新教材高中北師大版英語選擇性必修1課件Unit3PartⅡLesson1TheSixthExtinction

PartⅡ

Lesson1

TheSixthExtinction雙基夯實·課前排查核心突破·要點講解夯實基礎·一遍落實開放課堂·自修自讀【學習目標】話題語境人與自然之人與環(huán)境、人與植物的探討課時詞匯mass,varied,decrease,blame,rate,quantity常用短語dieout,beatrisk,betoblame,dependon/upon,takeaction,takesteps,setup,inshort,wipeout重點句式(1)介詞提到關系代詞前的定語從句(2)it作形式主語，主語從句作真正的主語(3)含有without的含蓄虛擬條件句雙基夯實·課前排查Ⅰ.核心單詞練習：請根據(jù)所給的詞性和詞義寫出單詞1．________________vt.(使)恢復2．________________vi.&vt.(使)孵化3．________________adj.瀕危的4．________________vt.影響5．________________vt.責怪，指責6．________________vi.&vt.減少

n.減少；減少的量7．________________adj.各種各樣的，形形色色的8．________________adj.大量的9．________________adj.異常的；不平常的10．________________n.物種，種restorehatchendangeredaffectblamedecreasevariedmassunusualspeciesⅡ.常用單詞練習：根據(jù)句意和所給的首字母或中文提示寫出符合句中單詞的正確形式1．Theseexerciseswillhelpyou________(恢復)yourfullhealth.2．Tenchicks________(孵化)outthismorning.3．Manymeasureshavebeentakentosave_______________(瀕危的)wildlifeinChina.4．Sofar,morethansevenmillionpeople_______________(影響)bydrought.restorehatchedendangeredhavebeenaffected5．Whichdriverwas________(責怪)fortheaccident?6．Peopleshouldd________theamountoffattheyeat.7．Itisessentialthatyourdietisv________andbalanced.8．Theskywasfullofdarkm________ofclouds.9．Theweatherisabitu________thesedays.It'stoohot.10．Thereareseveralthousands________oftreeshere.toblamedecreasevariedmassesunusualspeciesⅢ.閱讀本部分內(nèi)容，翻譯相關短語1．采取措施

______________2．由于，幸虧__________3．總之

_______4．處境危險，受到威脅

________5．依賴，依靠

_________6．由于

______7．負有責任

__________8．毀滅；抹去

_______9．消失；絕跡，滅絕

_______takesteps/actionthankstoinshortbeatriskdependonduetobetoblamewipeoutdieout核心突破·要點講解?第一版塊：重點單詞1.massadj.大批的，數(shù)量極多的，廣泛的。僅用于名詞前。n．[C]堆，團，塊；[C，usuallysing.]大量，許多；[pl.]大量的東西n．[U](物理學中的)質(zhì)量themasses[pl.]群眾(教材P52)AboutwhatpercentofallspeciesonEarthbecameextinctduringthemassextinctionknownasthe“GreatDying”？在被稱為“大滅絕”的大規(guī)模滅絕期間，地球上的所有物種中，有大約百分之幾的物種滅絕了？massproduction批量生產(chǎn)amassof一堆……；大量的……massesof成堆的……；大量的……alandmass陸塊，地塊?Theirlatestproductisaimedatthemassmarket.他們的最新產(chǎn)品瞄準了大眾市場。?Amassofbooksandpapersareonhisdesk.在他書桌上有一堆書和文件。?Whereverthebandwent，massesoffanswouldwelcomethemattheairport.無論這支樂隊去哪兒，都會有大量的歌迷在機場歡迎他們。?Aliterofgasolinehaslessmassthanaliterofwater.一升汽油的質(zhì)量比一升水的質(zhì)量小。?TheTVprogrammebringssciencetothemassesandenjoysgreatpopularity.這個電視節(jié)目向群眾普及了科學知識，很受歡迎。特別提醒：amassof/massesof后可跟可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，當“amassof/massesof＋名詞”作主語時，其謂語動詞的形式以of后名詞所表達的意義而定。Massesofcustomersareenteringthesupermarket.大批顧客正進入超市。Amassofsnowliesintheyard.院子里積了大量的雪。[即學即練]判斷下列句子中mass的詞性及含義/語法填空①ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.________________②Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.________________③Pluto(冥王星)andTriton(海王衛(wèi)一)havenearlythesamesize,mass,anddensity(密度)．________________④Thegovernmentcaresmuchabouttheinterestsandwell-beingofthemasses.________________⑤Amassofwork____________(do)topreventtheriverfrombeingpolluteduptonow.⑥Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook________(mass)ofpicturesofthem.n.塊adj.大批的n.質(zhì)量n.群眾hasbeendonemasses2.decreasen．[C，U]減少，降低vi.&vt.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少，減小，降低(教材P52)Accordingtoscientists，theyincludevolcaniceruptions，asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.科學家認為原因包括火山爆發(fā)、小行星從太空撞擊地球、海平面變化、海洋含氧量下降和全球變暖。adecreasein...在……方面減少onthedecrease在減少decreaseby...減少了……(表示減少的量)decrease(from...)to...(從……)減少到……(表示減少后的量)decreasein...在……方面減少?Therehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberofyoungpeopleoutofwork.失業(yè)青年人數(shù)已經(jīng)有所下降。?Thedemandforcornisonthedecreaseeachyearinthiscountry.這個國家對玉米的需求量在逐年減少。?Peopleplantedtreesonthewastehillstodecreasesoilerosion.人們在荒丘上種植樹木以減少水土流失。?Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolhasdecreasedto1,200.我們學校的學生數(shù)量已減少到1200人。?Comparedwithlastyear,thepriceofwheathasdecreasedby15%thisyear.和去年相比，今年小麥的價格已降低了15%。歸納拓展：increase(1)vi.&vt.(使)增長，增多，增加(2)n.[C，U]增長，增多，增加increaseto...增加到……(表示增加后的量)increaseby...增加了……(表示增加的量)ontheincrease在增加increasein...在……方面增加

