美國文學(xué)富蘭克林傳課件

January6,1705

–April17,1790

LiteraryContributionsThemesWritingStyleInfluenceSocialSignificanceBenjaminFranklinLifeExperienceJanuary6,1705

–April17,171BenjaminFranklin

BriefIntroductionBenjaminFranklinBriefIntr21726:returnstoAmerica;1732-1757:PoorRichard'sAlmanack1733:seeksmoralperfection1741:inventsFranklinstove;publishesGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicle1746:conductselectricalexperiments1751:"ExperimentsandObservationswithElectricity“1751-1764:servesinPennsylvaniaAssembly1752:kiteexperiment1726:returnstoAmerica;31706:borninBoston1716-1717:worksinfather'sshop1721-1723:helpsJamespublishtheNewEnglandCourantandcontributes"SilenceDogood"essays1724:sailsforEngland;worksatSamuelPalmer'sprintingofficeinLondon1706:borninBoston41754:proposesAmericanunionagainstFrench;claimsrighttoAmericanself-government1755:"AParableAgainstPersecution,""AParableonBrotherlyLove"1757:"TheWaytoWealth“1764:speakerofPennsylvaniaAssembly;petitionstoKingfornewgovernment;agentforcoloniesinEngland1771:writesfirstpartofAutobiography1773:"EdictbytheKingofPrussia”1754:proposesAmericanunion51775:returnstoAmerica;delegatetoSecondContinentalCongress;draftsArticlesofConfederation.1776-1785:servesasdiplomatinFrance1784:writessecondpartofAutobiography1787:delegatetoConstitutionalConvention;proposesproportionalrepresentationinHouseandequalrepresentationintheSenate1788:writesthirdpartofAutobiography1789:writesfirstremonstranceagainstslaveryaddressedtoCongress1790:writesfourthpartofAutobiography1790:diesathomeinPhiladelphia1775:returnstoAmerica;dele6LiteraryGiant:BenjaminFranklin

Majorworks1.PoorRichard'sAlmanack

2.TheAutobiographyLiteraryGiant:BenjaminFrank7PoorRichard'sAlmanackPoorRichard'sAl-manac(1733-1758)tookFranklintwenty-fiveyearstocontrivehomelyaphorismoutofwhateversourcehecouldtapandim-provemostofthenwithhisgiftforpungenctandimagery.

PoorRichard'sAlmanackPoorRi8TheAutobiography

InhisAutobiography,toldhowandwhenhebegantowriteit"MemoiresDeLaViePrivee...,”1791,inParisThefirstEnglishtranslation,"ThePrivateLifeoftheLateBenjaminFranklin”,1793,inLondonTheAutobiography

InhisAuto9"TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin”waswrittenforFranklin'ssonWilliamTheworkportraysafascinatingpictureoflifeinPhiladelphiaThefirstfivechapterswerewritteninEnglandin1771,resumedin1784-1785inParis,andlaterin1788intheUS"TheAutobiographyofBenjamin10TheThemeofFranklin’sWorkLetustakehisAutobiographyforexampletoexplainthethemofBenjaminFranklin’swork.CriticsfeelthathisAutobiographyisanexcellentstudyin"entrepreneurismandindividualpluck."

Hisworkisratherfragmentedasitisaseriesofmemoirs,writteninthereflectivetoneofanoldermanreflectingupon

themistakesandaccomplishmentsofhisyouth;ofthese,Franklinisproudestofhisciviccontributions.

TheThemeofFranklin’sWorkLe11TherecurringthemethatrunsthroughFranklin'sworkisthattheindividualmusttakeresponsibilityforoneselfbystudyingworkinghard,andcreatingagoodimage.

hisPuritanupbringingalsogreatlyinfluenceshisthinkingThethemeofindividualismissalientinFranklin'swritings.Therecurringthemethatruns12WritingStyle

plainpragmaticjournalisticWritingStyle

plain13

NowimaginingitmaybeequallyagreeabletoyoutoknowtheCircumstancesofmyLife,manyofwhichyouareyetunacquaintedwith;andexpectingaWeek'suninterruptedLeisureinmypresentCountryRetirement,Isitdowntowritethemforyou.(1.1)

Nowimaginingitmaybeequal14TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin

WritingStyle

WhendescribingtheeventsheincludesintheAutobiography,he'sdirectaboutwhathappenstohimandhowhefeelsaboutit.Ifwewerelivingin1786,we'dprobablyunderstandhimperfectly.Franklin'scommittedtoinvolvingreadersinhistext,almostlikehe'stalkingdirectlytous.Forexample,heopenshisautobiographybysaying:

TheAutobiographyofBenjamin15AlthoughFranklin'ssupposedlyaddressinghissonhere,whenhesays"you,"he'salsotalkingdirectlytous,hisgeneralaudience.AlthoughFranklin'ssupposedly16SocialsignificanceAsAuthorandEditorAsInventorandScientistASAmbassador:SocialsignificanceAsAuthor17SocialsignificanceBenjaminFranklinasAuthorandEditor:Franklinbeganapprenticedtohisbrotherwhowasaprinter.Becausehisbrotherwouldnotallowhimtowriteforhisnewspaper,Franklinwroteletterstothepaperinthepersonaofamiddle-agedwomannamed“SilenceDogood.”By1730,Franklincreated“ThePennsylvaniaGazette”wherehewasabletopublisharticlesandessaysonhisthoughts.From1732to1757,Franklincreatedayearlyalmanaccalled“PoorRichard’sAlmanack.”Franklinadoptedthename“RichardSaunders”whilehewaswritingforthealmanac.Fromquoteswithinthealmanac,hecreated“TheWaytoWealth.”SocialsignificanceBenjamin18SocialsignificanceBenjaminFranklinasInventorandScientist:Franklinwasaprolificinventor.Manyofhiscreationsarestillinusetoday.Hisinventionsincluded:TheFranklinstovebifocalsAflexiblecatheterThelightningrodFranklincameupwithanexperimenttoprovethatelectricityandlightningwerethesamething.HeconductedtheexperimentbyflyingakiteinalightningstormonJune15,1752.Fromhisexperimentshedevisedthelightningrod.Healsocameupwithimportantconceptsinmeteorologyandrefrigeration.SocialsignificanceBenjamin19FranklinandtheKiteFranklinandtheKite20SocialsignificanceBenjaminFranklinasAmbassador:FranklinwassenttoGreatBritainbyPennsylvaniain1757.HespentsixyearstryingtogettheBritishtoprovidePennsylvaniawithmoreselfrule.Hewaswell-respectedabroadbutcouldnotgetthekingorparliamenttobudge.AfterthebeginningoftheAmericanRevolution,FranklinwenttoFrancein1776togainFrenchaidagainstGreatBritain.Hissuccesshelpedturnthetideofthewar.HestayedinFranceasAmerica’sfirstdiplomatthere.HerepresentedAmericaatthetreatynegotiationsthatendedtheRevolutionaryWarwhichresultedintheTreatyofParis(1783).FranklinreturnedtoAmericanin1785.SocialsignificanceBenjamin21SocialsignificanceConclusion:BenjaminFranklinwasextremelyimportantinthehistoryofthemovefromthirteenindividualcoloniestooneunifiednation.Hisactionsaselderstatesmananddiplomathelpedensureindependence.Hisscientificandliteraryachievementshelpedhimearnrespectathomeandabroad.WhileinEngland,healsoreceivedhonorarydegreesfromSt.AndrewsandOxford.Hissignificancecannotbeunderstated.SocialsignificanceConclusio22InfluencesofBenjaminFranklinHesetanexamplefor"self-mademan“Heembodiesandpersonifiesthe"Americandream“HeisthespokesmanoftheEnlightenmentinAmericaInfluencesofBenjaminFrankli23AnExamplefor“Self-madeMan"

Background:apoorboywith2-yeareducationAchievement:oneofthegreatestandmostinfluentialmanintheworldwithmultipleidentitiesasabusinessman,writer,statesman,scientist,diplomat,philosopher,patriotandmanoftheworldAnExamplefor“Self-madeMan"24AboutAmericanDream 300年前，當(dāng)英格蘭移民乘坐著五月花號橫穿大西洋來到馬里蘭，尋找一塊清教徒能居住的“凈土”時，“美國夢”(AmericanDream)已開始悄然萌芽——美國給了全世界每一個人均等的機會，只要努力奮斗，都可以實現(xiàn)自己的夢想。300年后，這個國家已成富饒之邦，然而，“美國夢”并沒有消逝，只是隨著歷史的變遷，它擁有了更多的“內(nèi)涵”。AboutAmericanDream 25AmericanDream什么是“美國夢”？“眾多歷史學(xué)家和社會學(xué)家觀點不一，不同的美國人也有不同的解讀?！奔又荽髮W(xué)洛杉磯分校歷史學(xué)教授朗·梅勒接受《環(huán)球》雜志記者采訪時如此回答。不過一般而言，“美國夢”包含幾個要素：美國提供了人人都能成功的機會；成功取決于自己的才能和努力，而不是家世和背景；人人都擁有平等的權(quán)利；人人都有信仰的自由?！斑@些要素是與歷史密不可分的，也必須和時代背景結(jié)合起來看?！崩省っ防照f。AmericanDream什么是“美國夢”？“眾多歷史26EmbodiesandPersonifiesthe"AmericanDream"Theautobiographyisaninspiringaccountofapoorboy'srisetowealthandfameandthefulfilmentoftheAmericandream.Franklinprovedhowlittlenecessaryalloriginistohappiness,virtue,orgreatnessandthatwithdeterminationanddedication,successiswithinanyone'sgrasp.emphasisonmoralityandpersonalvalues.Embodiesand