介詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講解

..介詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考綱容熟悉介詞的根本意義及用法；辨析相近、易混介詞的用法；掌握常用介詞短語(yǔ)的意義及用法；掌握常用短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式、意義及用法。命題趨勢(shì)語(yǔ)法填空主要考察介詞的根本意義和用法，用時(shí)兼顧對(duì)介詞短語(yǔ)的考察。短文改錯(cuò)主要考察介詞的誤用?？疾旖樵~與名詞、形容詞或動(dòng)詞搭配的意義和用法。介詞〔一〕介詞的分類1.從構(gòu)造上看，介詞可以分為以下幾類：簡(jiǎn)單介詞〔由一個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的介詞〕、合成介詞〔兩個(gè)詞合在一起的介詞〕、短語(yǔ)介詞〔一個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞或其他介詞組合在一起的介詞〕、分詞介詞〔局部動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和過(guò)去分詞形式〕。2.從意思上考慮，介詞可以分為下面三類：引導(dǎo)時(shí)間短語(yǔ)的介詞、引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的介詞、引導(dǎo)其他短語(yǔ)的介詞。〔二〕介詞〔短語(yǔ)〕的用法區(qū)別1.表示方位的at,in,on,to,beside/by和near(1)at一般指在較小的地方例：Imethimattheshop.in一般指在較大的地方，或在某一圍例：a.TheyarrivedinBeijingyesterday.b.ShandongProvinceliesintheeastofChina.on一般指在物體的外表，或相鄰并接壤的兩個(gè)地域例：a.Thepictureishangingonthewall.b.MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.to表示某圍外接壤或不接壤的兩個(gè)位置例：ShandongProvinceistothesoutheastofHebeiProvince.beside/by譯為"在...旁邊〞例：a.Shewasstandingbesidehermother.b.Thereisasmallhousebytheriver.near譯為"接近；靠近〞例：Thereisasupermarketnearmyhome.表示方位的between和amongbetween在兩者或每?jī)烧咧g例：IstandbetweenSueandJane.among在三者或三者以上之間例：Theteacherwasstandingamongthestudents.表示方位的across,through,over和pastacross從...的外表穿過(guò)例：Hewalkedacrossthesquaretomeetus.through從...的部穿過(guò)例：Theguideledusthroughtheforest.over從...的上面跨過(guò)例：Thethiefjumpedoverthefenceandfledaway.past在...的旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)例：Shewalkedpasttheshop.表示時(shí)間的介詞表示"在...〞的：at,in,onat表示在某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻或重大節(jié)日例：at9:00;atnoon;atChristmasb.in表示在某段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，世紀(jì)、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、黃昏等。例：inthe21stcentury;inSeptember;inthemorningc.on表示在具體的日子或具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上例：on2nd,September;onthemorningof1st,may表示"在...之后〞的after,in"after+一段時(shí)間〞在過(guò)去時(shí)的句子中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于"一段時(shí)間+later〞;"in+一段時(shí)間〞在將來(lái)時(shí)句子中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，指離說(shuō)話時(shí)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后。例：a.Hereturnedhomeafteraweek(aweeklater).b.Theywilletovisitusinamonth.注意："after+時(shí)間點(diǎn)〞可在將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；"in+時(shí)間段〞表示"在...時(shí)間之〞時(shí)，可用于完成時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子中。例：a.Iwillattendameetingafter2o’clock.b.Inthelasttenyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthisvillage.