中國(guó)文化概況-Chapter-3

Chapter3LiteratureAGlimpseofChineseCulture

本章教學(xué)的目的1.中國(guó)文學(xué)史的基本發(fā)展脈絡(luò);2.中國(guó)文學(xué)史上的一些名著和現(xiàn)代名作家的基本知識(shí);3.文學(xué)作品中膾炙人口詩(shī)句的英文翻譯。本章教學(xué)的重難點(diǎn)1.古典文學(xué)發(fā)展脈絡(luò)2.古代四大名著3.20世紀(jì)偉大作家4.“網(wǎng)絡(luò)文學(xué)”利弊討論本章教學(xué)的時(shí)間安排教師課堂講解（60minutes）ABriefIntroduction(3minutes)ClassicalLiterature(47minutes)GreatWritersofthe20thCentury(10minutes)討論(10minues)學(xué)生課件展示

(30minutes)課文講解1.ABriefIntroduction2.ClassicalLiterature3.GreatWritersofthe20thCenturyBriefintroduction(3minutes)FourmainperiodsofChineseliteraturedevelopment:Classical:pre—lateQingModern:1840—May4th,1919Revolutionary:1919—1949Contemporary:1949—presentClassicalLiterature(47minutes)DefinitionItreferstoliteraryworksfromthedaysbeforetheQinDynastytothelateQingDynasty.CharacteristicItisvirtuallyanunbrokenstrandenduringdynasticchanges.

Works

TheBookofSongs(《詩(shī)經(jīng)》)andPoetryoftheSouth(《楚辭》)areregardedasthetwopeaksofChina’searliestliterary.TheBookofSongs《詩(shī)經(jīng)》(3minutes)Whatisit?

Threesections:

Feng(folkballads)Ya(dynastichymns)Song(sacrificialsongs)AcollectionofChina’s305oldestpoemsfromtheEarlyWesternZhouDynastytothemiddleSpringandAutumnPeriod;regardedastheearliestrealisticliteratureinChina.Guan-guangotheospreys,Ontheisletintheriver.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Forourprinceagoodmateshe.Herelong,thereshort,istheduckweed,Totheleft,totheright,borneaboutbythecurrent.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Wakingandsleeping,hesoughther.Hesoughtherandfoundhernot,Andwakingandsleepinghethoughtabouther.Longhethought;oh!longandanxiously;Onhisside,onhisback,heturned,andbackagain.Herelong,thereshort,istheduckweed;Ontheleft,ontheright,wegatherit.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Withlutes,smallandlarge,letusgiveherfriendlywelcome.Herelong,thereshort,istheduckweed;Ontheleft,ontheright,wecookandpresentit.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Withbellsanddrumsletusshowourdelightinher.PoetryoftheSouth《楚辭》(2minutes)PoetryoftheSouthisderivedfromthesongsofthesouthernstateofChuduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.ItpioneeredromanticisminChinesepoetry.TheverseofPoetryoftheSoutharefreeerthanthoseofTheBookofSongs.Itisnotfixedtofourcharactersperline,andthecharacterof“xi”(兮)isoftenputinthemiddleortheendofsomelines.QuYuanandHisMasterpiecesQuYuan—theearliestknownfamousChinesepoetMasterpieces:

SorrowafterDeparture《離騷》AskHeaven《天問》NineElegies《九章》

NineSongs《九歌》Appreciatingfamouslines

路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮，吾將上下而求索。Thejourneyislong,I’llsearchupanddown.TheProseofthePre-QinPeriod

(先秦子學(xué))（5minutes)

Theproseinthepre-Qinperiodincludeshistoricalprose(歷史散文)andphilosophicalprose(諸子散文).HistoricalproseTheBookofHistory《尚書》

SpringandAutumnAnnals《春秋》

Zuo’sCommentary《左傳》

IntriguesoftheWarringStates《戰(zhàn)國(guó)策》

DiscoursesoftheStates《國(guó)語(yǔ)》Philosophicalprose

LaoZi

(DaoDeJing),MoZi,Mencius,ZhuangZi,TheAnalectsofConfuciusHanDynastyLiterature（５minutes）hanfu(漢賦)

alsocalledrhymeprose.ItisapopularliterarygenreoriginatingintheHanDynasty.Itemphasizeselaborationanddescription,andisthecombinationofpoemandprose.Itincludeslongessays(大賦)andshortessays(小賦).RepresentativeHanfu

OnFaultsofQin《過秦論》RecordsoftheGrandHistorian《史記》

yuefu

folksongs

(漢樂府民歌)

Itfeaturesfive-characterlinesandreflectstherealityandlifeoflower-classworkingpeople.OutstandingYuefu

Folksongs

SoutheastthePeacockFlies《孔雀東南飛》

TheBalladsofMulan《木蘭詩(shī)》TheBalladsofMulanand

SoutheastthePeacockFlies

DisneyPictures'Mulan

SoutheastthePeacockFliesAppreciatingfamouslines唧唧復(fù)唧唧；

木蘭當(dāng)戶織。

不聞機(jī)杼聲；

唯聞女嘆息。……——《木蘭詩(shī)》Alack,alas!alack,alas!

