篇梳理THEFRESHMANCHALLENGEWhatisthetexttypeofthepassage?narrationMainideaofeachparagraphParagraph1:WhatisKingCholera? WhoisJohnSnow?Paragraph2&3:HowdidJohnSnowdefeatKingCholera?Paragraph4:What'sthetruthofKingCholera?Paragraph5:WhatarethecontributionsandsignificanceofJohnSnow'swork?MainideaofthetextThetextismainlyaboutJohnSnowand____how__hedefeatsKingCholeraII.課文語(yǔ)法填空J(rèn)ohnSnowwasapioneerintheuseofmapsandstatisticswhen1.（study）cholera.Snowbegantheinvestigationbymarkingonamaptheexactplaces2.allthosewhodiedhadlived.Thereweremultiple3.（dead）nearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet4.noonediedinsomehouseholds.Thesurvivors5.（give）freebeerandhadnotdrunkthepumpwater.Anotherwomanawayfromthewaterpumphadthewater6.（deliver）toherhousesothatsheaswellasherdaughterdiedofcholera.Asaconsequence7.theevidence，Snowannouncedthewaterpumpwas（blame）.His9.（intervene）ofremovingthepumphandlestoppedthediseaseinitstracks.Snowalsoshowedalinkbetweencholeraandwaterpanies，10.（make）themsellcleanwater.Therefore，thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.答案詳解1.studying考查狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。此處是省略形式，完整形式是whenhewasstudyingcholera。當(dāng)主句和從句主語(yǔ)一致且從句謂語(yǔ)部分含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞可以同時(shí)省略。2.where考查定語(yǔ)從句。此處是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是places，where是關(guān)系副詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。3.deaths考查名詞。此處需要一個(gè)名詞，dead的名詞形式是death，根據(jù)前面were可知造成了很多人死亡，所以用復(fù)數(shù)。4.while考查連詞。while此處表示對(duì)比。5.hadbeengiven考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。and后面用了過(guò)去完成時(shí)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處也應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。6.delivered考查固定搭配。havesth.done讓某事被做。7.of考查介詞。asaconsequenceof由于。8.toblame考查動(dòng)詞。betoblame負(fù)有責(zé)任，blame用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。9.intervention考查名詞。在形容詞性物主代詞his后面需用名詞。10.making考查現(xiàn)在分詞。making...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。課文語(yǔ)法填空(2)Perhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpact1.China’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.BorninHangzhouin1911，QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However，heswitchedhismajortoaviation2.（advance）China’saerospaceaftertheSonghuBattlebrokeout.AfterfinishinghisgraduatestudiesintheUnitedStates，QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnologyandfoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratorywithseveralotherpeople.QianreturnedtoChinain1955afterhe3.（overe）somedifficultiesandwasputinchargeofnotonly4.（develop）China’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.UnderQian’sleadership，Chinamademany5.（breakthrough）inaerospace.Thereforeheearnedthenameof“6.fatherofChina’saerospace”.Qianwas7.（extreme）knowledgeable，especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.8.mighthavemadehimsooutstandingandcreativewasprobablyhisextensiveinterests.Hisdeep9.（appreciate）forartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.Thewholecountry10.（sad）byQian’sdeathin2009andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.答案詳解1.on考查介詞。haveanimpacton對(duì)……有影響。2.toadvance考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。他轉(zhuǎn)專業(yè)的目的是發(fā)展中國(guó)的航空事業(yè)，故用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。3.overcame考查時(shí)態(tài)。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。4.developing考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。of是介詞，介詞后面接動(dòng)名詞。5.breakthroughs考查名詞。many后用可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。6.the考查冠詞。他被尊稱為“中國(guó)航天之父”。7.extremely考查副詞。修飾形容詞knowledgeable用副詞。8.What考查主語(yǔ)從句。這是what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，what在主語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。9.appreciation考查名詞。形容詞后面用名詞，appreciate的名詞形式是appreciation。10.wassaddened考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：2009年，錢學(xué)森去世，舉國(guó)上下悲痛不已，人們用不同的方式紀(jì)念他。sad的動(dòng)詞形式是sadden，由介詞by可以斷定，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，由in2009可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故此處應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。教考銜接演練教考銜接演練閱讀微技能1.Skim略讀Youcanfindmainideasbyfirsttakingaquicklookatthetitle,picture(s),keywordsandphrases,andtopicsentences.2.Findthetopicsentence找主題句Thetopicsentenceisnormally,butnotalways,thefirstsentenceofaparagraph.Itgivesthemainideaoftheparagraph.Passage1主題語(yǔ)境主題群話題推薦指數(shù)人與社會(huì)科學(xué)技術(shù)中國(guó)的“小麥之母”張道榮和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)努力拼搏培育新小麥品種的事跡?！铩铩铩铩顰stheChinesesayinggoes,aseedcanchangetheworld;avarietycanbenefitanati