表示時(shí)間段的for,since"for+時(shí)間段〞譯為"多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間〞，表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短，一般做完成時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)句子中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例：Hehaslivedinthesmallvillagefor5years."since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)〞譯為"自從...〞，做完成時(shí)態(tài)句子中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例：Ihaven’theardfromhimsincethreeyearsago.其他介詞表示交通的by,in,on"by+名詞〞表示交通方式時(shí)，名詞前不加冠詞；但是in,on后面的名詞必須有冠詞或代詞等修飾Hegoestoworkbycareveryday=Hegoestoworkinhiscareveryday.Hegoestoworkbybikeeveryday=Hegoestoworkinhisbikeeveryday.表示"用...〞的：by,in,withby側(cè)重方式、方法，多用于表示無(wú)形的工具或手段的名詞前；in多用于表示語(yǔ)言、材料的名詞前；with多用于表示有形的工具，表示身體器官的名詞前。例：a.Heearnedhislivingbysellingnewspapers.b.Pleasewritetheanswerinink.c.Theyarediggingwithspades.表示"除....外〞的except,exceptfor和besidesexcept表示"除...之外〞〔其他的都〕，其后的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)被排除在外的，側(cè)重同類事物的排除；exceptfor后被排除的容與主語(yǔ)往往不是同一類的或整體與局部的關(guān)系；besides表示"除...之外〞〔其他的也〕，其他的賓語(yǔ)是被包括在的。例：a.AllmyfriendstookpartinthepartyexceptJohn.b.Hispositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.c.HehaslearnedGerman,FrenchbesidesEnglish.介詞短語(yǔ)介詞可以和名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞等構(gòu)成固定搭配。介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中可以做狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。常考得介詞短語(yǔ)atdawn;atdaybreak;incaseof;attable;farfrom;freefrom;bytheway;befondof;betiredof;beproudof;answer/keyto;nextto;besimilarto;dueto;thanksto;bepopularwith;apartfrom;insteadof;regardlessof;indetail;ingeneral;onpurpose;aboveall;inall;afterall;intermsof;inneedof;infavorof;inreturn;inshort;inplaceof;insearchof;forfearof;inexchangefor;inadditionto;inspiteof;invain;beyondreach;beyonddescription;onaccountof;inaway;inparticular;inchargeof;asaresultof短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+aboutspeak/talkabout討論;thinkabout思考;careabout關(guān)心;bringabout發(fā)生；eabout發(fā)生；goabout著手，走動(dòng)；argueabout爭(zhēng)論；hearabout聽(tīng)說(shuō)；setabout著手，開(kāi)場(chǎng)；worryabout擔(dān)憂動(dòng)詞+ataimat瞄準(zhǔn)，方案；callat拜訪；glareat怒視；knockat敲〔門(mén)，窗等〕；laughat嘲笑；lookat看；pointat指向；shoutat沖...喊；stareat凝視；workat致力于動(dòng)詞+awaybreakaway擺脫；clearaway去除掉，散去；dieaway減弱，逐漸消失；giveaway分發(fā)，泄露；passaway去世；putaway把...收起來(lái)；throwaway扔掉；washaway沖走動(dòng)詞+backcallback回；giveback歸還；holdback控制??；阻止；keepback隱瞞，拘留；lookback回憶；putback放回原處動(dòng)詞+downbringdown把...降低;burndown燒毀；breakdown出故障，癱瘓；cutdown砍倒，削減；calmdown平靜下來(lái)；putdown記下，鎮(zhèn)壓；slowdown慢下來(lái)；takedown記下，拿下；teardown拆毀，撤除；turndown調(diào)小，拒絕動(dòng)詞+forapplyfor申請(qǐng)；askfor要求得到；answerfor對(duì)...負(fù)責(zé)；begfor祈求，請(qǐng)求；callfor需要，要求；carefor關(guān)心，喜歡；chargefor收費(fèi)；searchfor尋找；runfor競(jìng)選；standfor代表動(dòng)詞+fromdatefrom始于...的時(shí)期；diefrom因...而死；differentfrom與...