Sheweavesandseestheshuttlepass.

Youcannotheartheshuttle,why?

Itswhirisdrownedinherdeepsigh.天蒼蒼，野茫茫，風(fēng)吹草低見牛羊?！?《敕勒歌》)Vastisthesky,boundlessthewilds,grazingcattlearerevealedasthegrassbenddawninthewind.—TheChileBalladTheLiteratureintheWei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties(3minutes)

AnewgenreThestoriesrecordingspiritsandanecdotes(志人志怪小說(shuō))

Outstandingworksofthisperiod

ThePeachBlossomSpring《桃花源記》

TheLiteraryMindandtheCarvingofDragons《文心雕龍》TheTangPoems（10minutes）TheCompleteAnthologyofTangPoems《全唐詩(shī)》Thebiggest-evercollectionofChinesepoetry.

ThedevelopmentofpoetryintheTangDynastycanbeclassifiedintofourstages:EarlyTang,HighTang,MidTangandlateTangTheFourLiteraryEminences

(初唐四杰)WangBo,YangJiong,LuoBinwang,andLuZhaolinTheirpoems,inarefinedlanguage,boastbeautifultonalpatternsandrhymeschemes.LiBaiandhispoemsLiBai,the“CelestialPoet(詩(shī)仙)”,haslongbeenregardedthegreatestromanticpoetinChineseliterature.Inhispoems,imagination,exaggeration,dictionandsonorousrhythmsareblendedeffortlessly.ThinkingintheSilentNight《靜夜詩(shī)》HardistheRoadtoShu《蜀道難》DreamingofSightseeingintheTianmuMountains《夢(mèng)游天姥吟留別》床前明月光，疑是地上霜。舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉(xiāng)?！畎住鹅o夜詩(shī)》Abed,Iseeasilverlight,

Iwonderifit'sfrostaground.

Lookingup,Ifindthemoonbright;

Bowing,inhomesicknessI'mdrowned.

—LiBai’sATranquilNight

DuFuandhispoemsDuFu,the“SaintPoet(詩(shī)圣)”,hasbeenconsideredasthegreatestrealisticpoetinChineseliterature.Hedevelopedadepressingandmeticulousliterarystyle.“Threeofficers”(三吏)

TheXin’anOfficer《新安吏》TheShihaoOfficer《石壕吏》OfficeratTongguanPass《潼關(guān)吏》“ThreePartings”(三別)

PartingoftheNewly-wed《新婚別》PartingoftheOld《垂老別》PartingoftheHomeless《無(wú)家別》BaiJuyiandhispoemsTheoutstandingpoetBaiJuyisucceededDuFuwithpoemsreflectingtherealityofsociety.SatiricalandallegoricalstyleTheOldCharcoalSeller《賣炭翁》SongofEternalSorrow《長(zhǎng)恨歌》SongofAPipaPlayer《琵琶行》

后宮佳麗三千人，三千寵愛在一身。Thoughmanybeautieswereinthepalace,

Morethanthreethousandofthem,

Allhisfavorswerecenteredonher.

—SongofEternalSorrow《長(zhǎng)恨歌》CiintheSongDynasty（2minutes）Ci:Insteadofregulatedpoetry,cicouldexpressmorerefinedanddelicatefeelingswithirregularmeter.WhatisCipai?

Nameofthetunetowhichacipoemiscomposed.FamouspoetsSushi,LuYou,XinQiji,andLiQingzhaoLiqingzhaoandSlowSlowSong《聲聲慢》尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚。乍暖還寒時(shí)候，最難將息。

I'veasenseofsomethingmissingImustseek.

Everythingaboutmelooksdismalandbleak.

Nothingthatgivesmepleasure,Icanfind.

Eventheweatherhasprovedmostunkind.

YuanquintheYuanDynasty（3minutes）Yuanquincludessanqu

(散曲:non-dreamaticsongs)

andzaju(雜劇:

poeticdrama).MaZhiyuanandAutumnThought《秋思》GuanHanqing

andTheInjusticetoDouE《竇娥冤》MaZhiyuanandAutumnThought《秋思》OveroldtreesWreathedwithrottenvinesflyeveningcrows;Underasmallbridgenearacottageastreamflows;Onancientroadinthewestwindaleanhorsegoes.Westwarddeclinesthesun;Far,farfromhomeistheheartbrokenone.天凈沙秋思

馬致遠(yuǎn)

枯藤老樹昏鴉，

小橋流水人家，

古道西風(fēng)瘦馬。

夕陽(yáng)西下，

斷腸人在天涯。

FictionintheMingandQingDynasty（1