新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)第四單元課件

新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)第四單元檢測(cè)題答案新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)第四單元檢測(cè)題答案1復(fù)合句1Hemissedthetrain.Hedidnothurry.(because)Hemissedthetrainbecausehedidnothurry.2Heranfast.Hefailedtowintherace.(Although)Althoughheranfast,hefailedtowintherace.3Iwastired.Iwenttosleepimmediately.(so…that)IwassotiredthatIwenttosleepimmediately.復(fù)合句24MyneighbourwenttoTokyoforaholiday.Hecouldnotreturnhome.Hedidnothaveenoughmoney.(who…because)Myneighbour,whowenttoTokyoforaholiday,couldnotreturnhomebecausehedidnothaveenoughmoney.5Ifoundthedoorunlocked.Iwentintothekitchen.(Finding)Findingthedoorunlocked,Iwentintothekitchen.4MyneighbourwenttoTokyof36Iboughtapicture.Itwasveryvaluable.(which)Iboughtapicturewhichwasveryvaluable.7Hewalkedquietlydownthecorridor['k?r?d??]走廊.Hedidnotwantanyonetohearhim.(sothat)Hewalkedquietlydownthecorridorsothatnoonetohearhim.8Theyclearedtheground.Theywantedtobuildahouse.(to)Theyclearedthegroundtobuildahouse.6Iboughtapicture.Itwasv4sothat“以便，為了”，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示目的的狀語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)可與inorderthat換用；從句謂語(yǔ)中常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may/might,can/could,should,would等；主從句間連接緊湊，沒(méi)有逗號(hào)相隔。例：Myoldfatherbegantostudycomputerattheageofsixtysothat(=inorderthat)hemightkeepupwithtimes.父親六十歲時(shí)才開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)電腦，以便跟上時(shí)代。IspendmoretimelearningEnglisheverydaysothat(=inorderthat)Icanmakegreaterprogressthisyear.為了今年取得更大進(jìn)步，我每天用了更多的時(shí)間學(xué)英語(yǔ)。sothat“以便，為了”，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示目的的狀語(yǔ)從句，此5非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也是定語(yǔ)從句的一種，在高中語(yǔ)法知識(shí)中它也是非常重要的一項(xiàng)的，老師們對(duì)于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的講解也是非常重視的。因?yàn)樵诳荚囍薪?jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)該從句的講解，下面大家就跟隨小編一起來(lái)了解該從句的講解。說(shuō)到非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的講解，還要分成不同的部分，首先大家要知道就得就是該從句的作用是什么。其實(shí)它在句子中是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的成分，不會(huì)受到主句的限制，把從句去掉之后，主句仍然是成立的。這也是為什么它會(huì)叫做非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。其次，大家要了解該從句的形式：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞以及主句之間的關(guān)系不甚緊密，因而通常要用逗號(hào)與主句分隔開(kāi)。例如：

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也是定語(yǔ)從句的一種，在高中語(yǔ)法知識(shí)中它也是非6HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic,whoseleadingactorisworldfamous?你看過(guò)“泰坦尼克號(hào)”這部電影嗎?它的男主演可是世界聞名的。Myfriend,whohasservedontheInternationalOlympicCommitteeallhislife,isretiringnextmonth.我有位朋友，他一輩子服務(wù)于國(guó)際奧林匹克委員會(huì)，下個(gè)月就要退休了。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也分成不同的種類，在不同情況下，該從句的使用方法也是不一樣的，在考試中經(jīng)常會(huì)考察大家對(duì)于該從句不同類型的運(yùn)用。如果大家不能很好的掌握這些用法，在考試的時(shí)候就一定會(huì)丟分了，下面就是關(guān)于該從句不同類型的介紹：

HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic7(1)who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句Ourguide，whowasaFrenchCanadian，wasanexcellentcook.我們的向?qū)?，一個(gè)法裔加拿大人，擅長(zhǎng)于烹調(diào)。Mygardener，whoisverypessimistic，saysthattherewillbenoapplesthisyear.我家的園丁非常悲觀，他說(shuō)今年將不結(jié)蘋(píng)果。

(1)who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句8(2)whom引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞whom用于指人，在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞可位于句末。如：Peter,whomyoumetinLondon,isnowbackinParis.彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見(jiàn)過(guò)他。MrSmith，fromwhomIhavelearnedalot，isafamousscientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家，我從他那兒學(xué)了許多東西。