不同；hearfrom收到...的來(lái)信；resultfrom由...造成；separatefrom把...分開(kāi)動(dòng)詞+inbreakin闖入，插話；bringin引進(jìn)，帶來(lái)收入；callin召集，來(lái)訪；checkin登記進(jìn)入；callin插嘴，打斷；dropin順便拜訪；getin收割，進(jìn)站；givein讓步，投降；handin上交；resultin導(dǎo)致動(dòng)詞+intoburstinto突然爆發(fā)，闖入；changeinto變成；divideinto把...分成；lookinto調(diào)查，研究；runinto碰到；turninto把...變成動(dòng)詞+ofapproveof贊成，通過(guò)；consistof由...組成；dieof死于；dreamof夢(mèng)想；hearof聽(tīng)說(shuō)；thinkof想到；動(dòng)詞+offbreakoff中斷，突然停頓；eoff脫落；cutoff切斷，隔絕；falloff跌落，掉下；getoff下車，動(dòng)身；giveoff發(fā)出，放出；keepoff避開(kāi)；leaveoff中斷；payoff還清，取得成功；putoff推出，延期；seeoff送行；showoff炫耀；startoff出發(fā)；takeoff脫下，起飛，成功動(dòng)詞+oncallon拜訪某人；carryon繼續(xù)，前行；depend/relyon依靠；feed/liveon以...為生；haveon穿著〔狀態(tài)〕；puton穿上〔動(dòng)作〕，上演；keepon繼續(xù)；lookon旁觀；moveon往前走，移動(dòng)；passon傳遞，傳授；insiston堅(jiān)持；tryon試穿；takeon呈現(xiàn)，承當(dāng)，雇傭；turn/switchon翻開(kāi)動(dòng)詞+outbreakout爆發(fā)；bringout取出，使呈現(xiàn)；eout出版，出來(lái)；carryout執(zhí)行，完成；findout弄清楚；giveout分發(fā)，公布，用完；goout熄滅，消退；helpout幫助；holdout伸出，堅(jiān)持?。籰eaveout刪掉，省略；lookout小心，慎重；letout泄露，使〔火〕熄滅；makeout理解，識(shí)別出；pickout挑選出；putout撲滅，熄滅；runout用完，耗盡；sendout發(fā)出，派遣；setout出發(fā)，著手；turnout結(jié)果是，產(chǎn)生；workout解決，算出動(dòng)詞+overgoover復(fù)習(xí)，檢查；getover克制；lookover翻閱，檢查；runover碾過(guò)，復(fù)查；takeover接收，接替；thinkover仔細(xì)考慮；turnover翻到，翻看；watchover:看守，照看動(dòng)詞+throughgetthrough完成，通過(guò)，接通；gothrough經(jīng)歷，遭受，檢查；look/glancethrough翻閱，仔細(xì)查看；seethrough看穿，看透動(dòng)詞+toaddto增添，增添了；agreeto同意；attendto照顧，處理；belongto屬于；eto共計(jì)，醒；devoteto致力于，奉獻(xiàn)給；getto到達(dá)；leadto導(dǎo)致，通向；objectto反對(duì)；referto參考，查閱；stickto堅(jiān)持，忠于；turnto轉(zhuǎn)向，求助于動(dòng)詞+upbringup撫養(yǎng)，培養(yǎng)；breakup分手，破裂；clearup收拾，整理；eup出現(xiàn)，提出；cutup切碎；eatup吃光；giveup放棄；goup上漲，增長(zhǎng)；holdup延誤，舉起，搶劫；keepup保持；lookup抬頭，查找；makeup組成，編造，和解；putup舉起，貼；pickup抬起，開(kāi)車接，學(xué)會(huì)；setup成立，建立；stayup熬夜；tearup撕碎；takeup占據(jù)，開(kāi)場(chǎng)從事；turnup調(diào)大，出現(xiàn)；useup用完；hangup掛斷動(dòng)詞+withagreewith同意，適應(yīng)于；parewith與...相比；dealwith處理；dowith處理，需要；meetwith遭遇三個(gè)詞以上的短語(yǔ)addupto總計(jì);breakawayfrom擺脫；catchupwith追上；keepupwith=keeppeacewith與...保持同步；eintobeing產(chǎn)生，出現(xiàn)；catchsightof看見(jiàn)；dowellin在...做得好；getcloseto接近；getusedto=beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于...；getalong/onwith相處，進(jìn)展；getoutof逃避，防止；getridof擺脫，除掉；goonwith繼續(xù)；getdownto開(kāi)場(chǎng)做；keepawayfrom避開(kāi)，不靠近；keepintouchwith保持聯(lián)系；keepaneyeon:留心，注意；lookupto仰望，尊敬；lookdownon輕視，看不起；lookforwardto盼望；makefunof取笑；makeuseof=makethemost/bestof利用；makeupfor=catchupon彌補(bǔ)；putupwith容忍，忍受；payattentionto注意；payavisitto訪問(wèn)；runoutof用完；setfireto=set...onfire防火燒；takepartin參加；takecareof照看；takepridein=beproudof以...為自豪；playapart/rolein起作用；setanexampleto/for為...樹(shù)立典范；takeadvantageof利用...