世界銀行-監(jiān)測也門的糧食不安全和脆弱性：也門手機監(jiān)測調(diào)查的結(jié)果-第二輪（英）-2023.8

PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorized

MONITORING

FOODINSECURITYANDVULNERABILITYINYEMEN

ResultsfromtheYemenMobilePhoneMonitoringSurveyRoundII

Datacollectedin

FebruaryandMarch2023

?2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank

1818HStreet

NWWashingtonDC20433

Telephone:202-473-1000

Internet:

ThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBank.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.

RIGHTSANDPERMISSIONS

Thematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven.

Anyqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtotheWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;email:

pubrights@

.

CoverandinteriordesignbyHannaChang

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 3

Abbreviations 3

ExecutiveSummary 4

1

Introduction 6

2

Methodology 7

2.1Sampling 7

2.2Sampledescription 8

3

Results 10

3.1Foodsecurity 10

3.2Accesstowaterandelectricity 16

3.3Displacement 20

3.4Employment,incomesources,andcopingstrategies 22

4

Conclusion 27

AnnexA:FurtherTables 28

AnnexB:Methodology,samplingdesignandweightconstruction 29

Contents1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ThisreportwaspreparedbyRomeoGanseyandAliaAghajanian.WewouldliketothankSafaAlmoayad,NaifAbu-Lohor,ElviraMottaandMarcusWishartfortheircontributionsandAlanFuchs,JeffreyTanner,MatthewWai-Poi,andAndrasBodorfortheirconstructivefeedback.WethankAldoMorriforhiseditsandconstructivecomments.WewouldalsoliketothankMindsetforcollectingthesurveydata.WeareextremelygratefulforthefundingandsupportoftheJointDataCenteronForcedDisplacement.

ABBREVIATIONS

FCSHBSIPCIRGMIEmVAMrCSI

WFP

Foodconsumptionscore(FCS)

HouseholdBudgetSurvey(HBS)

IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseclassification(IPC)

InternationallyRecognizedGovernment(IRG)

Mainincomeearners(MIE)

MobileVulnerabilityAnalysisandMapping(mVAM)

Reducedcopingstrategiesindex(rCSI)

WorldFoodProgram(WFP)

Acknowledgements&Abbreviations3

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

TheWorldBankcarriedoutasecondphonesurveytomonitorfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen.

Thesurvey,implementedbetweenJanuaryandMarch2023,aimstoprovideanupdateonthewelfareofYemenihouseholds.Thesurveydrawsonaprobabilitysampleof1,455respondents,711ofwhomarebasedinruralareas,while467and277arelivinginurbanandsemi-urbanareasrespectively.Mostoftherespondentsaremale(1,116menversus339women).

Theresultsshowthataround43percentofhouseholdshaveinadequatefoodconsumption,amongwhom20percentexperiencepoorfoodconsumption.Arelativelylargeproportionofhouseholdsliveonanunbalanceddietcomposedmainlyofstaplestarches.Disparitiesinfoodinsecurityaresignificantandrelatetocharacteristicssuchasdisplacementandemploymentstatus.

Notably,foodsecurityhasimproved,particularlyinHouthi-controlledareas.Theshareofhouseholdswithpoororborderlinefoodconsumptionscoresdecreasedfrom50to43percentbetweenRound1,implementedinAugust-September2022,andRound2,conductedbetweenJanuaryandMarch2023.InRound1,wefoundthathouseholdsinHouthi-controlledareaswereworseoffintermsoffoodsecuritycomparedtotheircounterpartsinIRG-controlledareas.ThischangedinRound2,wherefoodsecurityisbetterinHouthi-controlledareas.ThisimprovementcouldbeexplainedbytheeasingofrestrictionsonfuelatAlHodeidaportinearly2023,adecreaseininternationalwheatprices,andpotentiallytheintroductionofpricecapsforfooditemsinHouthicontrolledareassinceDecember2022.

4MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

Accesstobasicdrinkingwaterservicesrepresentsakeychallenge.Aroundone-thirdofhouseholdshaveaccesstowaterthroughapipedconnection,butthisismuchlowerforruralhouseholds.Mosthouseholds(79percent)donotcollectdrinkingwaterintheirowndwellingorontheirownland.Around67percentofhouseholdstakemorethan30minutestocollectwaterifnotlocatedonthepremises.

Accesstoelectricityfromthepublicgridisverylimited.Only15percentofYeminihouseholdsuseelectricityfromthepublicnetworkasthemainsourceoflighting.Thepenetrationofthepublicgridislowerinruralareas(7percent)thanineitherurban(26percent)orsemi-urbanareas(15percent).WithlittlecoverageofpubliclyprovidedelectricityinHouthi-controlledareas,householdstendtousesolarenergyastheirmainsourceoflighting(81percentinHouthi-controlledareascomparedwith45percentinIRG-controlledareas,respectively).Aroundthree-quarters(73percent)ofthepopulationusewoodasmaincookingfuel,withwidevariationsacrossareasofresidence.

Forcedmigrationduetotheconflictaffectedaround43percentofhouseholds,amongwhom18percentreturnedhome.Thismeansthat25percentofsurveyedhouseholdsremaincurrentlydisplaced.Householdswhomovedbecauseoftheconflictdidsoearlyonandmovedmultipletimes.

Aslimmajorityofrespondents(55percent)workedinthepast12months.Employmentisloweramongfemalerespondents,withtheproportionoffemalerespondentsworkingaboutone-thirdthatofmalerespondents(28versus79percent).Laborincome(wage—privateorgovernment—orsalesandprofitfrombusiness)isthemostimportantsourceofhouseholdincome,asreportedby71percentofsurveyedhousehold.

Somehouseholds,particularlythemorefoodsecure,areabletosellassetsorusesavings.Butmanyhouseholdshavealreadyexhaustedtheusualcopingstrategies.Unavailabilityofcopingstrategiesistypicallymorefrequentamongtherelativelymorefoodinsecure.Withfeweroptionslefttodealwithadverseshocks,householdsareusingdestructivecopingstrategiessuchassendingchildrentoworkorengaginginhigh-riskwork.Wefoundthat3percentofrespondentsreportfemalechildrenweremarriedtoeasefinancialstressinthelastthreemonthsalone.Manyhouseholdsfacehighvulnerabilityfromoverlappingsources.

TheresultsofthissurveyunderscorethemultitudeofchallengesfacingYemenihouseholdsinaneverevolvingcontext.Currentshocks,includingsustainedcurrencydepreciationandpriceupsurges,continuetostraintheprecariouslivingconditionsYemenisface.Followingonfromthefirstmobilephonemonitoringsurvey,wewillcontinuetoregularlyimplementagilewelfarephonesurveystoupdatetherapidlyevolvingcontext.

ExecutiveSummary5

1INTRODUCTION

WhilecurrentprospectsforpeacearerelativelyoptimisticforYemen,challengestohumanwelfareremainacuteamidanentrenchedhumanitariancrisisandavolatilemacroeconomicenvironment.Thelocalcurrencyfurtherdepreciatedin2022,generatingfasterosionofhouseholdpurchasingpower.1RemittancesarealsoexpectedtodecreasefrommanyGulfcountriesastheyareencouragingthehiringnationalcitizens.Exposuretonaturaldisasterssuchasflashfloodsareexpectedtocontinue.Ontheotherhand,easingofrestrictionsattheHodeidaportarelikelytoimprovefoodavailability.

HouseholdlivingconditionsinYemenarethusboundtochangerapidly,promptingneedforagilemonitoring.

AlmostfourmonthsafterthefirstroundofasurveymonitoringfoodinsecurityandemploymentoftheYemenipopulation,theWorldBankimplementedasecondroundofthismonitoringsurveybetweenJanuaryandMarch2023.ThesurveyseekstoupdateunderstandingoffoodsecurityandstressestoYemenilivelihoods.Ittacklesfourthemes:foodinsecurity,displacement,accesstowaterandelectricity,andcopingstrategies.Thesurveythusfillsacrucialdatagap,representingapublicgoodforthoseinterestedinYemen.

