新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程課件

WelcomeTo:語言學(xué)概論WelcomeTo:語言學(xué)概論CourseIntroduction1.CourseBook戴煒棟，何兆熊，2002，《新編簡明英語語言教程》上海：上海外語教育出版社。

CourseIntroduction1.CourseBCourseIntroduction2.ReferenceBooks胡壯麟，等2001,《語言學(xué)教程》(第二版)北京：北京大學(xué)出版社胡壯麟，等2007,《語言學(xué)教程》(第三版)北京：北京大學(xué)出版社CourseIntroduction2.Referenc2.ReferenceBooksCourseIntroduction劉潤清，文旭，2006,《新編語言學(xué)教程》北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社G.Yuleon，2000,《語言研究》北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社2.ReferenceBooksCourseIntro3.Generaldescription1.Difficult2.Uninteresting3.ImportantCourseIntroduction3.GeneraldescriptionCourseI4.AssessmentFormativeassessment30%

1.Attendance2.ClassroomPerformance3.HomeworkB.FinalAssessment70%CourseIntroduction4.AssessmentCourseIntroductiChapter1IntroductionChapter1Introduction1.1WhatIsLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?1.1.1DefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguageObject:languageingeneralMethod:systematicinvestigation1.1.1DefinitionoflinguisticsWhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?思考：1.一個人如果沒有有關(guān)某一語言的語言學(xué)知識，她/他能夠流利地講這一語言嗎？答：可以。2.劉翔是因為具有了跨欄和跑步的運動力學(xué)知識，所以才成為奧運冠軍的嗎？答：應(yīng)該不是。1.1WhatIsLinguistics?WhatistheSignificanceofLi1.語言是人的一部分。研究語言，人門不得不把焦點瞄準(zhǔn)自己，到自己的大腦中去尋找答案。研究與人形影不離的語言，能幫助人類進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識自己。（熊學(xué)亮2003：1）WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?1.語言是人的一部分。研究語言，人門不得不把焦點瞄準(zhǔn)自己，2.語言既是社會現(xiàn)象，是人們相互聯(lián)系的紐帶，但它本身的發(fā)生、傳遞和接受的機制又屬于自然現(xiàn)象。語言的這種特殊的性質(zhì)決定了語言學(xué)在科學(xué)體系中的特殊地位，即它既是社會科學(xué)，又與自然科學(xué)有密切的聯(lián)系，可以說，語言學(xué)是介于社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)之間的一門特殊的學(xué)科。正由于此，語言學(xué)善于從自然科學(xué)的發(fā)展中吸取相關(guān)的理論和方法，推動語言學(xué)的發(fā)展，而其他人文社會科學(xué)又從語言學(xué)中吸取相關(guān)的理論和方法。語言學(xué)是聯(lián)系社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)的紐帶和橋梁。語言學(xué)的理論和方法在人文社會科學(xué)中處于領(lǐng)先的地位。（徐通鏘2001：6-7）WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?2.語言既是社會現(xiàn)象，是人們相互聯(lián)系的紐帶，但它本身的發(fā)生3.每一語言都包含著一種獨特的世界觀，個人更多地通過語言形成世界觀（洪堡特1936：70-72）。也就是說，每一具體語言都是源出于人，反過來又作用于人，制約著人的思維和行動（姚小平1999：48）。語言思維現(xiàn)實/科學(xué)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的世界觀是根據(jù)西方印歐語言的基本語法特征概括而成的。（沃爾夫1940：221）WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?3.每一語言都包含著一種獨特的世界觀，個人更多地通過語言形4.語言學(xué)理論對語言學(xué)習(xí)和語言教學(xué)具有方法論上的指導(dǎo)意義。WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?4.語言學(xué)理論對語言學(xué)習(xí)和語言教學(xué)具有方法論上的指導(dǎo)意義。thescopeofLinguistics思考：語言可以分為哪些層次？1.1WhatIsLinguistics?thescopeofLinguistics思考：1.1TheCoreofLinguistics1.Soundphonetics2.Soundsphonology3.Wordmorphology4.Words/sentencesyntax5.Meaningsemantics6.Meaninginacontextpragmatics1.1WhatIsLinguistics?TheCoreofLinguistics1.SounSomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.2

ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsSomeimportantdistinctionsin1.Prescriptivevs.descriptive“描寫式”和“規(guī)定式”

1.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.2.Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itsissaidtobeprescriptive.1.2

Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.Prescriptivevs.descriptiv2.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共時”和“歷時”1.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.2.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.1.2

Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics2.Synchronicvs.diachronic“Page203.langue&parole“語言”和“言語”ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.ASociologicalView1.2

ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsPage203.langue&parole“語Page214.Competenceandperformance語言能力和語言運用ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Competencetheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.APsychologicalView1.2

ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsPage214.Competenceandperfo5.Speechvs.writing語言/口語和文字Speechisregardedastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforthefollowingreasons:A.historyB.functionC.acquisitionorder如果說語言符號是人類走出動物界的里程碑，那么文字的產(chǎn)生，則是人類由野蠻社會進(jìn)入文明社會的一個重要標(biāo)志。（陳宗明2004：109）1.2

Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics5.Speechvs.writing語言/口語和文字1.3.DefinitionofLanguageQuestion:What’slanguage?1.3.DefinitionofLanguageQue