的優(yōu)勢(shì)；takechargeof負(fù)責(zé)，掌管一些常用動(dòng)詞與不同介詞或副詞搭配breakaway擺脫；breakinto強(qiáng)行闖入，突然開(kāi)場(chǎng)；breakoff中斷；breakout爆發(fā)；breakthrough克制；breakup打碎，完畢，解散，分解；breakdown拋錨，分解；breakin破門(mén)而入，插嘴bringabout引起，造成；bringdown使倒下，使下降；bringforward提出；bringout顯示出來(lái)，出版，生產(chǎn)；bringup提出，培養(yǎng)，教育；bringback想起，恢復(fù)；bringin引起，掙得callfor需要，要求；callon拜訪，看望，號(hào)召；calloff取消，停頓；callup打，召集；callat訪問(wèn)〔某地〕；callin請(qǐng)來(lái)，召集；callback回，召回goalong進(jìn)展，陪同前往；goby過(guò)去，經(jīng)過(guò)，遵守；godown下降，下沉，下跌；goinfor從事，愛(ài)好，參加；gofor去，選擇，想要，攻擊；gointo研究，調(diào)查，從事；gooff離開(kāi)，爆炸，斷電，熄滅；goon繼續(xù)前行，發(fā)生，上場(chǎng)；goout離開(kāi)，熄滅，過(guò)時(shí)；goover復(fù)習(xí)，仔細(xì)檢查；gothrough通過(guò)，經(jīng)歷，仔細(xì)檢查；goup上漲，增長(zhǎng)，漲價(jià)eabout發(fā)生；eacross偶遇，講清楚；ealong進(jìn)展，成功；eintoeffect生效；eoff發(fā)生，舉行，成功；eon快點(diǎn)，有進(jìn)展；eout出來(lái)，結(jié)果是，出版；eround/around再現(xiàn)，恢復(fù)知覺(jué)，改變看法；ethrough經(jīng)歷，獲得成功；eto醒，到達(dá)，總數(shù)為；eup發(fā)生，走上前去；eupwith趕上，提出；eupto到達(dá)，符合；etrue變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)cutacross繞近道穿過(guò)；cutback削減，急忙返回；cutdown削減，減少；cutin插嘴，打斷，超車；cutoff切斷，中斷，隔絕；cutout刪掉，戒掉；cutshort中斷，打斷，縮短holdback阻礙，控制，隱瞞；holdup舉起，耽誤，持械搶劫；holdout伸出，堅(jiān)持；holdoff拖延；holdon別掛斷，堅(jiān)持住；holdonto緊緊抓住giveaway贈(zèng)送，泄露；giveout分發(fā)，公布，耗盡；giveoff發(fā)出〔光、熱、氣味〕；giveup放棄，對(duì)某人不報(bào)希望〔onsb.〕;givein屈服，投降keepaway使遠(yuǎn)離;keepback扣除，隱瞞；keepoff避開(kāi)，不接近；keepon繼續(xù)；keepout擋在外面，請(qǐng)勿靠近；keepup保持，持續(xù)，繼續(xù)；keepupwith跟上lookafter照顧；lookout注意，留神；lookback回憶；lookdownon/upon輕視，看不起；lookfor尋找，尋求；lookforwardto期待，盼望；lookin順便看望，順便拜訪；lookinto調(diào)查，深入了解；lookon觀看，旁觀；lookover檢查；lookthrough瀏覽，快速查看；lookup查閱，仰望carryon繼續(xù)，堅(jiān)持；carryaway沖走，使著迷；carryout執(zhí)行，貫徹；carryoff運(yùn)走，獲得〔獎(jiǎng)賞〕；carrythrough幫助度過(guò)難關(guān)，實(shí)現(xiàn)putaside放在一邊，保存；putaway放好，收好；putdown寫(xiě)下，鎮(zhèn)壓；putforward提出，推薦；putin伸出，提交，申請(qǐng)；putinfor申請(qǐng)，正式要求；putoff延期，推遲，阻止，阻礙；puton穿上，上演，增加〔體重〕；putout熄滅，生產(chǎn)，出版；putup搭起，建造，提供；putupwith容忍；putthrough(把)接通，使經(jīng)受...的考驗(yàn)setabout開(kāi)場(chǎng)做；setapart使別離；setaside留出，拔出；setback推遲，阻礙；setdown寫(xiě)下；setoff動(dòng)身，引起，使爆炸；setout動(dòng)身，闡述，著手做...;setup建立，創(chuàng)辦makefor向...前進(jìn)，促成；makeout理解，領(lǐng)悟，識(shí)別出；makeup組成，補(bǔ)償；makeupfor彌補(bǔ)takeafter與....相像；takeapart拆卸；takeaway拿走，消除；takedown記下，拆掉；takefor〔錯(cuò)〕當(dāng)做，〔誤〕認(rèn)為；takein吸收，領(lǐng)會(huì)，欺騙；takeoff起飛，脫下；takeon呈現(xiàn)，采納，承當(dāng)；takeone’stime不要著急，慢慢做；takeover接收，取代；taketo喜歡，養(yǎng)成...的習(xí)慣；takeup占據(jù)，開(kāi)場(chǎng)從事pickout挑出，識(shí)別出；pickup撿起，偶然獲得，學(xué)會(huì)sendaway送走，辭退；sendfor派人去請(qǐng)；sendout分發(fā)，散發(fā)；sendup上升，發(fā)射turndown調(diào)低，拒絕；turnoff關(guān)掉，轉(zhuǎn)向，厭煩；turnout制造，結(jié)果是；turnover翻身，移交，仔細(xì)考慮；turnto求助于；turnup調(diào)大，被發(fā)現(xiàn)，到達(dá)getthrough瀏覽，翻閱，經(jīng)歷〔困難〕；getin收割，收獲，購(gòu)置；getover克制，戰(zhàn)勝，做完；geton繼續(xù)，上車；getround傳播，說(shuō)服，回避；getabout四處走動(dòng)，傳開(kāi)；getacross傳達(dá)，使...