莎士比亞生平 人文主義 詩歌鑒賞

WilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)1.Birth

BornApril1564inStratford-upon-AvonThe3rdof8kids.BirthdatecreditedasApril23.Baptized(洗禮)April26,1564atHolyTrinityChurch(圣三一教堂)inStratford.I.Life

Stratford-on-AvonWilliamShakespeare’sHome2.EducationAttendedtheStratfordGrammarSchoolforchildrenofprominent(杰出的)citizens.Mandatory(強制的)attendanceatchurchprovidedexposure(宣傳)totheBible.Influencedbythebeautifulcountrysideindicatedbyhisuseofimagesfromnature,gardening,agriculturalpursuits,andcountryfolklore(民間傳說).Shakespeare’sschool3.MarriageMarriedAnneHathaway,daughterofafarmer,RichardHathawayonNovember28,1582.EightyearsolderthanWilliam.Threemonthspregnantwhenmarried.4.LifeinLondon1582atage18marriedAnneHathaway.1586—1587wenttoLondonandservedasapprentice(學徒)inadramatictroupe(劇團).1593—1594publishedhislongpoems1609publishedhisSonnets1590---1612wrotehis37plays1616diedandburiedinStratfordChurch5.ShakespeareProspers1598builtGlobeTheatre,ownedsharesinit.RecognizedasageniusinhisowntimeHeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon“(埃文河詩人).6.Non-dramaticPoems

1.

VenusandAdonis2.TheRapeofLucrece3.Sonnets(154)Concernedwithlove,brokentrustoffriend,lossoflove,forgiveness4.FeaturesofShakespeare’sSonnetsThreequatrainsandacoupletConstitutingavastlandscapeofmetaphor,

7.LiteraryIdeascombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruthtrulyreflectnatureandreality8.DeathandBurialatStratford

1610retiredfromtheatreDiesonApril23,1616atage52Indeath,heleavesafinalpieceofverseashisepitaph(墓志銘

):Goodfriend,forJesus'sakeforbearTodigthedustenclosedhere.Blessedbethemanthatsparesthesestones,Andcursedbehethatmovesmybones.蒙天主仁慈，朋友們請不要碰觸我的墓。那些讓我的墓地保持原樣的人會被保佑，而碰到我身體的人將遭到詛咒。

Shakespeareisnotofanage,butforalltime.Hecontributed154sonnets,37plays,and2longnarrativepoemstotheliterarylegacyoftheworld.Humanism

GeneralDefinitionThewelfareofhumanbeingisveryimportant.Itemphasestheworthoflifeinthisworld,andthedignityofhumanbeing.TheOriginofHumanism(6th-centuryBCE)ThalesXenophanes

TheDevelopmentofWesternHumanismTheriseoftheSophists(智者學派):SkepticismAgainstsuperstitionEmphasisonthevalueofmanTheDevelopmentofWesternHumanismSocrates’sHumanismPayattentiontohuman'sethicsandmoralsKnowledgeisvirtueKnowyourselfTheDevelopmentofModernWesternHumanismRenaissance（14th–17th）--springupAgainstreligiousasceticism（禁欲主義）andobscurantism（蒙昧主義）Highlightsthesignificanceofhuman，denygodInthepursuitofhappinessandfreedomAdvocatepersonalityliberationRespectandpromotescienceandrationality

Enlightenment（17th—18th）--Climax?Measureeverythingbyhumanrationality?Personalfreedomandright?Naturalrights(天賦人權);socialcontract（社會契約）?Libertyandequality?Separationofpowers（三權分立）FatheroftheHumanism

FrancescoPetrarca(1304-1374)ExplainclassicworkswithnewvisionChallengemedievaltheologyPraiseman’srightanddignityEncouragethepursuitofhappiness"Itwasthegreatestprogressiverevolutionthatmankindhassofarexperienced,atimewhichcalledforgiantsandproducedgiants—giantsinpowerofthought,passionandcharacter,inuniversalityandlearning.“—Engels

ThePositiveInfluenceofHumanismTheessenceofRenaissance.Helpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.TheNegativeInfluence(limitations)ofthehumanismThehumanismemphasizedtoomuchontheindividuals,whichmaybeeasytocultivatethesubjectivityandextremeindividualism.WILLIAMSHAKE

SPEARE’SSONNET73SONNET十四行詩Afourteen-linelyricpoem,traditionallywritteniniambicpentameter（抑揚格五音步）.抑揚格如果一個音步中有兩個音節(jié)，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚格音步，其專業(yè)術語是（iamb,iambic.）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚”，一輕一重，故稱抑揚格。讀下面這兩句詩：Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.這兩行詩的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是：輕——重。在每行中再現四次，這樣就形成了這兩行詩的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相當與樂譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重，就是這兩行詩的音步。一行詩中輕重搭配出現的次數叫音步數，這兩行詩的音步數都是四，所以就稱其為四音步詩。四行詩（英文：Quatrain，又稱四行連、四行連句）是一種歐洲常見的詩節(jié)體裁，每一首詩有4行。押韻構成是aabb、abab、abba、abcb。

雙韻體1、五音步抑揚格2、押尾韻對偶句3、韻尾為AABBCCDD......不重復。4、風格簡潔。由十音節(jié)雙韻詩體演化而來，每行五個音步，每個音步有兩個音節(jié)，第一是輕音，第二是重音（即，五步抑揚格）。句式均衡、整齊、準確、簡潔、考究。拿四行詩的押韻方式為例：有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型，還有aaab型。第四種（aabb型）實際上是雙行押韻，英語稱之為couplet,如果每行五音步，則稱之為“英雄雙押韻”(heroiccouplet)。SONNET73Thattimeofyearthoumaystinmebehold（a)

Whenyellowleaves,ornone,orfew,dohang(b)

Uponthoseboughswhichshakeagainstthecold,(a）

Bareruin‘dchoirs,wherelatethesweetbirdssang.（b）

Inmethouseestthetwilightofsuchday

Asaftersunsetfadethinthewest,

Whichbyandbyblacknightdothtakeaway,

Death‘ssecondself,thatsealsupallinrest.

Inmethousee‘sttheglowing