翻譯中的選詞法38張課件

翻譯中的選詞法(diction)翻譯中的選詞法(diction)1I.選擇語法意義(choiceofgrammaticalmeanings)----語法結構分析Thesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.1.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.2.Hehadnostomachtofollowus.Ican’tstomachthisjobanylonger.I.選擇語法意義(choiceofgrammatica2II.選擇搭配意義(choiceofcollocativemeanings)----語義分析Somewordshavethesamebasicmeanings,butdifferincollocation.Thatis,theyhavedifferentcollocativemeanings.Forinstance,“sense”and“meaning”aresynonymous,but“Johnisamanofsense”isacceptablewhile“Johnisamanofmeaning”isunacceptable.Oneproblemwithcollocationistranslationisthat,veryoftenwhatisgoodcollocationinEnglishmaynotbesowhenrenderedintoII.選擇搭配意義(choiceofcollocati3Chinese,orviceversa.Forinstance,“pretty”and“handsome”arerenderedinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”but“英俊的車子”wouldbetotallyunacceptabletotheChinesereader.ThusinE-Ctranslation,atranslatormustensurethattheversionisidiomaticorcollocativelyacceptableinthetargetlanguage.E.g.buildBuildahouse/aship/afire/acar/one’sconfidence/scholarsoftomorrow/ananswer/abridge/adam/astampcollectionChinese,orviceversa.Forin4III.選擇情感意義(choiceofafffectivemeanings)-----語義分析（情感）Affectivemeaningsreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Youmayaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespise,ordescribesomethingas“marvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive(褒義),neutral(中性),andderogatory(貶義).III.選擇情感意義(choiceofafffecti5PositiveneutralderogatoryPortly(發(fā)福的)Overweight(超重的)Obese(臃腫的）Slender,slim((苗條的)Underweight(體重不夠的）Skinny(瘦削的)Senior,elder(長者)Oldman/woman(老人)Fossil(老朽)Examples:1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.侵略成性的國家威脅世界和平.Asalesmanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.推銷員要成功,必須有闖勁.Positiveneutral62.Heincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.3.Everydoghashisday.“Youchicken!”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.2.Heincitedthesoldiersto7Ⅳ.選擇模糊意義(choiceofambiguousmeanings)------語義分析(歧義)Ambiguity,accordingtoD.Bolinger,isdefinedasonesurfacestructurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructures,thatis,onelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneudnerstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguity(詞匯歧義)andstructuralambiguity(結構歧義).1.lexicalambiguity(詞匯歧義)Ⅳ.選擇模糊意義(choiceofambiguousm8Themultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.E.g.⑴Shecannotbearchildren.①Shecannotgivebirthtochildrenbecausesheissterile.②Shecannottoleratethechildren.⑵AsGreendesigedthemachine,hemusthaverealizeditscapability.①因為這臺機器是格林設計的,他一定事先知道它的性能.Themultiplemeaningsoftheu9②格林設計這臺機器的時候,一定事先知道它的性能.2.structuralambiguity(結構歧義)Themultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthesentencestructure.Eg.Sheshowedherbabypictures.①她拿出了自己嬰兒時期的照片.②她把嬰兒的照片拿給她看.③她把一些照片/圖片拿給孩子看.②格林設計這臺機器的時候,一定事先知道它的性能.10Ⅴ.選擇引申意義(choiceofextendedmeanings)----語義分析（關聯義）ItisoftendifficulttofindasuitableChinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninE-Cdictionaries,andamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.