Webster'sNewWorldDictionary(Pp.759)(a)humanspeech;(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;(d)thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem;1.3.DefinitionofLanguageWebster'sNewWorldDictionaWebster'sNewWorldDictionary(Pp.759)(e)'anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;(f)aspecialsetofsymbols;letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputer;...1.3.DefinitionofLanguageWebster'sNewWorldDictionarAGenerallyAcceptedDefinitionLanguageisasystemofarbitrary

vocal

symbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.3.DefinitionofLanguageAGenerallyAcceptedDefinitioUnderstandingtheDefinitionQS:1.Whyasystem?2.Whyarbitrary?3.Whyvocal?4.Whysymbols?5.Whyhuman?6.Whycommunication?1.3.DefinitionofLanguageUnderstandingtheDefinitionQSPage28Languageisasystem—elementsinitarenotarrangedandcombinedrandomly,butaccordingtosomerulesandprinciples.Languageisarbitrary—thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword(e.g.pen)andthething(e.g.whatwewritewith).Languageisvocal—theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Languageisusedforhumancommunication-itishuman-specific,verydifferentfromsystemsofanimalcommunication.1.3.DefinitionofLanguagePage28Languageisasystem—el1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage1.Arbitrariness（任意性）:Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguag“house”(English)uchi(Japanese)房子(Chinese)Mansion(French)1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage“house”(English)uchi(JapanesLanguageisarbitrary(2)Thesamepronunciationmayhavedifferentmeanings:

fourfor

Thesamemeaningmayberepresentedbydifferentsoundsequences:

flawdefect

1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageLanguageisarbitrary(2)ThesaSignificanceofArbitrarinessThearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageSignificanceofArbitrarinessT2.Productivity（能產(chǎn)性）Languageisproductiveorcreativeorgenerativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.人可以通過使用數(shù)量有限的語法規(guī)則來對數(shù)量同樣有限的詞匯排列組合，生成數(shù)量無限的詞組、短語和句子，即通過對數(shù)量有限的語言基本成分的排列組合來產(chǎn)生新的語言單位。（熊學(xué)亮2003：11）1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage2.Productivity（能產(chǎn)性）Languagei3.Duality（雙重性）Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.(Lyons1982:20)1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage3.Duality（雙重性）BydualityismHierarchyofLanguage:ExpressionofDualityScoresofsoundsHundredsofmorphemesThousandsofwordsAstronomicalnumberofsentences語言的雙重性表現(xiàn)在兩個方面：1.用自身無意義的語音構(gòu)成有意義的語言單位2.用小單位構(gòu)成大單位1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageHierarchyofLanguage:ExpressSignificanceofDualityBecauseofduality,thespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.（胡壯麟2001：7-8）Inotherwords,languageisproductivebecauseofitsownduality.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageSignificanceofDualityBecause4.Displacement（位移性/置換性）Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage4.Displacement（位移性/置換性）BydisSignificanceofDisplacement語言的置換性使語言具有元語言功能使得話語對上層建筑和意識形態(tài)具有一定的反向影響作用，即話語可以制造意識形態(tài)和創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)實。（熊學(xué)亮2003：5）3.Inaword,theintellectualbenefitsofdisplacementtousisthatitmakespossibleforustotalkandthinkinabstractterms.(Fowler,1974:8)1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageSignificanceofDisplacement語言5.CulturalTransmission（文化傳遞性）Byculturaltransmissionismeantthatthedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallybutculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Therefore,itisalsocalledlearnabilitylanguage.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage5.CulturalTransmission（文化傳遞性ImplicationsofCulturalTransmission1.Theimportanceoflanguageexpositionfortheacquisitionofone’smothertongue.2.Theimportanceofconsciousstudyfortheleaningofaforeignlanguage.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageImplicationsofCulturalTrans1.5FunctionsofLanguageQuestion:Whatdoyouthinkarethefunctionsoflanguage?1.5FunctionsofLanguageQuestMetafunctionsofLanguage:Halliday’sModel1.Ideational:Constructsamodelofexperienceandconstructslogicalrelations(throughtransitivesystem)2.Interpersonal:enactssocialrelationships(throughmoodandmodality)3.Textual:createsrelevancetocontext(throughcoherenceandcohesion)SystemicFunctionalLinguistics1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageMetafunctionsofLanguage:HalM.A.K.Halliday（韓禮德）(1925-),founderofsystemicfunctionallinguistics,1947-1949studiedatBeijingUniversity,1949-1950studiedatLingNanUniversity,1955gotdoctor’sdegreeatCambridgeUniversitywithTheLanguageoftheChinese“SecretHistoryoftheMongols”1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageM.A.K.Halliday（韓禮德）(1925-),SummaryoftheFunctionsofLanguage1.Informative（信息功能）:Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotellwhatthespeakerbelieves,togiveinformationaboutfacts,ortoreasonthingsout.Byuseof

DeclarativeSentences1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguageSummaryoftheFunctionsofLa2.Interrogative（詢問功能）:

Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromothers,itservesaninterrogativefunctionThroughQuestionsthatexpectanswers.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage2.Interrogative（詢問功能）:Whenl3.Interpersonal（人際功能）:

Languageservesaninterpersonalfunctionwhenitisusedtoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Fivesub-categoriesofinterpersonalfunction:performative,directive,emotive,expressive,andphatic.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage3.Interpersonal（人際功能）:Langua3.1Performative（行事功能）:

theuseoflanguageto“dothings”,toperformactions.Throughquiteformalandevenritualizedlanguage.1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage3.1Performative（行事功能）:theus3.2Directive（指令功能）:

Wh