Thecurrentreportpresentsthemainupdatesdrawingfromthesecondroundofsurveydata.Itisstructuredasfollows:Section2describesthemethodology,Section3presentstheresultsbeforeconcludingwithSection4.

1WorldFoodProgram,“YemenFoodSecurityUpdate:,January,2023

6MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

2METHODOLOGY

2.1Sampling

ThesurveydrawsonaprobabilitysampleofadultYemenis(age18andolder)withmobilephonesproportionatelyspreadacross21governoratesbasedonthelatestpopulationprojections.2Atotalof1,455respondentscompletedtheinterview,amongwhom642participatedinthefirstround.PhoneinterviewsconductedbetweenJanuaryandMarch2023usedaquestionnaireconsistingoffoursectionsmainlyfocusingonfoodinsecurity,displacementexperience,accesstoandqualityofwaterandelectricity,andcopingstrategies.PhoneinterviewsconductedinAugustandSeptember2022usedaquestionnairealsoconsistingoffoursectionsbutmainlyfocusingonlabormarketexperiencesandfoodinsecurity.Althoughimplementedbyphone,webelievethesurveyisadequatelyrepresentativeofthetargetpopulationsincemobilephoneownershipwaswidespreadinYemenpriortoconflict.Accordingtothe2014HouseholdBudgetSurvey(HBS)—thelastnationallyrepresentativesurvey—81percentofYemenihouseholdsownedamobilephone.3Whilethereisnorecentnationaldataonmobilephoneownership,representativedataofareasunderInternationallyRecognizedGovernment(IRG)controlshowthatmobilephoneownershipincreasedfrom84percentin2014to92percentin2021(YemenHumanDevelopmentSurvey,2021).Additionally,theWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)mobile

2Socotraislandisexcludedbecauseofthesmallpopulationsize.

3Thiswaslowerinruralareasat75percent,andforsomegovernorates:Saada(52percent),Abyan(57percent)andAlHodeidah(64percent).

Methodology7

29

Government

VulnerabilityAnalysisandMapping(mVAM)phonesurveyfindsthatforhouseholdswithaccesstoatleastonephone,householdsownasimilarnumberofphonestothatofthe2014HBS,exceptforsomegovernorateswherethenumberofmobilephonesdeclinedduetosignificantpopulationmigration.4

2.2Sampledescription

Thesurveytargetedadultrespondentsinthehousehold,with1,116maleand339femalerespondentsprovidingsurveyresponses.5Afterweightingtheobservationstocorrespondwithprojectedpopulationfiguresatthegovernoratelevel,around52percentofrespondentsaremainincomeearners(MIE),47percentarefemale,71livedunderthecontroloftheHouthis(Figure2.2.1),and67percentareagedbetweenage25and59(Figure2.2.2).Approximately,21percentofrespondentshavelowerthanfirstlevelorelementaryeducation,while18percentachievedhighereducation(Figure2.2.2).Around50percentofrespondentsliveinruralareas,andrespectively31and18percentliveinurbanandsemi-urbanareas(Figure2.2.3).Allresultspresentedinthisreportareproducedbytheauthorsfromcollecteddataandareweightedtobeasrepresentativeaspossible(seeAnnexBforfurtherexplanationofweightingmethods),unlessotherwisespecified.

Figure2.2.1:Relationshipofrespondentstomainincomeearner,respondentgender,andareaofcontrol(usingsamplingweights)

Relationshipofrespondentsto

mainincomeearner

81

5251

24

19

8

0

1116131411

MaleFemaleAll

GenderofrespondentsAreaofcontrol

71

47%53%

InternationallyRecognized

MaleFemale

Houthi-controlled

areas

Note:Areaofcontrolisdeterminedbymergingdistrict-levelcontroldatafromTheInternationalCrisisGroup.