(2)whom引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句9(3)whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。whose通常指人，也可指動(dòng)物或無(wú)生命的事物。如：Theboy,whosefatherisanengineer,studiesveryhard.那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力，他的父親是位工程師。Abovethetreesarethemountainswhosemagnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.在樹(shù)林的高處是山，其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。Theplay，whosestyleisrigidlyformal，istypicaloftheperiod.這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作品，風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。

(3)whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句10(4)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語(yǔ)、其他從句或整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。(4)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句11①which指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動(dòng)物的名詞、表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞以及表示職業(yè)、品格等的名詞。如：Theseappletrees，whichIplantedthreeyearsago，havenotborneanyfruit.這些蘋(píng)果樹(shù)是我三年前栽的，還沒(méi)有結(jié)過(guò)果實(shí)。Sheisanartist，whichIamnot.她是一位藝術(shù)家，而我不是。Water，whichisaclearliquid，hasmanyuses.水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。Thetwopolicemenwerecompletelytrusted，whichinfacttheywere.那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任，事實(shí)上，也真是如此。②which指代主句中的形容詞。如：Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren，whichherhusbandseldomwas.她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。Sheisalwayscareless，whichweshouldnotbe.她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。

①which指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰12③which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。如：Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore，whichwasnottrue.他說(shuō)以前從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她，這不是真的。④which指代整個(gè)主句。如：Inthepresenceofsomanypeoplehewaslittletense,whichwasunderstandable.在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張，這是可以理解的。Hemayhaveacuteappendicitis，inwhichcasehewillhavetobeoperatedon.他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork，whichheoftenwas，hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.他經(jīng)常聚精會(huì)神地工作，這時(shí)他會(huì)廢寢忘食。(5)when引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞when在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，指代主句中表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。如：HewillputoffthepicnicuntilMay1st,whenhewillbefree.他將把郊游推遲到5月1號(hào)，那時(shí)他將有空。(6)where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞where在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，指代主句中表示地點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。如：TheywenttoLondon，wheretheylivedforsixmonths.他們?nèi)チ藗惗?，在那兒呆了六個(gè)月的時(shí)間。Theyreachedthereyesterday,whereanegotiationofsalewillbeheld.他們昨天抵達(dá)那里,有一個(gè)關(guān)于銷售的談判在那兒舉行。(7)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句③which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。如：13as引出非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明但通常用于像asweallaknow,asitisknow,asisknowtoall,asitis,asissaidabove,asalwaysmentionedabove,asisusual,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。as有“正如……，就像……”之意。如：AsitknowntotheUnitedStates,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.美國(guó)人都知道，馬克?吐溫是一位偉大的美國(guó)作家。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))Heforgottobringhispenwithhim,aswasoftenthecase.他忘了帶筆，這是常事。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))Heisabsorbedinwork,asheoftenwas.他正在全神貫注地工作，他過(guò)去經(jīng)常這樣。(as在從句中作表語(yǔ))Boyashewas，hewaschosenking.他雖是孩子，卻被選為國(guó)王。(as在從句中作表語(yǔ))asweallknow,theearthisround.眾所周知，地球是圓的。(as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))Thetwobrothersweresatisfiedwiththisdecision，aswasagreedbeforehand.兩兄弟對(duì)此決定都滿意，這項(xiàng)決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))Taiwanis，asyouknow，aninseparablepartofChina.你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))

