(55)-5.2.2 regional integration國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)雙語(yǔ)

5.2.2RegionalEconomicIntegration區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化Chapter5Inrecentyears,theintegrationofregionaleconomyhasstartedanupsurgeinthewholeworld,withthecharacteristicsofvarioustypesofintegration,whileDohaRoundhavenotdeliveredtheresults.Chinahassigned14agreementsandsomeareundernegotiation.

插入相關(guān)新聞視頻最好EUandU.K.

需要相關(guān)新聞視頻EnlargementofEUandquitofUKfromEU.Types1.Preferentialtradearrangements2.Freetradearea3.Customsunion4.Commonmarket5.EconomicunionFeaturesofregionalarrangementsTypesofarrangementFreetradeamongthemembersCommonexternaltariffsFreemovementoffactorsofproductionHarmonizationofalleconomicpoliciesFree-tradearea√Customsunion√√Commonmarket√√√Economicunion√√√√Fromcommodityfreeflowtoharmonizationofalleconomicpolicies,anationneedstogiveawaymorepolicy-makingpowertosupranationalbody.

Itisnecessarytoweighthegainandlossfromtheregionalarrangements.WelfareeffectsBecauseregionalarrangementsflourishnow,weneedtoanalyzethewelfareeffectofaregionalarrangement.

Wewilltaketariffunionasexampleandillustratefromstaticeffectsanddynamiceffects.StaticeffectDynamiceffectStaticeffectsThestatic,partialequilibriumeffectsofformingacustomsunionaremeasuredintermsoftradecreationandtradediversion.Whataretradecreationandtradediversion?大國(guó)崛起之德國(guó)篇：關(guān)稅同盟的形成

IllustrationofstaticeffectSGJC`G`=aSCJJ`=bSJC`HH`=cSB`HH`=dSJ`H`NM=eIllustrationofstaticeffectSGJC`G`=aSCJJ`=bSJC`HH`=cSB`HH`=dSJ`H`NM=eThestaticeffectofcustomsunion9/21/20236:49:01AMindexBefore

AfterwithNation3influenceprice2tariff-inclusive1.5withouttariffdecreaseproduction2015decreaseconsumption5060increaseimports30fromNaiton145fromNation3=30+5+10Consumersurplusa+b+c+dincreaseProducersurplus-adecreaseGovernment

revenue-(c+e)decreaseTotaleffect(b+d)-euncertain30Xrepresentstradediversioneffectofcustomsunion.Tradediversionoccurswhenlower-costimportsfromoutsidethecustomsunionarereplacedbyhighercostimportsfromaunionmember.Thisresultsbecauseofthepreferentialtradetreatmentonlygiventomembernations.Tradediversion,representingbyareae,reduceswelfarebecauseitshiftsproductionfrommoreef?cientproducersoutsidethecustomsuniontolessef?cientproducersinsidetheunion.Thus,tradediversionworsenstheinternationalallocationofresourcesandshiftsproductionawayfromcomparativeadvantage.Tradecreationcomesfromthereductionofdomesticproduction5Xandincreaseofdomesticconsumption10X,representingbyareaAandareaDrespectively.Becausewithlowerprice,themoreefficientproductionfromNation3replacesthelessefficientdomesticproductionandconsumersexpandtheirconsumption.TradecreationimprovesthewelfareofNation2.TotaleffectThetotalwelfareeffectis(b+d)-e,soitisuncertainthatthewelfareofNation2isimprovedordeteriorated.Theresultdependsonthecomparisonoftradecreationandtradediversion.Nation2Nation1Itlosesitsinternationalmarket.OthertwonationsformingcustomsunionisabadnewandNation1willestablishitsownone.Nation3Itgetsanewmarket.Formingcustomsunionisagoodaction.SupposethatNation2formsacustomsunionwithNation1.whatwillhappen?IllustrationofstaticeffectSGJDD``=aSJD`M=bSJMNH=cSHNF=dDD`FThestaticeffectofcustomsunion9/21/20236:49:01AMindexBefore

AfterwithNation1influenceprice2tariff-inclusive1withouttariffdecreaseproduction2010decreaseconsumption5070increaseimports30fromNaiton160fromNation1=30+10+20Consumersurplusa+b+c+dincreaseProducersurplus-adecreaseGovernment

revenue-cdecreaseTotaleffectb+dincreaseTotaleffectThetotalwelfareeffectis(b+d),soitisimprovedbecausethereisnotradediversioneffect.Nation2Nation1ItconsolidatesandexpanditsmarketshareinNation2.Nation3ItisstilloutsidethemarketofNation2.Formingcustomsunionisagoodwillbefutureaction.Theformationofacustomsunioncouldincreaseorreducethewelfareofmembernationsandoftherestoftheworld,dependingonthecircumstancesunderwhichittakesplace.Choosingdifferenttradingpartnertoformacustomsunionhasdifferent.Itbecomesaresearchtopic.Whatever,formingacustomsunioncanbenefitconsumersandintroducecompetitiontodomesticproducers.DynamicBenefitsfromCustomsUnionsBesidesthestaticwelfareeffectsdiscussedearlier,thenationsformingacustomsunionarelikelytoreceiveseveralimportantdynamicbene?ts.Theseareduetoincreasedcompetition,economiesofscale,stimulustoinvestme