表“開、關”的英語短語比較：①thedoor/window②turnon/offthelight/theradio③switchon/offtheelectricmachine注意：旋轉(zhuǎn)開關的電器用turnon/off閘刀開關的電器用switchon/off門窗用open/close[即學即練]單句語法填空①InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreases________bearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoabeliefthatpopulationsareincreasing.②Theaccidentshavedecreased________20%sincethemeasuresweretaken.③Thecrimerateinthisareahasdecreased________thelowestlevelnowadays.④TeaisstillalargepartofdailylifeintheUKtoday,butitseemstobe________thedecrease.⑤Foodpricesincreased________10%inlessthanayear.inbytoonby3.blamevt.責怪，指責，把……歸咎于n．[U]責任，責備(教材P52)Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.這次，人類活動是肇因。blame...for(doing)sth.因(做)某事責備……blamesth.onsb./sth.把某事歸咎于某人/某事betoblamefor(doing)sth.因(做)某事應受責備；對(做)某事負有責任(不定式用主動形式表示被動意義)take/beartheblameforsth.承擔某事的責任lay/puttheblame(forsth.)on...把(某事的)責任歸咎于……?Don'tblamehimforbreakingthatvase;afterall,heisonlyachild.別怪他打碎了那個花瓶，畢竟，他只是個孩子。?Theyblamedthefailureofthebusinessontheeconomicdownturn.他們把生意的失敗歸咎于經(jīng)濟衰退。?Thehotweatherispartlytoblameforthewatershortage.炎熱的天氣是缺水的部分原因。?Wewerereadytotaketheblameforwhathadhappened.我們準備好對所發(fā)生的事承擔責任。?Healthofficialsputtheblameforthediseaseonpoorhousingconditions.衛(wèi)生官員們將該疾病的暴發(fā)歸咎于惡劣的居住條件。語境串記：Heisblamedforthebigmistake,butheblameditonothers.Infact,itishe,notothers,thatistoblameforit.他因這次嚴重的錯誤受到了責備，但他把它歸咎于別人。事實上，應該是他，而不是別人，應對此負責?？枷蜃粉櫍焊呖纪ǔ囊韵聨讉€角度設題對blame進行考查；(1)toblame作表語或定語時要用主動形式表示被動意義；(2)通過非謂語動詞結(jié)構對blame進行考查；(3)blame后的介詞既可以用on又可以用for，on表示責怪的對象，for表示責怪的原因。[即學即練]單句語法填空/單句寫作①Somepeopleblamethesmartphone________thetragedy,yetinfactpeople'sweakeningself-controlandself-disciplineare____________(blame)．②Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblame________thealarmclock.③不要總是把自己的失敗歸咎于他人。你自己應該對其負責。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________④科學家認為該疾病的暴發(fā)應歸咎于被污染的水。___________________________________________________________fortoblameonDon'talwaysblameyourownfailureonothers.Youyourselfshouldtake/beartheblameforit.Thescientistthoughtthatthepollutedwaterwastoblamefortheillness.4.variedadj.各種各樣的，形形色色的(教材P52)Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.物種滅絕的原因多種多樣。varyv.存在不同之處；使多樣化varyfrom...to...在……到……的范圍內(nèi)變化variousadj.各種各樣的varietyn.品種；種類；多樣化；變種avarietyofsth.各種各樣的某事/物?Anythingwillbecomeboringifyoudoitrepeatedly.Thekeyistodevelopabalancedandvariedprogrammethatisfunaswellasprogressive.如果你重復做一件事，任何事情都會變得無聊。關鍵是要制訂一個既有趣又能取得進步的平衡而又豐富多樣的計劃。?Thenumberoftheaddedflightsvariesfromyeartoyearaccordingtothedemandshownbyflightticketbookingsystems.根據(jù)機票預訂系統(tǒng)顯示的需求，新增航班的數(shù)量每年都在變化。?Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetaltocreatespecialdesigns.熟練的工人還將各種硬木和金屬結(jié)合起來，創(chuàng)造出特殊的設計。?Joinustotasteavarietyoffreshlocalfoodanddrinks.加入我們，與我們一起品嘗各種新鮮的本地食物和飲料。詞語比較：various,different,varied,variable(1)differentadj.“不同的”，可以和單數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞連用。如：Thisisatotallydifferentmatter.這完全是另外一回事兒。Thetwoboystoldoneandthesamestoryindifferentwords.這兩個孩子說的故事是一樣的，只是用詞不同。(2)variousadj.各種各樣的。指同一范疇內(nèi)的不同種類。后面只用復數(shù)名詞。如：RepresentativesfromvariouspartsofthecountryhavearrivedinBeijing.全國各地的代表到達北京。(3)variable易變的。如：Heisofavariablemood;heneverfinisheswhathestarts.他是個易變脾氣的人/沒有準脾氣的人，從來不做完已經(jīng)開始的事情。(4)variedadj.種種的；各種各樣的，富有變化的avariedlife豐富多彩的生活variedtypesofhappiness各種各樣的幸福[即學即練]單句語法填空/單句寫作①Thequalityoftheirproductsnever________(vary);itisalwaysexcellent.②Theseopinionschangewithtime,andvary________placetoplace.③Thesupermarketoffers_____________(vary)goodstochoosefrom,somoreandmorepeopleprefertoshopthere.④人們對這部新劇發(fā)表了各種各樣的意見。(varied)__________________________________________________________⑤大學所學的課程往往與當今工作所需要的各種知識和技能不相匹配。(varied)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________variesfromvarious/variedVariedopinionswereexpressedaboutthenewplay.Thecoursesstudiedinuniversitiesoftendonotmatchthevariedknowledgeandskillsrequiredforworktoday.5.raten．[C]速度；比率；價格，費用vt.&vi.評價，評估；vt.劃分等級(教材P52)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，但現(xiàn)在滅絕發(fā)生的速度讓人擔憂。ata(n)．..rate以……速度one'sheartrate某人的心率interestrate利率birth/deathrate出生率/死亡率highsuccess/failurerate很高的成功率/失敗率?Babiesdonotgrowatasteadyratebutinstopsandstarts.嬰兒成長的速度并非一成不變，而是長長停停，停停長長。?Thenewtechniquehasahighsuccess/failurerate.這種新技術的成功率/失敗率很高。?Howdoyouratehimasafootballplayer?你怎么評價他作為一個足球運動員的表現(xiàn)？?Sheiscurrentlyratednumbertwointheworld.她目前排名世界第二。構詞法：后綴-rate表示“程度；水平(與first、second等詞連用，表明你認為某物屬于哪種程度或水平)”。Theschoolhaseducatedmanyfirst-ratestudents.這所學校培養(yǎng)出很多一流的學生。