as引出非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明但14(8)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)并不代表主句中某一確定的詞，而是概括整個(gè)主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配。Theywereshortofstickstomakeframesfortheclimbingvines，withoutwhichtheyieldwouldbehalved.他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒，沒(méi)有它們產(chǎn)量會(huì)減少一半。TheythankedTom，withoutwhosesupporttheywouldnothavesucceeded.這些鄰居是北京來(lái)的，昨天我被介紹同他們認(rèn)識(shí)了。(9)“名詞/代詞+of+which/whom”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句Itnowhas20，000hectaresofland，morethantwo-thirdsofwhichareundercultivation.現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬(wàn)公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。Lightisthefastthingintheworld,thespeedofwhichis300.000kilometeThereare30chairsinthesmallhall,mostofwhicharenew.大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。hetextilemillhasover8，000workersandstaff，eightypercentofwhomarewomen.這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十。(8)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在介詞后引15通過(guò)對(duì)該從句的講解，大家可以看出，它的種類真的是非常多，不同的詞語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)的從句用法都是不同的，大家要學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分不同用法所表示的含義。雖然該從句在選擇題中考察的非常多，但是大家在閱讀題中也會(huì)看見(jiàn)這樣的從句，所以說(shuō)，大家學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)并不只是為了語(yǔ)法的題目，它對(duì)于大家整個(gè)英語(yǔ)水平的提升都是非常有幫助的。除此之外大家還要注意一些非限制性定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的特殊情況：1.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不可用that引導(dǎo)，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中用who(作主語(yǔ))/whom(作賓語(yǔ))指人，用which(作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ))指物，用whose作定語(yǔ)(指人/物)。例如：Thefamousbasketballstar,whotriedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotofattention.這位試圖打反擊的著名籃球明星吸引了眾人的關(guān)注。Thefilm,whosedirectorisanoldman,isveryinstructive.這部電影很有教育意義，它的導(dǎo)演是位老人。2.關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略，若指人時(shí)，只用whom，不用who。例如：York,whichIvisitedlastyear,isaniceoldcity.我去年訪問(wèn)過(guò)的約克是個(gè)古老而美麗的城市。PleasegivethebooktoJessica,whomwemetinthehalljustnow.請(qǐng)把這本書(shū)交給杰西卡，就是剛才我們?cè)诖髲d里遇到的那位。3.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不可用why引導(dǎo)，需用forwhich替代why。例如：Noneofusacceptedthereasonheexplained,forwhichhewasabsent.我們沒(méi)有一個(gè)人接受他所解釋的缺席的理由。通過(guò)對(duì)該從句的講解，大家可以看出，它的種類真的是非常多，16限制性定語(yǔ)從句：限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起限制、修飾的作用，關(guān)系代詞有that,which,whom,who,whose以及關(guān)系副詞when,where等，沒(méi)有明顯的逗號(hào)把從句與主語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，表達(dá)的意思為被修飾詞的一個(gè)定語(yǔ)。例句：Doyouknowtheprofessorwhoisspeakingatthemeeting?WhereisthebookwhichIboughtthismorning?非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：作用相當(dāng)于一種插入語(yǔ)或者對(duì)先行詞的一種解釋，和先行詞之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系，文字中常常用逗號(hào)將其與主句分開(kāi)，用法其實(shí)與限制性定語(yǔ)從句極為相似，只是不能用that做修飾詞。例句：Thisletterisfromhisparents,whoareworkinginTibet.Englishiisanimportantsubject,whicheverystudentsshouldstudywell.Thebuilding,infrontofwhichsataboy,wasaschool.限制性定語(yǔ)從句：17一、定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性）2)當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的，例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞,對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾,這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。一、18二、從形式上看，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞緊緊相連，兩者沒(méi)有停頓；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。從意義上講，限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾先行詞，兩者密不可分；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅僅對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充性敘述或說(shuō)明，兩者關(guān)系不那么緊密。由于兩種定語(yǔ)從句存在著這些區(qū)別，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句多半譯成漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ)，修飾其后的先行詞，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則往往譯成后置的并列從句。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。通常對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句處理如下：（1）限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)Theseneighborhoodsfrequentlyrecreatemuchofthecultureandthevaluesofthenationalitythatmakesupthemajorityofthepopulation.這些居民區(qū)經(jīng)常再現(xiàn)構(gòu)成大多數(shù)居民的大量民族文化和價(jià)值觀念。（2）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列分句Inalmostalldevelopingcountries,economicdevelopmentdependsupongrowthinexporttrade,whichinturncreatesjobsandraiseslivingstandards.幾乎所有的發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展都依賴于出口貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)，而出口的增長(zhǎng)又有助于創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和提高人民的生活水平。但是，有時(shí)候因?yàn)橐馑忌系年P(guān)系，或者出于漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的考慮，要把限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列分句，而把非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)。（3）限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列從句EachteamplaystenorelevengameseachseasonwhichbeginsinSeptemberandendsinNovember.每個(gè)隊(duì)每賽季參加十到十一場(chǎng)比賽，每個(gè)賽季九月份開(kāi)始，十一月份結(jié)束。（4）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)Heappearedtobereturninghomefromawalk,forhisbuckleshoes,whichfollowedafashionlongsinceoutofdate,werecoveredwithdust.他好象是散步之后回家去，因?yàn)樗窃缫堰^(guò)時(shí)的扣鞋上布滿了灰塵。（5）有的定語(yǔ)從句，從意義上看實(shí)際相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示原因，目的，結(jié)果，讓步等關(guān)系。