4Tandon,Sharad,andTaraVishwanath.2021.“HowWellIsHumanitarianAssistanceTargetedinFragileEnvironments?EvidencefromtheAnnouncementofaFoodEmergencyinYemen.”FoodPolicy102(July):102071.

/10.1016/j.

foodpol.2021

.102071.

5TableA1inAnnexApresentsbothweightedandunweightedtabulationsofselectedcharacteristics.

8MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

Noeducationorlowerthan?rstlevel

Completedelementary/primaryorpre-highschool

Highschool

21

30

27

31

30

6

18

Highereducation

Figure2.2.2:Ageandeducationamongrespondents(usingsamplingweights)

Ageofrespondents(years)

Educationofrespondents

37

18–24

25–35

35–59

60+

Figure2.2.3:Placeofresidence

31%

51%

18%

Urban

Semi-urban

Rural

Methodology9

3

RESULTS

Theresultssectionisorganizedaroundthefoursurveymodules:foodsecurity,accesstowaterandelectricity,experienceofdisplacement,andcopingstrategies.

3.1Foodsecurity

Around43percentofhouseholdshaveinadequate(poororborderline)foodconsumption,amongwhom20percentexperiencepoorfoodconsumption(Figure3.1.1).6Approximately42percentofsurveyedhouseholdsinareasunderHouthicontrolcouldnotconsumeenoughfoodtomeettheirbasicdietaryneeds,comparedto46percentamonghouseholdsunderIRGcontrol.Foodinsecurityismoreacuteinruralandsemi-urbanareasthaninurbanareas.Displacedhouseholdsfaceahigherlikelihoodofhavingpoorfoodconsumption(23percent)thannon-displacedhouseholds(19percent),andhouseholdsreceivingfoodassistancearemorelikelytoexperiencepoorfoodconsumptioncomparedtohouseholdsnotreceivingfoodassistance.Householdfoodconsumptionisworseforrespondentsnotworking,with55percentreportinginadequatefoodconsumptioncomparedto38percentwhenworking.

6Thefoodconsumptionscore(FCS)isbasedoninformationaboutfoodfrequencyanddietarydiversity.Poor:FCSbelow28;Borderline:FCSbetween28and42;andacceptable:FCSabove42.

10MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

Box3.1.1:MeasuringfoodinsecurityinYemen

Thissurveymeasuresfoodsecurityusingthefoodconsumptionscore,whichmeasuresthefrequencyanddiversityofhouseholdfoodconsumption.Morenutritionally-densefoods,suchasmeatandleafyvegetables,receiveahigherweightinthescore.Thecontinuousscorerangesfromzeroto112andisusedtodividehouseholdsintothreedifferentgroups:poorfoodsecurityscore(FCS<=28),borderlinescore(28<FCS<=42),andacceptablescore(FCS>42).Sometimespoorandborderlinearegroupedtogether.

AsYemenfacesaseverefoodsecuritycrisis,anumberofagenciesmonitorthisscoreregularly.Itisconsideredtobesensitivetosmallchangesincontextandhouseholdexperiences.Alongwiththereducedcopingstrategyindex(rCSI)—alsocollectedthroughWFPphonesurveys—additionaldatafromface-to-faceannualfoodsecurityassessmentandsubjectmatterexperts,thisinformationisusedtodeterminethe

IntegratedFood

SecurityPhaseclassification

(IPC)ofeachdistrictinYemen.AsofDecember2022,17millionpeople,over53percentofthepopulation,werelikelytohaveexperiencedacutefood.