歸納拓展：ratingn．[C]等級，級別creditrating(銀行等作出的)信用等級評定(2)與rate相關的常見短語：atanyrate(強調(diào)事情的真實性)無論如何，不管怎樣atthis/thatrate照此情形，如此下去ImaybeawayonbusinessnextweekbutatanyrateI'llbebackbyFriday.我下周可能要出差，但無論如何，我最晚星期五回來。Atthisrate,wewon'tgethomeuntilmidnight.照這樣下去，我們得半夜才能到家。[即學即練]判斷下列句子中rate的詞性及含義/單句語法填空①Hospitalpatientswhoseetreebranchesouttheirwindowarelikelytorecoveratafasterratethanpatientswhoseebuildingsorskyinstead._________②Theexchangerateisinourfavourforthetimebeing._____________③Thisyear,ourschoolhasbeenratedasoneofthemostexcellentschoolsinthelocalarea._____________④Thegolfisratedamongthetoptensportsinthatcountry.___________⑤Thenewcarhasbeengivenanexcellentsafety________(rate)．⑥________thisrate,thisspeciesofanimalcouldbecomeextinctinlessthan10years.n.速度n.價格；費用vt.評價，評估vt.劃分等級ratingAt6.quantityn．[C，U]數(shù)量，數(shù)額，數(shù)目；大量；[U]量(教材P55)Hewenttoacitywhereironwasproducedinhugequantities.他去了一個大批量生產(chǎn)鐵的城市。