Ⅴ.選擇引申意義(choiceofextendedme111.”實”→虛”.詞義從具體引向抽象,從特殊引向一般,從局部引向概括⑴Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.實譯:如今上大學的學生除了帶他的書上學校以外,還可以帶上一個煎烙餅的平底鍋了.虛譯:如今大學生在學校里也可以自己做點吃的了.⑵WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagements,theyallexpectmetoassumeaQuakerOatslook.1.”實”→虛”.詞義從具體引向抽象,從特殊引向一般,從局部12實譯:我應邀外出演講時,他們都指望我擺出一副像麥片商標中的老頭那樣的表情.虛譯:我應邀外出演講時,他們都指望我擺出一副毫無表情,一本正經的面孔.(QuakerOats是歐美一種有名的麥片商標,商標中畫的老頭模樣毫無表情,我國讀者不熟悉,應虛譯.)2.虛”→”實”.詞義從抽象引向具體,從一般引向特殊,從概括引向局部⑴Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.實譯:我應邀外出演講時,他們都指望我擺出一副像麥13虛譯:他們的生活遠不止那些政治的,社會的和經濟的問題,遠不止一時的日常性.實譯:他們的生活遠不止那些政治的,社會的和經濟的問題,遠不止每天的柴米油鹽.⑵Heisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.虛譯:他是該隊一種寶貴的獲得.實譯:他是該隊不可多得的隊員.Ⅵ.選擇對應意義(choiceofequivalentmeanings)-----語義分析（對概念義的誤解）SomeEnglishwordsorexpressionslookequivalenttotheirChinesecounterparts,butactuallytheyaredifferent.虛譯:他們的生活遠不止那些政治的,社會的和經濟14Theyarecalled“falsefriends”.Careshouldbetakennottobeconfinedortakenawaybywhatweseeintheoriginaltext.Eg.Busybody≠忙人=(貶義)好管閑事的人=apersonwhotakestoomuchinterestinotherpeople’saffairs.Thelongandtheshortofit≠它的長短處=總的結果/情況/要點Shehasaweaknessforpork≠吃豬肉她可不行.=她有愛吃豬肉的嗜好.Theyarecalled“falsefriends15Ⅶ.選擇準確意義(choiceofexactmeanings)----語義分析（所指意義）AcarefultranslatorshouldweighthemeaningoftheoriginalbefroechoosingasuitableChinesewordorexpression.Threecriteriaareproposedhereforchoosingsuitablewords:preciseness(準確),conciseness(精練),andgracefulness(優(yōu)美),commonmistakesinthisrespectmaybechieflyduetothefollowing:Ⅶ.選擇準確意義(choiceofexactmeani16⑴lappingupawordorexpressionwithoutdigestingit(囫圇吞棗)⑵extendingthemeaningbeyonditslimits(引申過頭)⑶Rigidlyadheringtoletterorform(拘泥字面)Thusacomparativestudyofsynonymousexpressionsinthetwolanguagesisalwaysnecessaryforappropriatetranslation.Ingivencontext,thechoiceofwordsisamatterofdictioncallingforourcarefulconsideration.⑴lappingupawordorexpressi17Eg.inChinese:*詞義輕重不同祝賀(輕)—慶祝(重)批評(輕)—批判(重)輕視(輕)—鄙視(重)欺侮(輕)—欺壓(重)損壞(輕)—毀壞(重)責備(輕)—責罵(重)*詞義范圍大小不同信件(大)—信(小)樹木(大)—樹(小)時代(大)—時期(小)河流(大)—河(小)戰(zhàn)爭(大)—戰(zhàn)役(小)車輛(大)—車(小)*詞語搭配不同充足(陽光)—充分(理由)侵犯(主權)—侵占(土地)發(fā)揮(作用)—發(fā)揚(精神)召集(眾人)—召開(會議)Eg.inChinese:18Ⅷ.選擇語境意義(Choiceofcontextualmeanings)----大語境分析Thesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),hasdifferentmeanings.Forinstance,insomecontexts“mad”means“foolish”,insome“angry”,andinothers“insane”.Eg.Book1.Showmethecomplaintbook,please.2.Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.Ⅷ.選擇語境意義(Choiceofcontextual193.That’sallIremember,sir,ontheBook.4.Heclaimstohavebeengraduatedfromthiscollege,buthisnameisnotonthebooks.5.Heisalwayspainstakinglyathisbooks.6.Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.7.Areyouinthebook?3.That’sallIremember,sir,20Ⅸ.選擇文體意義(choiceofstylisticmeanings)----大語境分析Somewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal”,“informal”,“l(fā)iterary”,“archaic”,“slang”andsoon.Wordsthatoccurindifferentsettingsarestylisticallymarked.Thoseusedforsomeseriouspurpose,forexample,inofficialreports,businesslettersandregulationsarelabeledasformalwhereasthoseusedⅨ.