理解；getalong/onwith進(jìn)展，相處；getdown記下，使...沮喪；getdownto開(kāi)場(chǎng)認(rèn)真做；getback恢復(fù)，回來(lái)；getout泄露，逃離；gettogether聚會(huì)，收集dieaway減弱；diedown熄滅，平靜下來(lái)；dieof因...〔病〕死亡；diefrom因....〔外部原因〕死亡；dieout滅絕高考真題〔2017課標(biāo)Ⅰ〕ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenstopjustinthemiddleontheroad.〔2017課標(biāo)Ⅱ〕Theyhavealsoboughtforsomegardeningtools.(2017課標(biāo)Ⅲ)WhenIlookatthispictureofmyself,Irealizeofhowfasttimeflies.(2016課標(biāo)Ⅰ)Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsbeingrichinashortperiodoftime.(2016課標(biāo)Ⅲ)NowIamleavinghometocollege.(2015課標(biāo)Ⅰ)Unfortunately,onthedevelopmentofindustrialization,theenvironmenthasbeenpolluted.(2015課標(biāo)Ⅱ)Tonysawatoyonawindowshop.(2015)Mysoccercoachretiredinlastweek.(2015)Pleasehelpwithmeandgivemesomeadvice.(2014課標(biāo)Ⅰ)Nearlyfiveyearsago,andwiththehelpbyourfather,mysisterandIplantedsomecherrytomatoesinourbackgarden.(2014)Ifwecouldshowconcerntoothersinneed,theworldwouldbeabetterplacetolivein.(2014XX)Themorefriendswehave,themorewecanlearnforoneanother,andthemorepleasurewecansharetogether.(2014)Myuncleimmediatelyjumpedupandshothisarrowsonthebird.(2014)Today,Iamgoingtotalkwithwhatyoushoulddowhenafirealarmgoesoff.(2017課標(biāo)Ⅰ，61)Thistend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalmunity()amethodoffightingheatdisease,hashadsomeunintendedsideeffectssuchasoverweightandheartdisease--theverythingthemedicalmunitywastryingtofight.(2017課標(biāo)Ⅱ，62)Itranjustforunder7kilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytraveledtoand()work.(2017課標(biāo)Ⅲ，48)Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegree()engineeringandarchitecture.(2017，35)Manypeoplewholivesalongthecoastmakealiving()fishingindustry.(2017XX，12)WhenyoudrivethroughtheRedwoodForestsinCalifornia,youwillbe()treesthatareover1,000yearsold.(2016課標(biāo)Ⅰ，64)Butmyconnectionwithpandasgoesback()mydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s.(2016課標(biāo)Ⅱ，70)ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia,forexample,mostpeopletraditionallyeat()theirhands.(2016，67)Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpanda()morethantwoyears.(2016，16)Inthisarticle,youneedtobackupgeneralstatements()specificexamples.(2016XX，8)Marywassilentduringtheearlypartofthediscussionbutfinallyshegavevoice()heropiniononthesubject.(2016XX，14)Ihateitwhenshecallsmeatwork--Iamalwaystoobusytocarry()aconversationwithher.(2015課標(biāo)Ⅰ，66)Instead,I’dheadedstraightforYangshuo.ForthosewhoflytoGuilin,it’sonlyanhouraway()carandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.(2015課標(biāo)Ⅱ，47)Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday:()thesametime,theywarmupagainforthenight.(2015，22)Amonmemorytheyallhave()theirsch