?Weconsumedvastquantitiesoffoodanddrinkthatnight.那天晚上我們大吃大喝了一頓。?Alargequantityofbooksarestoredinthelibraryneartheplayground.大量的書被保存在操場附近的圖書館里。?Largequantitiesofwaterareneededtowaterthefieldsinthisarea.這個地區(qū)需要大量的水來灌溉田地。?Theyarenowdevelopingwaystoproducethevaccinecheaplyinlargequantities.目前他們正在研究大批量廉價生產(chǎn)這種疫苗的方法。quantity和quantities前面可以用large,vast,huge等詞修飾。特別提醒：“aquantityof＋不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；“aquantityof＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；”quantitiesof＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。Alargequantityofsoiliswashedawaybyraineveryyear.每年都有大量的土壤被雨水沖走。Largequantitiesofmoneyhavebeenspentonbringingupthethreechildren.撫養(yǎng)這三個孩子已經(jīng)花費了許多錢。[即學即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Inthepicturewecanseethatthere________quantitiesofapplesinthebasketandthere________alargequantityofmilkinthebucket.(be)②若是你大量訂購的話，我認為有可能會打折。Ifyouorderit__________________________，

Ithinkadiscountwillbepossible.areisinquantity或inlargequantities?第二版塊：重點短語1.dieout滅絕，消失(教材P52)HowmanytimesuptotodayhaslifeonEarthalmostdiedout？到今天為止，地球上出現(xiàn)過幾次生物幾乎滅絕的情況？dieoff相繼死去diefrom/of死于bedyingforsth.渴望某物，極想要某物bedyingtodosth.渴望做某事diedown(tobecomegraduallylessstrong,loud,noticeable,etc.)

逐漸變?nèi)酰饾u平息dieaway(tobecomegraduallyweakerorfainterandfinallydisappear)

逐漸減弱，逐漸消失?Thisspecieshasnearlydiedoutbecauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed.因棲息地正受到破壞，這一物種已瀕臨滅絕。?Thatstyleofmusicdiedouthundredsofyearsago.那種風格的音樂幾百年前就消失了。?Whentheapplausehaddieddown,shebeganherspeech.掌聲平息后她便開始演講了。?Thesoundofhisfootstepsdiedaway.他的腳步聲漸漸消失了。易混比較：dieaway與dieout,diedown(1)dieout通常指物種滅絕或習俗消失(2)dieaway(指運行中的車的聲音)逐漸減弱(到消失)(3)diedown(指風勢或火勢)逐漸變?nèi)?4)dieoff相繼死去如：①Thesoundsofthetraindiedaway.火車的聲音漸漸消失。②Thefire/windgraduallydieddown.(火/風勢逐漸減弱)③Theanimalsintheforestdiedoff.森林里的動物相繼死去。④Dinosaursdiedoutaverylongtimeago.恐龍很久以前就滅絕了。[即學即練]用die的相關短語完成句子①Withmoreandmorebirds___________，