這樣的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)譯出漢語(yǔ)的偏正復(fù)句，但是要加上相應(yīng)的連接詞以表明其與主句的關(guān)系。Norwayis,quitenaturally,payinggreatattentiontodevelopmentsinEuropeandintheAtlanticcommunity,whicharesoinstrumentaltothemaintenanceofpeaceandsecurityinourpartoftheworld.挪威自然十分關(guān)切歐洲和大西洋國(guó)家的發(fā)展，因?yàn)檫@些發(fā)展大大有助于維護(hù)世界上我們這一地區(qū)的和平和安全說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。二、19二、從形式上看，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞緊緊相連，兩者沒(méi)有停頓；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。從意義上講，限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾先行詞，兩者密不可分；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅僅對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充性敘述或說(shuō)明，兩者關(guān)系不那么緊密。由于兩種定語(yǔ)從句存在著這些區(qū)別，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句多半譯成漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ)，修飾其后的先行詞，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則往往譯成后置的并列從句。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。通常對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句處理如下：（1）限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)Theseneighborhoodsfrequentlyrecreatemuchofthecultureandthevaluesofthenationalitythatmakesupthemajorityofthepopulation.這些居民區(qū)經(jīng)常再現(xiàn)構(gòu)成大多數(shù)居民的大量民族文化和價(jià)值觀念。（2）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列分句Inalmostalldevelopingcountries,economicdevelopmentdependsupongrowthinexporttrade,whichinturncreatesjobsandraiseslivingstandards.幾乎所有的發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展都依賴于出口貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)，而出口的增長(zhǎng)又有助于創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和提高人民的生活水平。但是，有時(shí)候因?yàn)橐馑忌系年P(guān)系，或者出于漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的考慮，要把限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列分句，而把非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)。（3）限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列從句EachteamplaystenorelevengameseachseasonwhichbeginsinSeptemberandendsinNovember.每個(gè)隊(duì)每賽季參加十到十一場(chǎng)比賽，每個(gè)賽季九月份開(kāi)始，十一月份結(jié)束。（4）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)Heappearedtobereturninghomefromawalk,forhisbuckleshoes,whichfollowedafashionlongsinceoutofdate,werecoveredwithdust.他好象是散步之后回家去，因?yàn)樗窃缫堰^(guò)時(shí)的扣鞋上布滿了灰塵。（5）有的定語(yǔ)從句，從意義上看實(shí)際相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示原因，目的，結(jié)果，讓步等關(guān)系。這樣的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)譯出漢語(yǔ)的偏正復(fù)句，但是要加上相應(yīng)的連接詞以表明其與主句的關(guān)系。Norwayis,quitenaturally,payinggreatattentiontodevelopmentsinEuropeandintheAtlanticcommunity,whicharesoinstrumentaltothemaintenanceofpeaceandsecurityinourpartoftheworld.挪威自然十分關(guān)切歐洲和大西洋國(guó)家的發(fā)展，因?yàn)檫@些發(fā)展大大有助于維護(hù)世界上我們這一地區(qū)的和平和安全說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。三、下面是些例題，你做做看。二、20一、that不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：【考例一】Sheheardtheterriblenoise,________broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that【解析】選B。后半句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，盡管先行詞noise屬于事物，也不能用that而要用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。which指代noise，在從句中作主語(yǔ)。二、除which外，還可用when，where，whose，whom等引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)相同。如：Nextmonth,whenyoullspendyoursummerholidaysinyourhometown,isapproaching.下個(gè)月即將來(lái)臨，屆時(shí)你們將在家鄉(xiāng)度暑假。(關(guān)系副詞when指代表示時(shí)間的名詞nextmonth，并作從句的狀語(yǔ)。)SheisgoingtoliveinMacao,whereshehassomeclosefriends.她要到澳門(mén)去居住，在那里她有幾個(gè)密友。(關(guān)系副詞where指代表示地點(diǎn)的名詞Macao，并在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。)【考例二】RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,________wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose一、that不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：21【解析】選B。whose在從句中作表示所屬關(guān)系的定語(yǔ)，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物時(shí)，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為ofwhich；指人時(shí)?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為ofwhom?！究祭縄ntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30pm,______manypeoplehavegonehome.A.whosetimeB.thatC.onwhichD.bywhichtime【解析】先行詞5:30pm與time之間是一種同位關(guān)系，可用which來(lái)作定語(yǔ)替代。從句中的完成狀態(tài)，常與by短語(yǔ)連用。故選D。三、在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：Hewaseagertogotothehospitaltoseehisstepmother,whomhelovedashisownmother.他迫切地想到醫(yī)院去看望他的繼母，他把繼母當(dāng)自己的親媽媽一樣愛(ài)戴。四、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞which，既可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整句的含義。如：【考例四】Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,________madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what【解析】選B。指代“Dorothy總是高度評(píng)價(jià)自己在那場(chǎng)戲中所擔(dān)任的角色”的整個(gè)事件?！窘馕觥窟xB。whose在從句中作表示所屬關(guān)系的定語(yǔ)，既可指22【考例五】CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,________personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which【解析】表示時(shí)間的名詞October，用“我個(gè)人非常懷疑”來(lái)修飾，意思不通。應(yīng)該修飾整個(gè)主句，表示對(duì)“Carol說(shuō)在十月前能做好這項(xiàng)工作”懷疑。故選D。五、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)as和which的差異：從句置于句首時(shí)，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用as引導(dǎo)，而置于句末時(shí)，兩者都可以使用。如：【考例六】________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What【解析】逗號(hào)表明為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。選B。【考例七】________ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorhighschoolsisincreasing.A.WhichB.AsC.ThatD.It【解析】答案為B。與考例六同理。【考例五】Carolsaidtheworkwould23BComposition

