跨文化交際-(共48張PPT)

跨文化交際第1頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Warming-up：

Whatdothefollowingproverbstell?Self-helpisthebesthelp.一個(gè)籬笆三個(gè)樁，一個(gè)好漢三個(gè)幫。AnEnglishman'shomeishisowncastle.傾巢之下，安有完卵。Thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease.槍打出頭鳥。第2頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。SuggestedAnswer:Englishones:Onemanshoulddependononeself.Peopleshouldnotinterferewithother’sbusiness.Manoughttospeakupandbenoticed.Chineseones:Peopleneedhelpandunityisthepower.Peoplearecloselyconnectedtotheothers.Manoughttofollowthecommonrules.Theproverbsarethereflectionofdifferentvalues----individualismVScollectivism第3頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Rememberthatyoudon'thavetoagreewitheachother,buttrytodefendyourchoice.Theproverbsarethereflectionofdifferentvalues----individualismVScollectivism成龍，劉媛媛《國(guó)家》ValueorientationsGo-betweenTimeisdefinedcircular,alimitlessresource.IndependenceAperson’sidentityseemstobewithintheself.Theselfmeansdiffuse,changing,flexiblebehavior.Peopleshouldnotinterferewithother’sbusiness.Casestudy:talkbetweenAmericansPolity-orientationStopbeingsoself-centered.Allpeoplesandcultureshavebothindividualandcollectiveorientations.CooperationCo-operationinFrance:1875BelongingDirectnessChineseones:Self-helpisthebesthelp.CollectivenessAhasnotdirectlyexpressedherconcernoverthepianonoisewithMrs.Itreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbaltalkandnonverbalsubtleties.(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.Go-between“self”isrichinEnglishdictionary.JaneandDianespellouteverythingthatisontheirmindswithnorestraints.short-termfriendship

Individualism&CollectivismItisthemajordimensionofculturalvariability.Individualisticandcollectivevaluetendenciesarerevealedineverycornerofthesociety.Allpeoplesandcultureshavebothindividualandcollectiveorientations.第4頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Definition:thebroadvaluetendenciesofcultureinemphasizingtheimportanceof:individualidentityovergroupidentityindividualrights>grouprightsindividualneeds>groupneeds.Individualism第5頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。theindividualisthesinglemostimportantunitinanysocialsettingindependenceisstressedindividualachievementisrewardedtheuniquenessofeachindividualisofprimevalueConnotationofIndividualism:

第6頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Greatimportanceisattachedto:CompetitionPersonalgoalsHisorherownrightsIndividualinitiativeindividualachievementIndividualism第7頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。IndividualismUSAGreatBritainAustraliaNewZealandNetherlandCanada第8頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。AmericanValuesofIndividualism

Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.BenjaminFranklin第9頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。BankNotesPresidentAbrahamLincolnBenjaminFranklin(statesman,declarationofindependence)第10頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。BankNotesPresidentGeorgeWashington

PresidentJefferson

第11頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)?！皊elf”isrichinEnglishdictionary.Canyoutellanywordswith“self”?self-control,self-discipline，self-esteem，self-respectself-reliance,self-confidence,self-knowledge,self-governmentSelf-importance,self-service(a~cafeteria)…AmericanValuesofIndividualism

第12頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Liberaltheme:equalrights&equalopportunitiesLiberalprinciples---coreoftheAmericanculturalfeature.“I”culture---individualsareemphasizedFreedom---tocontroltheirowndestinyfinancialandemotionalindependenceatageof18AmericanValuesofIndividualism

第13頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Video

第14頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Name:LibertyEnlighteningtheWorldStatueofLibertyConstructiontime:inFrance:1875

FrenchsentittoAmerica:October28,1886Inhonorofthe100thanniversaryoftheindependenceLefthand:book(July4th,1776)DeclarationofIndependenceRighthand:torch第15頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。LocationofStatue:LibertyIsland,NYCHeightfrombasetotorch(1984Survey):152'2"(46.84m)

Lengthofhand:16'5"(5.00m)

Indexfinger:8'0"(2.44m)第16頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Americansprefertousetheword“freedom”tomeanwhatscholarscallindividualism.Byfreedom,theymeanthedesireandtheabilityofallindividualstocontroltheirowndestinywithoutinterferencefromthegovernment,arulingnobleclass,thechurchoranyotherorganizedauthority.HighlightofIndividualism第17頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Theindividualismcanbereflectedintheirliteraturesandmovies.Representatives:SupermanSpidermanIronmanI,RobotAmericanValuesofIndividualism

第18頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。CaseStudyDuringtheAmericanCivilWar,averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate.Thefarmergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyard---infactitwasnotatallnec-essarytomovethewood.Whentheyoungmanleft,thefarmermovedthewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace.See-ingallthis,thefarmer'ssonwasconfused.Questions:1)Whydidthefarmerdothat?2)Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?第19頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。SuggestedAnswer:Thefarmerexplainedtohissonthatonecouldneveratanytimeinanywaymakeotherpeoplefeelinferior,evenunintentionallyandoutofgoodwill.Whataccountsforthefarmer’sbehavioristhathebelievedinindividualism,independence,self-reliance,self-esteem----themajorvaluesintheUSA.第20頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Collectivism