somedaysomespecieswill_______.Inaddition,someofthemhave___________environmentalpollution.②Don'tworry.Thestrongwindwill______________soonandwecangoouttohaveabaseballmatchasplanned.③NowI'mthirstyand_________aglassofwater.Ihavewalkedforalongtime.dyingoffdieoutdiefrom/ofdiedown/awaydyingfor2.wipeout徹底消滅，全部摧毀使(人)疲憊不堪unusualadj.不尋常的，罕見的；獨特的，與眾不同的(教材P52)Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout,arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.物種滅絕，即整個物種的完全消失，在地球的歷史上并不罕見。Itisunusualforsb.todosth.做某事對某人來說是不尋常的。?Avolcaniceruptionnearlywipedoutthesmallislandin1997.1997年的一次火山噴發(fā)差點把這個小島毀滅了。?Nothingcouldwipeouthisbittermemoriesofthepast.什么也抹不掉他對過去的痛苦記憶。?Allthattravellinghaswipedherout.一路舟車勞頓讓她疲憊不堪。?It'snotunusualforhimtofeelveryangryinasituationlikethis.在像這樣的情況下他覺得非常生氣并不罕見。?Hewasanunusualmanwithgreatbusinesstalents.他是一個與眾不同的人，很有商業(yè)天賦。聯(lián)想串記：usualadj.尋常的，慣常的asusual像往常一樣，照例unusualadj.不尋常的；獨特的unusuallyadv.不尋常地；特別地usuallyadv.通常地，一般地構詞法：“un-”是常見的否定前綴，常可加在形容詞前表示相反的狀態(tài)。常見的詞有：unknown(未知的)，unsafe(不安全的)，unpleasant(令人不快的)等。語境串記：Itisunusualthattherainsuddenlyfallstoday,buthestillgoesrunningintheparkasusual.Heusuallysays,“Onceyouhavegotintothehabitofexercising,youwillsticktoit.”不尋常的是，今天突然下起雨來，但是他仍然像往常一樣在公園里跑步。他經(jīng)常說，“你一旦養(yǎng)成了鍛煉的習慣，就會把它堅持下去?！盵即學即練]單句寫作/單句語法填空①地震把這個小村莊徹底毀滅了。___________________________________________________________②史密斯照例是第一個到達教室的。___________________________________________________________③在英國找到一個這么大的湖泊是不尋常的。___________________________________________________________④Fearandhateforothersis________(usual)causedbyignorance(無知).We'rescaredofthethingsthatwedon'tunderstand.⑤Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelse________(usual)happened.Thesmallvillagewaswipedoutbytheearthquake.Asusual,Smithwasthefirstonetoarriveattheclassroom.ItisunusualtofindalakeofthissizeinBritain.usuallyunusual3．a(chǎn)trisk意為“有危險，冒風險”(教材P53)Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeatriskofdyingout.當然，由于人類的生存依賴很多種物種，我們也會有滅絕的危險。attheriskofdoingsth.冒著做某事的風險takearisk/risks(todosth.)冒險(做某事)runtherisk(ofsth./ofdoingsth.)冒……的風險；冒險(做某事)runrisks冒險riskdoingsth.冒險做某事Cloningmaygreatlycontributetohumanmedicine,butwemustuseitcautiously,becauseitmayputpeopleatrisk.克隆可能會對人類醫(yī)學有很大幫助，但是我們必須謹慎地利用它，因為它可能會給人們帶來危險。聯(lián)想串記：[即學即練]結(jié)合risk的用法完成句子①Hegotwellpreparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn't________________________(冒險失去這次良好的機會)．②Ifyou________________________(冒險不系安全帶),youwillbe________(處于危險中)．③Inspiteofgreatdanger,thesoldierjumpedintotheriverand_______________________________________________________(冒著生命危險救那個女孩)．④Thoughitisfuntoplayonthefrozenriver,_________(這有危險)．risklosingthisgoodopportunityrisknotwearingaseatbeltatriskriskedhislifetosavethegirl/tooktheriskoflosinghislifetosavethegirlitisrisky?第三版塊：典型句式1.reason后接定語從句的用法(教材P53)Thereisalonglistofreasonswhysomanyspeciesaredyingout:airandwaterpollution,forestsbeingdestroyed,factoryfarmingandoverfishing.導致這么多物種正在消亡的原因有很多：空氣和水污染、森林被毀、工廠化養(yǎng)殖和過度捕撈。reason作先行詞，后接定語從句時：(1)若關系詞在從句中作狀語，要用why或forwhich引導定語從句。(2)若關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語，要用which或that引導定語從句，其中作賓語時關系詞可省略。?There'sareasonwhy/forwhichpeopledon'treadthisstuff:it'snotfunny.人們不讀這種東西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。?Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.他遲到的原因是他起床晚了。?Hegaveusareasonthat/whichsoundedreasonable.他給了我們一個理由，這個理由聽起來合情合理。(關系詞在從句中作主語)?Thereason(which/that)hehasgivensoundsreasonable.他給出的理由聽起來合情合理。(關系詞在從句中作賓語，可省略)歸納拓展：a/thereasonfor(doing)sth.(做)某事的原因a/thereasontodosth.做某事的原因a/thereasonwhy/forwhich...isthat...……的原因是……[即學即練]單句語法填空①Thereason________Iadmirehimis________hispositiveattitudetolifehasagreatinfluenceonme.②Isthisthereason_________heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?③Anotherreason________corn'srise:Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice_________(improve)waterquality.