Figure3.1.1:Distributionofhouseholdsbyfoodconsumptiongroups(%)

57%

69%

55%

49%

58%

54%

56%

58%

59%

55%

45%

62%

23%

21%

27%

22%

27%

25%

19%

20%

26%

28%

21%

27%

24%

24%

23%

21%

20%

20%

19%

19%

19%

17%

ALL

UrbanSemi-urbanRural

RESIDENCE

HouthisIRG

AREAOF

CONTROL

NotDisplaceddisplaced

DISPLACEMENTSTATUS

DidnotReceived

receive

RECEPTIONOFASSISTANCE

DidnotWorked

work

WORKINGSTATUS

20%

11%

PoorBorderlineAcceptable

Foodinsecurityremainsacuteinallgovernorates.Themeanfoodconsumptionscore(FCS)variesbetween38(Albayda)and64(Marib).Infivegovernorates,theaveragefoodconsumptionscoreisatorbelowthecriticalthresholdof42,butthisisnotstatisticallysignificant.

Results11

Albayda

Abyan

Lahj

Ibb

Taiz

Amran/Aljawf

Hajja

Almahwit

Aldaleh

Aden

Thamar/Rima

Sanaa

Shabwa

Hadramout/Almahra

Saada

AlHudeida

Alamana

Marib

50%

25%

25%

55%

26%

18%

48%

25%

28%

57%

23%

20%

57%

24%

19%

55%

21%

24%

52%

24%

24%

49%

27%

24%

44%

26%

30%

58%

22%

20%

54%

27%

19%

Figure3.1.2:Foodconsumptionscorebygovernorate–higherisbetter

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

MeanFCSThresholdof42

Note:TheobservationsinAlmahra,Aljawf,andRimahavebeencombinedwithneighboringgovernoratesunderthesamecontrol(IRGorHouthi)andsimilarlevelsoffoodsecuritybecausethesamplesizesareinsufficienttoproducegovernoratelevelestimateswithsufficientconfidence.

Figure3.1.3:Foodconsumptionscorebysurveyround

69%

20%

11%

Round2Round1

ALL

Round2Round1

URBAN

Round2Round1

SEMIURBAN

Round2Round1

RURAL

Round2Round1

HOUTHIS

Round2Round1

IRG

PoorBorderlineAcceptable

12MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

Foodsecurityhasevolvedsincetheprevioussurveyround,indicatingthefluidlivingconditionsinaconflictaffectedcontextsuchasYemen.Overall,inRound2(January-March2023),foodsecurityimprovedcomparedtoround1(August-September2022)astheshareofhouseholdswithpoororborderlinefoodconsumptionscoresdecreasedfrom50to43percent.Theproportionreportingpoorfoodconsumptionremainedunchangedinruralareas,whileitdeclinedinbothurbanandsemi-urbanareas.Thisreflectsthefluidityofthesituationandhighlightsthesensitivityofthemeasuretocapturevariationsinfoodconsumptionovershortperiodsoftime.Similarly,whileinRound1relativelymorehouseholdshadinadequatefoodconsumptioninHouthi-controlledthanIRG-controlledareas,inRound2householdsinHouthi-controlledareasarelesslikelytoexperienceinadequatefoodconsumption.7ThelatestIPCAcutefoodinsecurityandacutemalnutritionanalysisalsonotestheimprovementinfoodsecurity.8Whilethisanalysisdoesnotdeterminethereasonforimprovements,itcautionsthatanychangesarelikelytobetemporaryasfoodaidisexpectedtodecrease.Nonetheless,wecouldinterpretthisimprovementinfoodsecurity,aresultofimprovementinurbanareasandareasunderHouthicontrol,asrelatedtothreemainfactors:theeasingofrestrictionsoffuelatAlHodeidaportinearly20239,thedecreaseininternationalwheatprices,andtheintroductionofpricecapsforfooditemsinHouthicontrolledareassinceDecember2022.10

Figure3.1.4:Stackedfoodfrequencyofmainfoodgroups(median)

Medianfoodgroupscore(weighted)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

PoorAdequate

5101520253035404550556065707580859095100110115

Householdfoodconsumptionscore

Note:Redandblacklinesindicatepoorandborderlinefoodsecuritythresholds,respectively.

oil

sugar

milk

meat

fruit

vegetables

pulse

staple

7TheseresultsfollowasimilarpatterntothenumbersreportedbytheWFPmobileVulnerabilityAssessmentSurveyandtheFAO’shighfrequencysurvey.

