修辭學(xué)專業(yè)知識講座

永不磨滅美神

----------DianaSpencer

第1頁第2頁第3頁生日：1961年7月1日出生于英國諾?？耍菒鄣氯A斯賓塞伯爵小女兒結(jié)婚：1981年7月29日與威爾士親王查理斯結(jié)婚生子：1982年6月21日長子威廉王子出生，1984年9月15日次子哈里王子出生。離婚：1996年8月28日雙方解除婚約，戴安娜獲準(zhǔn)保存“威爾斯王妃”頭銜去世：1997年8月31日因車禍死于法國巴黎葬禮：1997年9月6日葬禮，安葬在她爸爸家族墳場，北安普敦郡奧爾索普

第4頁1997年9月6日上午，戴安娜王妃葬禮在英國倫敦舉辦，參與葬禮人排成6.5公里送葬隊伍，100多萬人等在送葬隊伍兩側(cè)，向戴安娜王妃體現(xiàn)他們最后敬意。包括美國第一夫人希拉里在內(nèi)世界要人和一般民眾共25億人通過電視觀看了葬禮。第5頁永不磨滅美神---戴妃弟弟厄爾·斯潘塞伯爵在戴妃葬禮上演講，它以巧妙人稱轉(zhuǎn)換，完美結(jié)合體現(xiàn)手法和靈活搭配句式，既向世界宣布了戴安娜王妃圣潔和崇高，也體現(xiàn)了自己和所有敬佩戴愛娜人們哀痛之情，第6頁Therhetoricaldevicesusedinthisspeech

(1)Anaphora(前部反復(fù))(2)Euphemism（委婉語）(3)Irony（諷刺）(4)Apostrophe（對無生命物體抒情）第7頁

Anaphora(前部反復(fù)）

Definition:Thedeliberaterepetitionofawordorphraseatthebeginningofseveralsuccessiveverses,clauses,orparagraphs;第8頁Function:Therepetitioninananaphorahelpstoconveyasenseofintensity,emphasis,force,insistence,seriousness,determination.Examples:Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills"(WinstonS.Churchill)."Ineededadrink,Ineededalotoflifeinsurance,Ineededavacation,Ineededahomeinthecountry.WhatIhadwasacoat,ahatandagun."

(RaymondChandler,Farewell,MyLovely)第9頁Anaphorawillrepeatanopeningphraseorword;

Anaphorawillpouritintoamould(absurd)!

Anaphorawillcasteachsubsequentopening;

Anaphorawilllastuntilit'stiring."

(JohnHollander,Rhyme'sReason:AGuidetoEnglishVerse.YaleUniv.Press,1989)第10頁"It'sthehopeofslavessittingaroundafiresingingfreedomsongs;thehopeofimmigrantssettingoutfordistantshores;thehopeofayoungnavallieutenantbravelypatrollingtheMekongDelta;thehopeofamillworker'ssonwhodarestodefytheodds;thehopeofaskinnykidwithafunnynamewhobelievesthatAmericahasaplaceforhim,too."

(BarackObama,"TheAudacityofHope,"July27,2023)第11頁INThePassage(1)Dianawastheveryessenceofcompassion,ofduty,ofstyle,ofbeauty.ThesentenceemphasizesgoodqualitiesofDianainordertoarousepeople’smemorytoDiana.Hereanaphoramakethesentencepowerfulandemotional.第12頁（2）Allovertheworld,shewasasymbolofselflesshumanity.Allovertheworld,astandardbearerfortherightofthetrulydowntrodden,averyBritishgirlwhotranscendnationality.(emphasis)

（3）WithoutyourGod-givensensitivitywewouldbeimmerseingreaterignoranceatheanguishofAidesandHIVsufferers,theplightofthehomeless,theisolationoflepers,therandomdestructionoflandmines.(drawtheaudience’secho)第13頁（4）Itisapointtothoseattheoppositeendofthemoralspectrum.ItisapointtorememberthatofalltheironiesaboutDiana,perhapsthegreatestwasthisagirlgiventhenameoftheancientgoddessofhuntingwas,intheend,intheend,themosthuntedpersonofthemodernage.(createastrongcadenceandaspirituallife)第14頁Euphemism

(委婉語)

“Alanguagewithouteuphemismswouldbeadefectiveinstrumentofcommunication.”

-------RobertBurchfield第15頁

1.DefinitionofeuphemismEuphemismisafigureofspeech.Itisthesubstitutionofaninoffensive,mildorpleasantexpressionforamoreunpleasantone,orforatermwhichevokesmoredirectlyadistastefulortaboosubject.