whythatthat/whichfortoimprove2.“without＋名詞”引導含蓄條件句(教材P53)Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.沒有森林，我們就不能呼吸空氣；沒有干凈的水，我們將無法生存。虛擬條件句的條件有時不通過條件從句來表示，而是通過介詞短語、上下文或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來，這種虛擬條件句叫作含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句的具體用法如下：?Theywouldn'thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatcommonground.沒有共同的立場，他們是不會那么容易達成協(xié)議的。?Butforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavesucceeded.要不是你幫忙，我們不可能成功。?Igotupveryearlyyesterdaymorning,orIcouldnothavecaughttheearlybus.昨天早上我起床很早，否則就趕不上早班車了。?Iwastoobusyatthattime.Otherwise,Iwouldhavecalledyou.我那時太忙了，否則我就給你打電話了。介詞without的用法(1)without是with的反義詞，意為“不”或“沒有”。Wecandotheworkwithoutyourhelp.我們可以沒有你的幫助而做這項工作。Theyworkedthewholedaywithouttakinganyrest.他們工作了一整天而未休息。(2)without可用在雙重否定句中，往往是用介詞短語代替整句。Nomangetsintotheconditionyouareinwithouttheaidofhisownfolly.＝Nomangetsintothecondictionyouareinifhehasnothisownfollytoblame.如果不是由于自己的愚蠢，沒有人會落到你現(xiàn)在所處的這般光景。(3)without是介詞，不是連接詞，后面只能接名詞或動名詞，不能接不定式。(4)without?？捎脕肀硎緱l件。如：Wecouldneverhavesucceededinwhatweweredoingwithouthisguidance.如果沒有他的指導，我們的工作決不會成功。句中withouthisguidance＝ifwehadn'thadhisguidance.[即學即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Withouthissupport,wewouldn't________(be)wherewearenow.②—DoyouhaveBetty'sphonenumber?—Yes.Otherwise,Iwouldn't________(be)abletoreachheryesterday.③飛機晚點一個多小時才起飛，否則我就不會讓你等這么久了。Therewasadelayofoveranhourbeforetheplanetookoff;otherwiseI_____________________(keep)youwaitingforsuchalongtime.behavebeenwould/couldnothavekept3.“介詞＋關系代詞”引導定語從句(教材P53)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.盡管物種自然滅絕并不罕見，但它目前的發(fā)生速度令人擔憂。(1)引導定語從句的關系代詞不僅可以作動詞的賓語，還可以作介詞的賓語。若將介詞提至關系代詞之前，便形成了“介詞＋關系代詞”結(jié)構，該結(jié)構可引導限制性或非限制性定語從句；此結(jié)構中的關系代詞可為which(先行詞指物)，whom(先行詞指人)。(2)“介詞＋關系代詞”結(jié)構中介詞的確定在“介詞＋which(先行詞是物)/whom(先行詞是人)/whose(所有格，既可指人又可指物)”引導的定語從句中，介詞的選用有以下三種方式：①根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動詞或形容詞的搭配確定②根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配確定③根據(jù)主從句的邏輯關系而定(通常是with/without)?Theofficialtowhomweappliedforapermitwasverykind.給我們申請許可證的那位官員非常友好。?HaveyoufoundthebookonwhichIspent￡10?你找到那本我花了10英鎊買的書了嗎？?Hewasthemanbywhom