8YemenPartialAnalysisIPCAcuteFoodInsecurityandAcuteMalnutritionAnalysis.

June72023

9

/news/2023/1/4/after

-months-calm-yemen-looks-anxiously-new-year10

YetiBimonthlyEconomicUpdate

:November-December2022

Results13

59

59

59

55

54

53

53

53

53

50

HouseholdswithapoorFCSconsumeanunbalanceddietcomposedmainlyofstaplestarches(Figure3.1.4).AnimalproteinandpulsesarenotpresentinthedietofhouseholdswithapoorFCSbelow28.Staplestarches(includingpotatoes,rice,bread,wheat,flour,pastaandothergrains)areconsumedatalllevelsoftheFCS.ConsumptionofanimalproteinandmilkismorefrequentamonghouseholdsenjoyinghighlevelsofFCS.Yemenihouseholdsdonotoftenconsumelargeamountsoffruitsandvegetables.

Theresultsofanothermeasure—the“reducedcopingstrategiesindex”—arelargelyinlinewiththefoodconsumptionscoreandfollowsimilarpatternsbygroup.Anothermeasureoffoodsecurity,ratherthanaskingrespondentsaboutwhattheyconsumed,theindexisbasedonthecopingstrategieshouseholdsadoptinresponsetolimitedaccesstofood.11

Aslimmajority(55percent)ofhouseholdsreceivedfoodassistance.MorehouseholdsinareasunderIRGcontrolreceivedassistancecomparedwiththoseunderHouthicontrol(59versus53percent),asimilarfindingtothefirstround.Displacedhouseholds,whoexperienceworsefoodsecurity,arestillmorelikelytoreceivefoodassistance(59percent)comparedwithnon-displacedhouseholds(54percent).Householdsinruralareas,alsowithworsefoodsecurity,aremorelikelytoreceivefoodassistancethanthoseineitherurbanorsemi-urbanareas(Figure3.2.5).Householdswithborderlinefoodconsumptionaremorelikelytoreceivefoodassistance(62percent),butnotasmuchashouseholdswithpoorfoodconsumption(53percent).Thisslightlycontrastswiththefirstroundofthephonesurvey,whichindicatesthathouseholdswithpoorconsumptionscoresweremostlylikelytoreceiveassistancebuttherewaslittledifferencebetweenborderlineandacceptablescores.Thiscouldindicatethatbettertargetingisneeded,butmightalsobeexplainedbymanyhouseholdsbeingclusteredaroundthepoorandborderlinefoodsecuritycut-offpointswithmovementinandoutoffoodinsecuritythroughouttheyear.

Figure3.1.5:Receptionoffoodassistance

62

ALL

Urban

Semi-urban

RESIDENCE

Rural

HouthisIRG

AREAOF

CONTROL

NotDisplaced

displaced

DISPLACEMENTSTATUS

PoorBorderlineAcceptable

FOODCONSUMPTIONSCORE

11FigureA1inAnnexApresentsreducedcopingstrategyindex(rCSI)bygovernorate.

14MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

90

87

86

85

85

84

76

19

15

14

14

14

14

13

12

2

6

5

4

3

3

2

1

Mostfoodassistancereceivedisprovided“inkind”(86percent).12Theproportionofhouseholdsreportingin-kindfoodassistanceishigherinHouthi-controlledcomparedtoIRG-controlledareas;butitvarieslittlebydisplacementstatusorplaceofresidence.Receivingfoodassistanceintheformofvouchersisuncommon(threepercent).

Figure3.1.6:Formoffoodassistance

86

ALL

Urban

Semi-urban

RESIDENCE

Rural

Houthis

IRG

NotDisplaced

displaced

DISPLACEMENT

STATUS

AREAOFCONTROL

In-kindCashVouchers

Note:Thecategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusive;hencetheymaysumuptoover100.