第16頁2.Functionsofeuphemism:togiveabettersoundingname,tosoftentheshockofrealityor,sometimes,tocoverupdreadfulfacts第17頁3.Commonlyusedeuphemismsforunpleasantsubjects:

(i)Aboutdisease,death,oldage:cancer---thebigC,longillness;graveyard---memorygarden(記憶花園);

oldorretiredpeople---seniorcitizens

(較年長或資格較高公民);第18頁

(ii)Aboutpovertyandunemployment:thepoor---theneedy,theunderprivileged;unemployment---out,thelessfortunate,betweenjob,self-employed;

(iii)Aboutcrimes:prison---correctionalcenter;murder---takecareof;tobejailed---toliveatthegovernment’sexpense第19頁(iv)Aboutjobsandprofessions:hairdresser---beautician,hairstylist;dishwasher---bubbledancer(氣泡舞蹈家);maid---domestichelp,live-inhelp(v)Aboutwarandmilitaryaction:

aggression,invasion(入侵)---politicalaction,pre-emptiveaction(政治行動、先發(fā)制人行動);retreat(撤退)---strategicwithdrawal(戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)移);第20頁4.Examplesinthetext:

Todayisourchancetosaythankyouforthewayyoubrightenedourlives,eventhoughGodgrantedyoubuthalfalife.Wewillallfeelcheatedalwaysthatyouweretakenfromussoyoungandyetwemustlearntobegratefulthatyoucamealongatall.

今天是一種機會，我們要說謝謝你，你楷模照亮了我們生活，雖然天主只給了你二分之一生命。我們常感到像受欺騙似，你那樣年輕，就給帶走了。然而我們必須懂得感恩，你還是來過了。第21頁分析：Inthisparagraph,thespeakerused“……Godgrantedyoubuthalfalife……”&“……youweretakenfromussoyoung……”toindicateDiana’sdeathatsuchayoungage.ThespeakerusedeuphemismherebecausehewassosorrowatDiana’sdeaththathedidn’twanttomentionitanylonger.Soheusedeuphemismheretogiveabettersoundingnamefordeath,tosoftenthesadnessofthefact.HealsoshowedhisrespctandlovetoDianaandhissorryforher.第22頁IronyDefinition:

Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense。第23頁Function：Ironyhasapositivefunctioninpermittingaggressiontomanifestinalessdangerousverbalfromthanbydirectcriticism,insults,threats,etc.Itisusuallyusedtoachievehumor,criticismandemphasizeone'sfeelings.第24頁Examples：

1、Slowlytheoldladystoopedtopickit(thecheque)up.Herpresent,herlovelypresent.Withtremblingfingersshetoreitintolittlebits.老太太慢慢地彎下腰，把支票從地上撿起來，她禮物，她可愛禮物！用顫動手指把它撕得粉碎。第25頁

"herlovelypresent"isirony.

Theoldladyareeagerlylongingtomeetingherdaughteronhereightybirthdaytosootheherloneliness.Howevershejustreceivedalifelesscheque,itisobviouslynotthe"lovelypresent"forher.Hereironyisusedtoemphasizethattheoldladyisextremelydisappointed,angry,andevenheart-broken.第26頁2、ShewasnotsoyoungasIexpectedandinappearanceimposingratherthanattractive.(WilliamSomersetMaugham)(她并不如我想象那么年輕。她外表與其說吸引人，不如說是令人難忘。)Imposingreferstoapersongiveotherimpressionbecauseofgreatsize,statelyappearance,dignity,elegance.Herethewriterusedtheironytonetodescribeafatladywhoiseattoomuch.第27頁Ironyinthisarticle:"Thereisatemptationtorushtocanonizeyourmemory,thereisnoneedtodoso."(目前人們爭相回憶有關(guān)你事跡,實在沒有必要這樣做.)WhenDianawasalive,mediaandthepublicmisunderstoodandeveninsultedher.Buttheyjustremindedofhergoodnessaftershedieandturnedtopraiseher.第28頁PeopleknowthatthedeathofDianawasdirectlycausedbythechaseofmediaandthepressureofthepublic.Herethespeakerbysayingthatwordtoexpressthatheisextremelydissatisfiedandangrywiththem.第29頁“Myownandonlyexplanationisthatgenuinegoodnessisthreateningtothoseattheoppositeendofthemoralspectrum.”（我自己唯一解釋,就是真正善與美對那些位于道德光譜另一端人來說,是一種威脅.）第30頁Here"genuinegoodness"iscalledasa"threaten",thespeakerdescribedagoodthingwithanegativewordtogeneratedirony.ThroughthathecondemnedtheuntreatmentDianagotfromthesocietyandimpliedthelostoftherealgoodnessofthesociety.第31頁Apostrophe(呼語)Definition:Apostropheisadeviceinwhichaperson(deadorabsent),athing,aplace,anidea,anabstractquality,etc.,isaddressedasifpresent,listeningtoandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Function:Apostropheusuallyarousesgreatemotionalappeal.第32頁Therearemanyexamples,especiallyinpoetry:OCaptain!MyCaptain!Ourfearfultripisdone,theshiphasweather’deveryrock,theprizewesoughtiswon.(WaltWhitman)(2)Summertime,oh,summertime,patternoflifeindelible,withfadeprooflake,thewoodsunshatterable,thepasturewiththesweetfernandthejuniperforeverandever,summerwithoutend.(E.B.White:“OnceMoretothelake”)

