腹股溝區(qū)和腹壁的解剖和手術

腹股溝區(qū)和腹壁的解剖和手術

Objectives

目的Describewhatcauseshernias

闡述疝氣成因Classifythetypesofhernias

疝氣分類Explainthedifferentherniarepairtechniques

解釋不同的疝修補技術WhatisaHernia?

什么是疝？疝氣是臟器或組織通過非正常腔隙生成的一個突起。大多數(shù)疝氣是由于腹壓增大時，腹腔內(nèi)容物從腹壁缺損或薄弱處突出，形成腫塊，并引起相應的臨床癥狀。WhatcausesaHernia?

疝產(chǎn)生的原因Weaknessordefect

薄弱或缺損Presentsincebirth

先天表現(xiàn)Weakeningfactors

造成薄弱因素Riskfactors

風險因素REALITYCHECK!

事實證明！Justaspeopledonotgetanyyoungerorhealthierwithtime,nordoherniasgetsmaller.

正如人們不會隨歲月流逝變得更為年輕和健康一樣，疝也不會隨之變小。

Aherniawillnotgoawayuntreated.

疝不會自愈。Thepresenceofaherniaindicatesthatarepairwillberequiredatsomestage.

疝的存在意味著在一定階段需要進行疝修補。HERNIAS

疝氣GroinHernias

腹股溝疝Inguinal&Femoral

腹股溝區(qū)和股區(qū)UmbilicalHernias

臍疝Ventral/IncisionalHernias

腹壁疝/切口疝Epigastric

劍突疝Gastroschisis&Omphalocele

腹裂和臍膨出InternalHernias

腹內(nèi)疝RareHernias

罕見的疝氣種類Epigastric

上腹疝Femoral

股疝Incisional/Ventral

切口疝/腹壁疝Inguinal

腹股溝疝Umbilical

臍疝Diaphragmatic

橫隔膜疝(HiatalHernia)

（食管裂孔疝）

DescribingaHernia

疝描述腹股溝疝臍疝切口疝造瘺口旁疝骨架骨架髂前上棘髂嵴

恥骨結節(jié)

腹股溝解剖簡圖內(nèi)斜肌提睪肌腹直肌腹壁下動靜脈精索腹股溝韌帶MyopectinealOrifice

恥骨肌孔D±inclinedobliqueslantingtiltedMyopectinealOrifice

TripleTrianglesoftheGroin

恥骨肌孔的三組三角LateralTriangle

外側三角MedialTriangle

內(nèi)側三角FemoralTriangle

股三角IndirectInguinalHerniaFrequentlyacongenitaldefect

通常是先天缺損Sacprotrudesthroughtheinternalring

疝囊通過內(nèi)環(huán)口突出Sacisinsidecremasterfibers

疝囊被提睪肌包裹Gradedbysizeofring,notsizeofsac

以內(nèi)環(huán)口的大小，而非疝囊大小分類IndirectInguinalHernia

腹股溝斜疝IndirectInguinalHernia

腹股溝斜疝InferiorEpigastrics

腹壁下血管DirectInguinalHerniaWeaknessinfloorofcanal

腹股溝管后壁薄弱Sizeofsaccorrespondstosizeofdefect

疝囊大小與缺損大小相對應Sacconsistsofperitoneumandtransversalisfascia

疝囊壁由腹膜和腹橫筋膜組成DirectInguinalHernia腹股溝直疝DirectInguinalHernia

腹股溝直疝InferiorEpigastrics

腹壁下動靜脈HerniaStatistics

疝氣統(tǒng)計表Estimatedincidenceinthegeneralpopulationis3%

估計有3%的發(fā)病率Male-to-femaleratio:12:12男女患者比率為：12：1Morethan5millionherniarepairs

performedworldwide*

全球已實施五百萬例疝修補術

Tensionvs.Tension-FreeRepairsvarycountrytocountry

采用張力修補或無張力修補在不同的國家有很大的差異Lichtenstein.HerniaRepairWithoutDisability.2nded.St.Louis,MO:IshiyakuEuroamerica,Inc;1986:chapt.2Abrahamsonetal.Maingot’sAbdominalOperations.9thed.Appleton&Lange:EastNorwalk,CT;1990:Chapt.11*SourceWWherniaproceduredatamarketingresearchETHICONdataonfileAdultInguinalHernia

成人腹股溝疝SomeStatistics一些統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)Maletofemaleratiois12:1

男女患者比率為12:16-8%ofallmaleshavesomedegreeofinguinalhernia

6——8%的男性有一定程度的腹股溝疝3%ofpopulation

患者占總人口的3%Electivetoemergencyratiois12:1

擇期手術與急診手術比率為12:1Meanage=60

平均患病年齡60歲MethodsofRepair

修補方法Tension&TensionFree

張力和無張力SurgicalTechniques

外科技術Open開放式手術Anteriorrepair

前壁修補Posteriorrepair

后壁修補Combinedrepair

聯(lián)合修補Laparoscopic腹腔鏡手術Posteriorrepair

后壁修補GoalsofHerniaRepair

疝修補的目標Minimaloperativeandpostoperativediscomfort

減小手術和術后不適Effectiverepair

有效修補疝氣Lowestpossiblerecurrencerate

使復發(fā)幾率降為最低Rapidreturntonormalactivities

迅速恢復正常功能Costeffective

經(jīng)濟實用CurrentHerniaRepairTechniques

當代的疝修補技術Tensionrepairs張力修補Bassini巴西尼手術ShouldiceMcVay(Cooper’sLigament)