Master

of

the

Gamewastranslated.他就是翻譯《謀略大師》的那個人。(betranslatedby)?ThetwothingsofwhichtheyfeltproudwereJim'sgoldwatchandDella'shair.他們感到驕傲的兩樣東西是吉姆的金表和德拉的頭發(fā)。(beproudof)?IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.我永遠也忘不了第一次見他的那一天。(ontheday)?Rosehelpedmealot,withoutwhosehelpIwouldnothavepassedtheexam.羅絲幫助了我很多，沒有她的幫助我不會通過考試。特別注意：listento,lookat,lookfor,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短語中的介詞一般不放在關系代詞前。Thisisthegirlwhom/who/thathewilltakecareof.這就是他將照料的女孩?！敖樵~＋關系代詞”結(jié)構可代替when,where,why,that等關系副詞。如：①Thereusedtobeatimeatwhich/duringwhich(＝when)theChinesepeoplestruggledforfreedom.②In2006,wemovedtoBoston,inwhich(＝where)mygrandparentslived.③There'snoreasonforwhich(＝why)weshouldn'tbefriends.④Therearevarietiesofwaysinwhich(＝that)wecansolvetheproblem.(注：that在這里用作關系副詞)[即學即練]單句語法填空①Thefellow,________whomIspokemadenoansweratfirst.②TheWestLake,________whichHangzhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.③Inhisroom,Isawabigdesk________whichtherewereallkindsofbooks.④Yesterdaywehadameeting________whichwediscussedmanyproblems.⑤Air,________whichmancouldn'tlive,isreallyimportant.⑥Thisbookhasopenedawindow,__________whichwecanseeawonderfulworld.⑦Yesterdaywepaidavisittothehouse________whichLuXunoncelived.⑧Whoisthepersonwith________youshookhandsjustnow?⑨MrLihastwosons,bothof________arecollegestudents.to/withforonatwithoutthrough/frominwhomwhom4.it作形式主語(教材P53)ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.很明顯，人類活動已經(jīng)對地球上其他所有物種產(chǎn)生了負面影響，包括動物和植物。主語從句充當主語時，為使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，將主語從句后置，主語從句可用that，what，who，whether，why等詞引導。常見的此類句式有：(1)It＋be＋名詞＋從句It＋be＋apity/shamethat...遺憾的是……It＋