第33頁Apostrophe

usedinthisspeech

(1)Todayisourchancetosaythankyouforthewayyoubrightenedourlives,eventhoughGodgrantedyoubuthalfalife.Wewillallfeelcheatedalwaysthatyouweretakenfromussoyoungandyetwemustlearntobegratefulthatyoucamealongatall.Onlynowthatyouaregonedowetrulyappreciatewhatwearenowwithoutandwewantyoutoknowthatlifewithoutyouisvery,verydifficult.第34頁譯：請允許我們借今天這個機會，對你說聲謝謝。你照亮了我們生活，盡管上帝僅僅只施舍給你極短暫生命。我們永遠(yuǎn)無法接收，你還那樣年輕，就被無情地帶離了這個世界。然而，我們必須懂得感恩，由于你曾經(jīng)和我們在一起。直到你離開了，我們才真正明白，真正懂得愛惜我們所失去。你能夠想象，沒有你，生活多么艱難；沒有你，生命對我們來說，純正是一種煎熬！第35頁(2)Thereisatemptationtorushtocanonizeyourmemory,thereisnoneedtodoso.Youstandtallenoughasahumanbeingofuniquequalitiesnottoneedtobeseenasasaint.Indeedtosanctifyyourmemorywouldbetomissoutontheverycoreofyourbeing,yourwonderfullymischievoussenseofhumor,withalaughthatbentyoudouble.Yourjoyforlifetransmittedwhereveryoutookyoursmileandthesparkleinthoseunforgettableeyes.第36頁譯：目前大家爭相回憶有關(guān)你點點滴滴，甚至把它們神化，實在沒有這樣做必要。從人角度來說，你是出色、偉大、圣潔，不再需要被奉為圣人。

人們把你圣化，難免遺失你生命精髓——你那奇妙風(fēng)趣，你那讓人忍俊不禁詼諧，你一顰一笑。你用你迷人微笑把快樂帶到每個角落，你深邃眼神，讓人永生難忘。第37頁Function：InthespeechSpencerused“you”toaddressDiana,justlikehewastalkingwithher.Inthisway,heexpressedthedeep、sincerelovetoDiana,andthesadnessandheartbreaktoherunfairdeath.Itarousedgreatemotionalappeal.Afterhearinghisspeech,everyonecouldunderstandhowsadandheartbrokenhewasandtheymighthavesuchkindoffeelingasSpencerhadandbemovedtotears.文章用“你”稱呼戴安娜，仿佛面向面地同戴安娜說話，抒發(fā)失去戴安娜傷心欲絕，難以自拔之情。這含悲浸血話語，字里行間滾動著真情、真愛、真淚，深切感人，催人淚下。第38頁一、Therhetoricaldevicesusedinthisspeech

(1)Anaphora(2)Euphemism(3)Irony(4)Apostrophe第39頁二、TherhetoricalanalysisofEarlSpencer’sEulogy（悼詞，頌歌）Thethreerhetoricaltheoriesthatareportrayed(描寫，描述)stronglythroughoutEarlSpencer’sEulogytohissisterPrincessDianaareVilification（中傷，誹謗）,RhetoricalSituation(修辭形勢),andMetaphoricalDevices（隱喻修辭法）.

第40頁Throughouttheeulogy,heexpressedhisdeepgriefathissister’sdeath.Meanwhile,somesaidthatitcontainedcriticismoftheRoyalFamily.ThiswasaverycarefullycraftedpieceofrhetoricwhichsidelinedtheRoyalFamilyfromdirectblamebutconstructedarelationshipwiththeaudiencethatappealedtotheiremotionsandthereforedrewthemintotheideathatDianawasthevictimwhohadbeenwrongedinthewayshehadbeendealtwithbythePress.第41頁EarlSpencerexpressedexactlyhisprofoundfeelingsbyusingvariousrhetoricaldevices.Therefore,wecansayhisspeechwasaverysuccessfulone.第42頁三、1、Theimportanceoffiguresofspeechinlanguage

Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.---FrancisBacon