Writetwoorthreesentencesusingtheideasgivenbelow.

Aworkmanwasdigginginafield---strucka6000-voltelectricity電力電流cable電纜withhisspade鐵鍬---wasthrowntwentyfeet---unhurt---townwasindarkness---nooneknewwhathadhappened.BComposition

Writetwoorthr24Oneday,aworkmanwasdigginginafield.Accidentally意外地hestrucka6000-voltelectricitycablewithhisspade.Althoughhewasthrowntwentyfeetfar,Luckily,hewasunhurt.Howeverthewholetownwasindarknessandnooneknewwhathadhappened.Oneday,aworkmanwasdigging25

CVerbsaThesethingsalwayshappen.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

‘Let’seathere,’Isaidtomywife.‘I‘d(would)prefer(prefer)tohaveadrinkfirst,’sheanswered.‘That’sagoodidea,’Isaid.Ipickedupthemenu菜單.‘Idon’tunderstand(notunderstand)athing,’Isaid.‘It’sallinSpanish.’‘Itdoesn’tmatter(notmatter),’saidmywife.‘Whatdoesthatwordmean(mean)?’Iasked.‘Idon’tknow(notknow),’sheanswered.Wecalledthewaiterandpointedtothewordonthemenu.‘Two,’Isaid,holdingup舉起twofingers.Aftersometime,mywifesaidsuddenly,‘Look!Heisbringing(bring)ustwoboiledeggs!’