be＋

nowonderthat...難怪……It＋be＋nosurprisethat...……不足為奇(2)It＋be＋形容詞＋從句It＋belikelythat...可能……It＋beclear/obviousthat...顯而易見的是……(3)It＋動詞的被動語態(tài)＋從句It＋besaidthat...據(jù)說……It＋bereportedthat...據(jù)報道……It＋bebelievedthat...人們相信……It＋besuggested/ordered/demandedthat...(should)do...建議/命令/要求……(從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動詞用shoulddo,should可以省略)(4)It＋特殊動詞＋從句Itoccurstosb.that...某人突然想到……Ithappensthat...碰巧的是……Itdoesn'tmatter＋who/why/what...……無所謂/沒關系?Itisapity/shamethatyouhavemissedsuchawonderfullecture.你錯過了這么精彩的演講，真遺憾。?Sheishard-working,soitisnosurprisethatshehaswonfirstprize.她學習努力，所以她獲得一等獎不足為奇。?Itisobviousthatthewaycoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife.很明顯，咖啡的種植方式影響了生活的很多方面。?Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.據(jù)說在25到34歲的人群中大約有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年這一比例是16%。?Itisgenerallybelievedthatabalanceddietisakeytopeople'shealth.人們普遍認為均衡的飲食是健康的關鍵。?ItisdemandedbymyviolinteacherthatI(should)practiseplayingtheviolineveryday.我的小提琴老師要求我每天練習拉琴。?Itoccurredtohimthathisfarmhadmuchpotential.他突然想到他的農(nóng)場還是很有潛力的。句型Itisthat...的轉(zhuǎn)換：(1)Itissaidthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.issaidtohavedonesth.據(jù)說某人已經(jīng)做了某事Itissaidthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.issaidtobedoingsth.據(jù)說某人正在做某事(2)Itisreportedthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isreportedtobedoingsth.據(jù)報道某人正在做某事Itisreportedthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isreportedtohavedonesth.據(jù)報道某人已經(jīng)做了某事(3)Itisbelievedthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isbelievedtobedoingsth.人們相信某人正在做某事Itisbelievedthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isbelievedtohavedonesth.人們相信某人已做了某事(4)Itisknownthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isknowntobedoingsth.眾所周知某人正在做某事Itisknownthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isknowntohavedonesth.眾所周知某人已經(jīng)做過某事了[即學即練]單句語法填空/根據(jù)括號內(nèi)提示，用it作形式主語單句寫作①Itdoesn'tmatter________hesays.②Itisnotclear________willattendtothismatter.③Itdoesn'tinterestme________ornotyousucceed.④很顯然，地球是圓的。(obvious)___________________________________________________________⑤我很榮幸被邀請參加你的生日聚會。(anhonour)___________________________________________________________⑥許多學生認為英語是一門有趣的學科。(consider)___________________________________________________________whatwhowhetherItisobviousthattheearthisround.ItisanhonourthatIwasinvitedtoyourbirthdayparty.ItisconsideredbymanystudentsthatEnglishisaninterestingsubject.⑦他在這次墜機事件中幸免于難真是奇跡。(wonder)___________________________________________________________⑧人們常常建議生病時要多喝水。(suggest)___________________________________________________________⑨我們已經(jīng)決定將會議推遲到下周一。(decide)___________________________________________________________Itisawonderthathesurvivedtheplanecrash.Itisoftensuggestedthatone(should)drinkplentyofwaterwhenhe/sheissick.ItisdecidedthatthemeetinghasbeenputoffuntilnextMonday.開放課堂·自修自讀[詞語積累]①wipeout徹底消滅，全部摧毀②unusual/?n'ju??u?l/adj.特別的，不尋常的，罕見的[反義]usualadj.尋常的，通常的③varied/'ve?rid/adj.各種各樣的，不相同的；多變的④volcaniceruption火山噴發(fā)⑤asteroid/'?st?r??d/n.[C]小行星⑥decrease/d?'kri?s/n.[C，U]減少，降低，減少量vt.&vi.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少，減小，降低⑦betoblame(forsth.)(對壞事)負有責任blamevt.歸咎于，責怪，指責⑧at...rate以……的速度raten．[C]速度；比率⑨causeforconcern擔憂的原因⑩basedadj.在……居住(或工作)?lookat思考，考慮，研究?factoryfarming工廠化養(yǎng)殖?overfishing/???v?'f????/n．[U]過度捕撈[構詞法]over-可用作前綴，表示“太，過于”。overproductionn．[U]生產(chǎn)過剩overconfidentadj.過分自信的，自負的?affect/?'fekt/vt.影響[辨析]effectn．[C，U]效應，影響?survivaln．[U]生存，存活survivevi.生存，存活?atrisk有危險，冒風險?avoid(doing)sth.避免(做)某事?takeaction采取行動[近義]takesteps/measures采取措施?endangered/?n'de?nd??d/adj.(物種)有滅種危險的，瀕臨滅絕的?solaradj.太陽能的；太陽的solarenergy/power太陽能inshort總之，簡言之[同義]inaword/inbrieflayeggs下蛋，產(chǎn)卵beginaprogramme開始一項計劃[拓展]programme構成的常見搭配：develop/setup/launch/carryoutaprogramme擬訂/制訂/啟動/實施計劃raisevt.飼養(yǎng)，培育hatchvi.孵化restore/r?'st??(r)/vt.使復原h(huán)abitat/'h?b?t?t/n.[C，U](動植物的)生活環(huán)境，棲息地naturalhabitat天然棲息地wildlifehabitat野生動植物的生存環(huán)境Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout①，arenotunusual②inourEarth'shistory.Infact,over90percentofallspeciesthateverlivedarenowextinct.Inthelast500million