Definition:thebroadvaluetendenciesofacultureinemphasizingtheimportanceof：

“we”identityover

“I”identity,grouprights>individualrights,in-group-orientedneeds>individualwantsanddesires.第21頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。CollectivismPeoplelaygreatemphasison:(1)theviews,needsandgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;(2)socialnormsanddutiesdefinedbythein-groupratherthanone’sbehaviortogetpleasure;(3)beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromin-group;(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.第22頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。CaseStudy:

whatcanyoutellfromthecorporatevalues?GroupharmonyLong-termrelationshipHighqualityCo-operationConservation

Polity-orientationCustomersatisfactionContributiontosocietyCo-existenceCo-prosperity第23頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。SuggestedAnswer:Corporatecultureisgreatlyinfluencedbysocialvalues.Japanesecultureisanexampleofacollectivisticculturewhichwouldlikelyendorsegroupharmony,socialorder,conformityingrouprelationships,deference(歸服)toreferencegroupnorms,familyrelationships,andloyaltytoconsensusviewpoints.第24頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。JapaneseValuesofCollectivismBlankFilling:1.__________isthecorevalueofJapanesesocietythatsubstantiallydefinesothervaluesandpermeatesallareasoflife.2.InJapan,anindividualisa________ofaunit;thegroupisthe_____________unit.3.InJapan,anyassertionofindividualism—valuingtheindividualoverthegroup—isregardedasa________tothegroupandwillresultin__________bythegroup.Homogeneityfractionfundamentalthreatpunishment第25頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。4.ManyJapanesecompaniesprovidetheiremployeeswith_______employment.Maintainingpositive______-termrelationshipsisstressed.5.Employersandemployeestrytoestablisha__________atmosphereinworkingsurroundings.6.InJapaneseoffices,whenthe5:00P.M.bellrings,signalingtheendoftheworkday,noonegetsuptoleave.Theofficeworkers________(stop/keepon)working.JapaneseValuesofCollectivismlifetimelongharmoniouskeepon第26頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。菊與刀

TheChrysanthemumandtheSword

人類學(xué)家魯思.本尼迪克特(RuthBenedict)奉政府之命，為分析、研究社會(huì)和民族性所做的調(diào)查分析報(bào)告，旨在指導(dǎo)如何管制戰(zhàn)敗后的。通覽文化、解讀其矛盾性格的驚世之作，是全世界公認(rèn)的現(xiàn)代“學(xué)”開山之源第27頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。菊與刀恬淡靜美的“菊”是皇室家徽兇狠決絕的“刀”是武士道文化的象征文化的雙重性愛美而黷武、尚禮而好斗、喜新而頑固、服從而不馴等第28頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Videostudy

Whatcanyoutell?成龍，劉媛媛《國(guó)家》《?；丶铱纯础稤esperateHousewives第29頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。CaseStudy:在2002年，中國(guó)某籃球名將由于沒有同達(dá)拉斯小牛簽約，希望參加夏季聯(lián)賽，而后開始公開表達(dá)自己不參加亞運(yùn)會(huì)的想法，因?yàn)榫芙^國(guó)家籃協(xié)的要求回國(guó)參加訓(xùn)練，代表國(guó)家隊(duì)參加國(guó)際大賽而將其開除出國(guó)家男籃；2004年的奧運(yùn)會(huì)中，的籃球名將們因?yàn)椴辉敢夥艞夁@難得的單個(gè)假期，奧尼爾、布萊恩特、加內(nèi)特和麥克格雷迪都拒絕參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)的比賽以致所謂的“夢(mèng)之隊(duì)”在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上的蒙羞，但是這些拒絕參加比賽的球員也沒有受到任何的懲罰第30頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。SuggestedAnswer:Theinternationalsportscompetitionsareactuallythecompetitionsamongnations,whichsurelyreflectthevaluesofthecountryandpeople.Individualismthinkshighlyoftheindependenceofoneself,thefreedomtoselectandtheachievementofindividual.Whilethecollectivismputemphasisontheunityofthegroupandthecommonbenefits;theindividualdesirecomessecondtothegrouphonor.第31頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Survey:

fivefundamentalvaluesWorkinsmallgroupsanddecidefiveChinesevaluesthatyouthinkarethemostimportant.Rememberthatyoudon'thavetoagreewitheachother,buttrytodefendyourchoice.第32頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。1.filialpiety服從、孝順2.industry勤勞 3.tolerance容忍4.harmonywithothers隨和5.humility謙虛（貶己尊人）6.observanceofritesandsocialrituals 禮儀7.loyaltytosuperiors忠于上司8.reciprocationofgreetings,favors,andgifts 禮尚往來(lái)9.kindness(forgiveness,compassion)仁愛(寬恕、人情）10.knowledge學(xué)識(shí)（教育）11.moderation中庸之道12．solidaritywithothers團(tuán)結(jié)13．senseofrighteousness正義14.self-cultivation 修養(yǎng)15.orderingrelationships尊卑有序16.benevolentauthority恩威并重17.personalstability穩(wěn)重18.non-competitiveness不重競(jìng)爭(zhēng)19.resistancetocorruption廉潔20.patriotism愛國(guó)21.sincerity誠(chéng)懇22.keepingoneselfdisinterestedandpure清高23.thrift節(jié)儉24.patience耐心25.persistence毅力26.culturalsuperiority文化優(yōu)越感27．Appreciation&revenge報(bào)恩與報(bào)仇28．a(chǎn)daptability適應(yīng)環(huán)境29．carefulness小心（謹(jǐn)慎）30．trust-worthiness信用31．a(chǎn)senseofshame知恥32．courtesy有禮貌33．contentednesswithone'sposi-tioninlife安分守己34.conservative保守35．protectingyour"face"要面子36．intimatefriendship知己之交37．chastityinwomen貞節(jié)38．havingfewdesires寡欲39．respectfortradition敬傳統(tǒng)40．wealth財(cái)富第33頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Homework:FindexamplestoshowChinesecollectivism第34頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Individualist-CollectivistPrioritiesIndividualismCollectivism

1.Freedom1.Belonging2.Independence2.Groupharmony3.Self-reliance3.Collectiveness4.Equality4.Age/Seniority5.Competition5.Cooperation6.Efficiency6.Quality7.Time7.Patience8.Directness8.Indirectness9.Openness9.Go-between第35頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Classification

Readthefollowingsentencesandtellwhichvaluetheybelongto,individualismorcollectivism.1.Peoplearesupposedtotakecareofthemselves,andperhapstheirimmediatefamilies.2.Theautonomyoftheindividualisparamount.3.Keywordsusedtoinvokethisculturalpatternincludeindependence,privacy,self,andtheall-importantI.4.Decisionsarebasedonwhatisgoodfortheindividual,notforthegroup,becausethepersonistheprimarysourceofmotivation.第36頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Classification5.Ajudgmentaboutwhatisrightorwrongcanbemadeonlyfromthepointofviewoftheindividual.6.Peoplearerequiredtohaveanabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.7.Decisionsarebasedonwhatisthebestforthegroup.8.Thegroupisexpectedtolookoutforandtakecareofitsindividualmembers.9.Thisculturebelievesinobligationtothegroup,dependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinstitutions,a“we”consciousness,andanemphasisonbelonging.第37頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Low-context&High-ContextCommunicationHallclaimsthathumaninteraction,onthebroadlevel,canbedividedintolow-contextandhigh-contextcommunicationsystems.第38頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Low-contextcommunicationItreferstocommunicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode.Thesenderassumestheresponsibilitytocommunicatedirectly.第39頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。High-ContextCommunicationItreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbaltalkandnonverbalsubtleties.Thereceiverorinterpreterofthemessagesassumestheresponsibilitytoinferthehiddenorcontextualmeaningsofthemessage.第40頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。CulturesarrangedalongtheHigh-contextandLow-contextDimension

High-contextCulture

JapaneseChineseKoreanAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanArabGreekLatinItalianEnglishFrenchAmericanScandinavianGermanGerman-SwissLow-contextCulture第41頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Casestudy:talkbetweenAmericansJane:(knocksonherneighbor’sopenwindow)Excuseme,itis11o’clockalready,andyourhigh-pitchedoperasingingisreallydisturbingmysleep.Pleasestopyourgarglingnoisesimmediately!Ihaveanimportantjobinterviewtomorrowmorning,andIwanttogetagoodnight’ssleep.Ireallyneedthisjobtopaymyrent!Diane:(resentfully)Well,thisistheonlytimeIcanrehearsemyopera!I’veanimportantauditioncominguptomorrow.You’renottheonlyonethatisstarving,youknow.Ialsoneedtopaymyrent.Stopbeingsoself-centered.Jane:(frustrated)Ireallythinkyou’rebeingveryunreasonable.Ifyoudon’tstopyoursingingrightnowI’mgoingtofileacomplaintwiththeapartmentmanagerandcouldevictyou…第42頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Question:

WhatvaluesarereflectedincommunicationstyleofJaneandDiane?

SuggestedAnswer:

JaneandDianespellouteverythingthatisontheirmindswithnorestraints.Theirinteractionexchangeisdirect,tothepoint,bluntlycontentious,andfullofface-threatverbalmassages.Itrepresentsonepossiblelow-contextwayofapproachinginterpersonalconflict.第43頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Casestudy:talkbetweenChineseMrs.A:Yourdaughterhasstartedtakingpianolessons,hasn’tshe?Ienvyyou,becauseyoucanbeproudofhertalent.Youmustbelookingforwardtoherfutureasapianist.I’mreallyimpressedbyherenthusiasm-----everyday,shepracticessohard,forhoursandhours,untillateatnight.Mrs.B:Oh,no,notatall.Sheisjustabeginner.Wedon’tknowherfutureyet.Wehadn’trealizedthatyoucouldhearherplaying.I’msosorryyouhavebeendisturbedbyhernoise.第44頁(yè)，共48頁(yè)。Question:

What