CVerbsaThesethingsalways26一般過(guò)去時(shí)Myfriend,Hugh,[hju:]hasalwaysbeenfat,butthingsgot(get)sobadrecentlythathedecided(decide)togoonadiet.Hebegan(begin)hisdietaweekago.Firstofall,hewrote(write)outalonglistofallthefoodwhichwereforbidden.Thislistincluded(include)mostofthethingsHughloves.YesterdayIpaid(pay)himavisit.Irang(ring)thebellandwasnotsurprised(notsurprise)toseethatHughwasstillasfatasever.Heled(lead)meintohisroomandhurriedlyhid(hide)alargeparcelunderhisdesk.Itwasobviousthathewasembarrassed(embarrass).很尷尬一般過(guò)去時(shí)27一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Jacklooked(look)athiswatchforthetwentiethtime.SuddenlyJillarrived(arrive).‘Ihavebeenwaiting(wait)foroveranhour,’hesaid(say)angrily.‘Younevercomeontime.’‘Oh,isthatso?’Jillanswered(answer).‘Were(Be)youhereat2.30?’Jackwent(go)red.‘Well,’hesaid(say),‘Igot(get)herefiveminuteslatemyself,butyouweren’t(notbe)here.’‘Icame(come)hereatexactly2.30,’Jillsaid(say)andIwaited(wait)forfiveminutes,butyoudidnotcome(notcome).’‘Whathaveyoubeendoing(do)sincethen?’Jackasked(ask)‘Ijusthavebeen(be)tothehairdresser’s,’Jillanswered(answer)brightly.一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Jacklooked28過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)和表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作Givethecorrectformoftheverbsinparentheses.Usewouldinplaceofusedtowherepossible.可能的情況下，用would代替usedto.Dreamsoffindinglosttreasurealmostcame(come)truerecently.Anewmachinecalled‘TheRevealer’hasbeeninventedandithasbeenusedtodetectgoldwhichhasbeenburiedintheground.Themachinewasused(use)inacaveneartheseashorewhere—itissaid---piratesusedtohide(hide)gold.Thepirateswouldoftenbury/oftenburied(bury)goldinthecaveandthen(would)fail/failed(fail)tocollectit.Armedwhitthenewmachine,asearchpartywent(go)intothecavehopingtofindburiedtreasure.Theleaderofthepartywasexamining(examine)thesoilneartheentrancetothecavewhenthemachineshowed(show)thattherewas(be)goldundertheground.Veryexcited,thepartydug(dig)aholetwofeetdeep.Theyfinallyfound(find)asmallgoldcoinwhichwasalmostworthless.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)和表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作Givethe29一般將來(lái)時(shí)Alifeboatwillset/issetting(set)outtonighttosearchfortheshipwreck失事船只.Thecrew船員willsend(send)radiomessagestothewreck失事船只untiltheyreceive(receive)asignalfromthemenonboard.在船（火車、飛機(jī)）上。Assoonastheyreceive/havereceived(receive)asignal,theywilltryandfindthewreckwithpowerfulsearchlights.Themomentthecrewlocate/havelocated(locate查找……地)thewrek,theywillfire(fire)aspecialgunwhichcarry(carry)aropefromthelifeboattothesinking下沉ship.Iftheseaisrough不平靜的,theywillpour(pour倒)oilonthewater.Theyaresuretosucceed,butiftheyfail,ahelicopterwillbesent(send)outtomorrowmorning.Helicoptersareveryusefulforrescue救援work,buttheycannotbeusedatnight.一般將來(lái)時(shí)Alifeboatwillset/isse30將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的區(qū)別

一、一般將來(lái)時(shí)是指將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語(yǔ)+will/begoingtodo.例如：1.Iwill/amgoingtoBeijingnextSunday.我下個(gè)星期天將要去北京。2.Whatwillyoudotomorrow?你明天干什么？將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)是指將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)是：主語(yǔ)+willbe/begoingtobe+doing如：1.Iwillbesleepingat12:00p.m.十二點(diǎn)的時(shí)候我將在睡覺(jué)。2.Iwillbestudyinginuniversityattheageof20.我20歲的時(shí)候我將會(huì)在大學(xué)里學(xué)習(xí)3.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?明天這個(gè)時(shí)候你會(huì)在做什么呢？將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的區(qū)別

一、一般將來(lái)時(shí)是指將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間31二、兩者均可表示將來(lái)，但用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)語(yǔ)氣更委婉，比較：1.Whenwillyoufinishtheseletters?你什么什候處理完這些信件？(直接詢問(wèn)，如上司對(duì)下屬)2.WhenwillyoubeseeingMrWhite?你什么時(shí)候見(jiàn)懷特先生？(委婉地詢問(wèn)，如下屬對(duì)上司)3.Whenwillyoupaybackthemoney?你什么時(shí)候還錢？(似乎在直接討債)4.Whenwillyoubepayingbackthemoney?這錢你什么時(shí)候還呢？(委婉地商量)二、兩者均可表示將來(lái)，但用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)語(yǔ)氣更委婉，比較：32三、有時(shí)一般將來(lái)中的will含有“愿意”的意思，而用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)則只是單純地談未來(lái)情況：1.Marywon’tpaythisbill.瑪麗不肯付這筆錢。(表意愿)2.Marywon’tbepayingthisbill.不會(huì)由瑪麗來(lái)付錢。(單純談未來(lái)情況)