選擇文體意義(choiceofstylisticm21inprivateconversationorpersonallettersarelabeledasinformal.Inmostcasesformallanguageoccursinwrittenlanguageandinformallanguageinspokenlanguage.Translatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwords,andinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialects,archaicwordsorcontemporarywords,generalwordsortechnicalterms,etc.inprivateconversationorper22Table1.ExamplesofChinesestylisticsynonyms書面語詞母親誕辰清晨逝世散步恐嚇口語詞媽媽生日早上死溜達嚇唬古語詞/舊詞殆乘致木匠廚子大夫現代詞/新詞危險坐給木工廚師醫(yī)生普通用語給現在辦法安排私下這公文用語給予茲措施部署擅自此普通用語飛心靜半夜寂寞文藝作品用語飛翔心靈安靜子夜寂寥Table1.ExamplesofChineses23Table2.examplesofEnglishstylisticsynonymswiththeirtranslationsFormal(literary)Poverty-striken,penniless,inwant,underprivileded,impecunious,indigent身無分文,一文不名,窮困,貧困NeutralPoor貧窮InformalBroke,flatbroke,hardup窮,衣袋空空,窮光蛋,一個子兒也沒有Table2.examplesofEnglishs24Table3.examplesofEnglishwordswiththeirChinesestylisticsynonymsWordsexplanatorydescriptivelively生動的栩栩如生Irrelevant無關的風馬牛不相及identical相同的千篇一律thick厚的,稠的如膠似漆withdiscretion小心謹慎穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打witheloquence以雄辯的口才娓娓動聽greatcontribution巨大貢獻豐功偉績Table3.examplesofEnglishw25invulnerability無法攻破固若金湯meagerfood簡單的食物粗茶淡飯frightened害怕膽戰(zhàn)心驚Agoodtranslatorshouldrepresentnotonlytheoriginalthoughtbutalsotheoriginalstyleaswellinthetargetlanguage.invulnerability無法攻破固若金湯26譯句比較(comparisonoftranslatedsentences)1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup,maytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.①誰要是想捉弄你,誰的鼻子尖就會歪.②誰要是捉弄你,就叫誰的鼻子尖歪了.③誰騙你,誰就不得好死.(誰騙你,誰就是小狗.)譯句比較(comparisonoftranslated272.Eitheraflat“yes”oraflat“no”---gobackwhereyoucamefrom.①要么干脆說”行”,要么干脆說”不行”,要不然,你從什么地方來還是回到什么地方去吧.②干脆說”行”或者”不行”----否則你哪里來就回哪里去.③要就要,不要就拉倒----你請便吧.(行就行,不行就拉倒----你請便吧.)2.Eitheraflat“yes”orafl283.Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.①你別去理他,就像別理上一個冬天有多冷一樣.②別理睬它,就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那樣.③管他們干什么?他們的話,當作耳邊風好了.3.Ignoreitasyouignorethe294.TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.①我連粗細大小都分不清了.②他們使我真假不分.③他們把我搞得不知東西南北了.4.TheyconfusedmesothatId305.退休工人邵勸幫對小兒子在春說,”那時候,干一天活累得連炕都上不去,渾身疼得要命,睡也睡不著.”①ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Atthattime,Iwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.Mywholeframeachingacutely,Icouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.②ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Inthosedays,Iwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldn’tgetonthekang.Asmywholebodyachedlikeanything,Isimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”5.退休工人邵勸幫對小兒子在春說,”那時候,干一天活累得連炕316.無論是街道、房屋或公園,這個地方都有一種難以描繪的難過情調.隨便走到哪里,我都可以看到新鮮有趣的東西.①Allstreets,housesandparksherehaveanindescribablelookofthesouth.NomatterwhereIgo,I’msuretofindthingsnewandinteresting.②Theplace,withitsstreets,itshousesanditsparks,wearsanindescribableairofthesouth.Everycornerbringsmeintoacquaintancewithsomenewint