12In-kindassistance,ornon-monetaryassistance,usuallyconsistsoffoodbasketsinYemen.

Results15

Packed

3.2Accesstowaterandelectricity

AccesstocleandrinkingwaterinYemenislow.Twenty-twopercentofYemenihouseholdsaccesstheirdrinkingwaterthroughpipesdirectlyintotheirdwelling,butthisismuchlowerinruralareasat16percent.Ruralhouseholdsaremostlikelytouseanunprotectedwellandaremorelikelytorelyonrainwatercollection(listedas“other”inFigure3.2.1).Whenrespondentsareaskedtoratethequalityoftheirdrinkingwateracrossfivedimensions(smell,taste,color,clarityandsafety)onascalefrom1to5,drinkingwaterfromanunprotectedwellhasthelowestaveragerating.

Figure3.2.1:MainSourceofdrinkingwater

Other

Pipedwaterintodwelling

12%

22%

16%

Packed

water

12%

18%

Pipedwatertoneighbor

9%

10%

Protectedwell

Unprotectedwell

Delivered

from

tanker

2%

30%

7%

19%

22%

Other

6%

23%

23%

14%

water

Deliveredfromtanker

16%

Unprotectedwell

2% 3%

10%

7%

6%

15%

14%

Protectedwell

Pipedwatertoneighbor

29%

23%

13%

Pipedwaterintodwelling

16%

Urban

Rural

Semi-urban

RESIDENCE

16MonitoringfoodinsecurityandvulnerabilityinYemen

17%

79%

17%

77%

18%

78%

15%

81%

18%

77%

16%

83%

18%

80%

16%

82%

17%

79%

18%

79%

NotDisplacedPoorBorderlineAcceptable

displaced

DISPLACEMENT

STATUS

UrbanSemi-urbanRural

AREAOFCONTROL

FOODSECURITYSTATUS

HouthisIRG

RESIDENCE

ALL

Figure3.2.2:Self-reportedratingofthequalityofwater

All

PipedwaterintodwellingPipedwatertoneighbor Protectedwell UnprotectedwellDeliveredfromtanker

Packedwater

Other((un)protectedspringwater,rainwater,orsurfacewater)

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.3

2.8

3.2

3.4

3.3

Manyhouseholdsdonotcollectdrinkingwaterfromtheirowndwellingorland.Only21percentofhouseholdscollectdrinkingwateronthepremises.Householdsinruralareasaremorelikelytocollectwaterfromtheirownlandandlesslikelytocollectwateroutsideoftheirownpremises.HouseholdsinHouthi-controlledareasaremorelikelytocollectdrinkingwateronthepremisesthanthoseunderIRGcontrol(22versus19percent).

Figure3.2.3:Placewherehouseholdscollectdrinkingwater

4%1%2%6%4%4%5%1%7%3%3%

16%

77%

Elsewhere

Inowndwelling

Inownland(yard,plot)

Results17

33%

29%

38%

31%

29%

40%

37%

30%

33%

48%

31%

21%

42%

30%

28%

25%

28%

47%

41%

29%

30%

29%

31%

40%

48%

28%

24%

36%

31%

33%

13

NotDisplacedPoorBorderlineAcceptable

displaced

DISPLACEMENT

STATUS

UrbanSemi-urbanRural

AREAOFCONTROL

FOODSECURITYSTATUS

HouthisIRG

RESIDENCE

ALL

Forthosewhodonotaccessdrinkingwateronthepremises,67percenttakemorethan30minutestocollectwater.Thisshareislowestinurbanareasandhighestinruralareas.Evenifruralhouseholdsarelesslikelytocollectdrinkingwaterelsewhere,theyspendmoretimecollectingwatercomparedtourbanandsemi-urbancounterparts.Thereisalsoastrongcorrelationwithfoodsecurity,indicatingthathouseholdswithlessaccesstofoodalsohavelessaccesstowater.

Figure3.2.4:Timeittakestocollectdrinkingwaterandcomeback

17%

28%

5