三、有時(shí)一般將來(lái)中的will含有“愿意”的意思，而用將來(lái)進(jìn)行33一般將來(lái)時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)NASAisnowgoingtoputthetelescoperight,soitwillbesoonsending(soon/send)upfourastronautstorepairit.Theshuttle航天飛機(jī)Endeavour奮進(jìn)號(hào)willbetaking(take)theastronautstotheHubble.Arobot-armfromtheEndeavourwillgrab(grab)thetelescopeandholditwhiletheastronautsmakethenecessaryrepairs.Ofcourse,theHubbleisabovetheearth’satmosphere,soitwillbesoonsending(soon/send)ustheclearestpicturesofthestarsanddistantgalaxiesthatwehaveeverseen.TheHubblewilltell(tell)usagreatdealabouttheageandsizeoftheuniverse.Bythetimeyouread,theHubble’seagleeyewillhavesent(send)usthousandsandthousandsofwonderfulpictures.一般將來(lái)時(shí)，將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)NASA34一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)AfterHowardCarterhaddiscovered(discover)Tutankhamen’stomb,strangereportsappeared(appear)inthenewspapers.Threeofthepeoplewhohadtaken(take)partinthediscoverydied(die)soonafterwards.Thoughnothinghappened(happen)toCarterhimself,newspapersclaimed(claim)thatthesepeoplehaddied(die)becauseofthe‘curseofthePharaohs’法老.Theseabsurd荒唐可笑的storieshavebeenforgotten,butCarter’sgreatdiscoveryremains.Archaeologists考古學(xué)家hadbeensearching(search)theValleyofKingsforyears,butuntil1922nothinghadbeenfound(find).一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)AfterHowar35過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，因此無(wú)人稱變化。

二、用法歸納■過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作(可算是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的過(guò)去式)：Thegroundwaswet.Ithadbeenraining.地是濕的。此前一直在下雨。Atlastthebuscame.Ihadbeenwaitingforhalfanhour.最后公共汽車來(lái)了，我已等了半小時(shí)。Shewasoutofbreath.Shehadbeenrunning.她氣喘吁吁，她一直在跑來(lái)著。Hegaveupsmokinglastyear.He’dbeensmokingfortwentyyears.去年他戒煙了。他抽煙已經(jīng)二十年。

過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

一、結(jié)構(gòu)形式36■過(guò)去時(shí)間可用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示：WhenIfirstmether,shehadbeenworkinginthecompanyfortenyears.我第一次見(jiàn)到她時(shí)，她在那家公司已工作十年了。Ihadnotbeenwaitinglongwhenataxidrewup.我沒(méi)等多久就來(lái)了一輛出租車。Shehadbeenlookingattheparcelforsometimebeforesherealizedthatitwasforhermother.這包裹她看了好一會(huì)兒才明白這是寄給她媽的。Until/Uptillthenshehadbeenlivingwithherdaughter.到那時(shí)為止她一直和她女兒一起住。

■過(guò)去時(shí)間可用一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示：37■但在更多情況下過(guò)去時(shí)間由另一句子表示出來(lái)，毋需加上時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：Hereyeswerered.Itwasobviousshehadbeencrying.她眼睛紅紅的，顯然她是哭了。Janewasannoyed.Peterhadbeenphoninghereverynight.簡(jiǎn)很不高興。彼得一直每晚給打電話。Hewasverytired.Hehadbeenworkingallday.他很累。他干了一整天活。Shecouldn’tunderstandhim.Shehadn’tbeenlearningEnglishlong.她不懂他的話。她學(xué)語(yǔ)的時(shí)間還不長(zhǎng)。Iwokeup—Ihadbeenhavingabaddream.我醒了，我做了個(gè)惡夢(mèng)?！龅诟嗲闆r下過(guò)去時(shí)間由另一句子表示出來(lái)，毋需加上時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)38Shewasverytired.Shehadbeentypinglettersallday.她很累了。她整天都在打信件。Hereyeswerered.Itwasobviousshehadbeencrying.她的眼睛紅了，顯然她剛哭過(guò)。Wehadbeendoingbusinesswitheachotherforyearsbeforewequarrelled.在吵翻之前，我們多年來(lái)在業(yè)務(wù)上一直來(lái)往。WhenIfirstmetAnn,shehadbeenworkingforExxonfor15years.我第一次遇到安的時(shí)候，她已在?？松靖闪?5年了。Jennywasannoyed.Jimhadbeenphoninghereverynightforawholeweek.詹妮生氣了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都給她打電話。