McVay（庫珀韌帶）MarcyTension-freemeshrepairs無張力補片修補Lichtenstein平片修補Devices(herniasystems)

疝裝置Laparoscopic腹腔鏡修補TAPP經(jīng)腹腔腹膜前修補TEP完全腹膜外修補TensionRepairs

張力修補巴西尼修補Shouldice修補張力修補AdvantagesofTensionRepair

張力修補的優(yōu)點Easytoperform

易于操作Costeffective

經(jīng)濟實用4.Abrahamson.Maingot’sAbdominalOperations.Vol1.9thed.Appleton&Lange:EastNorwalk,Conn;1990:chap11.5.Lichtenstein.HerniaRepairWithoutDisability.2nded.St.Louis,Mo:IshiyakuEuroamerica,Inc;1986.DisadvantagesofTensionRepairs

張力修補的缺點Highrecurrencerates

高復發(fā)率10%to30%recurrenceratewithprimaryinguinalherniarepair4

首次疝修補后伴隨10%到30%的復發(fā)率Estimated35%orhigherrecurrenceratewithrecurrentherniarepairs5

在再次修補后預計有35%或以上的復發(fā)率Patientdiscomfort

病人疼痛及不適Otherpotentialcomplications其它潛在并發(fā)癥Tension-FreeRepairs

無張力修補Introducedin19841984年引進Improvedresultsoverpriormethodsofrepair在之前的修補方法基礎上取得進展

Openanteriorapproach前路開放手術Steps步驟dealwiththesac處理疝囊meshsuturedtofloorandaroundspermaticcord(betweentransversalisfasciaandexternaloblique)

補片縫扎以覆蓋和包裹精索（在腹橫筋膜和腹外斜肌之間）runningorinterruptedsutures

連續(xù)或間斷縫合Lichtenstein(Onlay)RepairLichtenstein（平片）修補LichtensteinRepairLichtenstein(Onlay)Repair

Lichtenstein（平片）修補LichtensteinTechnique

Lichtenstein技術Advantages優(yōu)點Tension-FreeAnteriorMeshRepair

無張力前壁修補QuickandEasy

簡單快速EasilyTeachable

易于教授Disadvantages缺點NoPosteriorRepair

沒有后壁修補No“Plugging”ofthedefect

缺損處無填充Extensivecontinuousorinterruptedsuturing

需要廣泛的連續(xù)或間段縫扎

BardPerfixPlugRepairEstablishedin1993

于1993年確立

Open,anteriorapproach

開放的前路手術Steps步驟

Dealwiththesac處理疝囊Preperitonealdissection腹膜前分離Pluginsertedintodefect&suturedtotransversalisfasciaincorners

將網(wǎng)塞填充入缺損，邊緣與腹橫筋膜縫合固定Keyholemeshsuturedasonlaytofloorofinguinalcanal

上片修補腹股溝管前壁PlugandPatchRepair

網(wǎng)塞修補BardPerfixPlug&Patch

網(wǎng)塞修補Advantages優(yōu)點Quick&Easy簡單迅速“Plugging”ofdefectwithoptionalanteriormeshoverlay

可任選網(wǎng)片來填塞缺損

Disadvantages缺點Meshshrinkage網(wǎng)片收縮Migration移位Patientdiscomfort患者不適ErosionofashrunkensoftMarlex?plugintothebladderwall.

膀胱壁內(nèi)縮小的軟Marlex?塞的腐蝕情況

ImagecourtesyofParvizK.Amid,MD.3plugsinonepatientwitharecurrence.

一位病人的一次復發(fā)使用三個網(wǎng)塞

ImagecourtesyofKarlLeBlanc,MD.Plug&PatchRepairPerfixPlug&Patch

網(wǎng)塞修補Introducedin1998

1998年確立Asecureposteriorrepairfromasimpleanteriorapproach

由簡單的前入路方法發(fā)展成為安全后壁修補方法Lowestreportedrecurrencerates

低復發(fā)率Lowcost

低成本3pointsofprotection

三點保護8.CombinedAnteriorandPosteriorInguinalHerniaRepair:IntermediaterecurrencerateswiththreegroupsofsurgeonsGilbert,AIetal.Hernia,2004:8:203-207ThePROLENEHerniaSystem(PHS)

普里靈三合一疝裝置(PHS)LaparoscopicHerniorrhaphy

Laparoscopic腔鏡手術TAPP=TransAbdominalPrePeritoneal經(jīng)腹腔腹膜前修補