Shewasverytired.Shehadbe39綜合測(cè)驗(yàn)Iwastaking(take)mydrivingtestforthethirdtime.Ihadbeenasked(ask)todriveinheavytrafficandhaddonesosuccessfully.Afterhavingbeeninstructed(have/instruct)todriveoutoftown,Ibegantoacquireconfidence.SurethatIhadpassed,Iwasalmostbeginningtoenjoymytest.Theexaminermusthavebeenpleased(must/please)withmyperformance,forhesmiledandsaid,‘Justonemorething,Mr.Eames.Letussupposethatachildsuddenlycrossestheroadinfrontofyou.AssoonasItaponthewindow,Iwantthecartobestoppedimmediately.’Icontinueddrivingandaftersometime,theexaminertappedloudly.Thoughthesoundcouldbeheard(could/hear)clearly,ittookmealongtimetoreact.Isuddenlypressedthebrakepedalhardandwewereboththrown(throw)forward.綜合測(cè)驗(yàn)Iwastaking(take)mydri40直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)1‘Keepquiet!’hesaid.WhatdidhetellmetodoHetoldme(that)tokeepquiet.2‘Sendhimatelegram電報(bào),’hesuggested.Whatdidhesuggest?Hesuggested(that)Ishouldsendhimatelegram.Hesuggestedsendinghimatelegram.直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)1‘Keepquiet!’hesa413‘Askhimaboutit,’heinsisted.Whatdidhedo?Heinsistedon堅(jiān)決要求myaskinghimaboutit.Heinsisted(that)Ishouldaskhimaboutit.4‘Don’tworryaboutit,’hetoldme.Whatdidhetellme?Hetoldmenotworryaboutit.3‘Askhimaboutit,’heinsis42wonder改寫(xiě)句子1Canhe

waitafewminuteslonger?Iwonderifhecanwaitafewminuteslonger.2Whenwillhearrive?Iwonderwhenhewillarrive.3Hashepassedhisexamination?Iwonderifhehaspassedhisexamination?4Whereishe?Iwonderwhereheis.wonder改寫(xiě)句子1Canhewaitafew43虛擬語(yǔ)氣1Ifyouhadlistened(listen)tomeyouwouldnothavelostallthatmoney.2Icouldhavesavedyoualotoftroubleifyouhadwritten(write)tome.3Ifyouhadapplied申請(qǐng)earlier，youwouldhavehad(have)yourpassportbynow.虛擬語(yǔ)氣1Ifyouhadlistened(lis44動(dòng)名詞Icrossedthestreettoavoid避開(kāi)meeting(meet)him,buthesawmeandcamerunning(run)towardsme.Itwasnousepretending(pretend假裝)thatIhadnotseenhim,soIwavedtohim.Ineverenjoymeeting(meet).NigelDykes.Nomatterhowbusyyouare,healwaysinsistsoncoming(come)withyou.Ihadtothinkofawayofpreventing(prevent)himfromfollowing(follow)mearoundallmorning.‘Hello,Nigel,’Isaid.‘Fancymeeting(meet)youhere!’‘Hi,Elizabeth,’Nigelanswered.‘Iwasjustwonderinghowtospendthemorning---untilIsawyou.You’renotbusydoing(do)anything,areyou?’‘No,notatall,’Ianswered.‘I’mgoingto…’‘Wouldyoumindmycoming(come)withyou?’heasked,beforeIhadfinishedspeaking(speak).動(dòng)名詞Icrossedthestreettoavo45情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1Heshould/oughttocome(come)atfouro’clockiftheplanearriveontime.2Ididn’tgoshoppingthismorningasIhadtodo(do)thehousework.3Sheshouldhave/oughttohavecome(come)toseemeyesterday,butsheforgot.4Youshouldhave/oughttohaveasked(ask)forpermissionbeforeyouleftthetable.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞46have的用法1Heisbuildinganewhouse.Heishavinganewhousebuilt2Shewillmakeanewdress.Shewillhaveanewdressmade.3Icutmyhairyesterday.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.4Wemustcutthistreedown.Wemusthavethistreecutdown.have的用法1Heisbuildinganew47managetodosth.成功地做到（了）某事，是有明確結(jié)果的。也就是說(shuō)Amanagedtodosth.=Asucceededindoingsth.trytodosth.指的是努力做某事，trydoingsth.意思是試著做某事。managetodosth.48HemanagedtoescapetoSouthAmerica.他設(shè)法逃到了南美。HetriedtoescapetoSouthAmerica.他設(shè)法要逃到南美去。AtlastImanagedtopersuadehertostay.我終于說(shuō)服了她留下。Itriedtopersuadehertostay,butshewouldn’tlisten.我設(shè)法要她留下，但她不聽(tīng)。HemanagedtoescapetoSouth49managedto和couldnot1Icouldnotgetintotownthismorning.Ididnotmanagetogetintotownthismorning.2Theycouldnotfindtheboywhohadrunaway.Theydidnotmanagetofindtheboywhohadrunaway.3Hecouldnotfindanewjob.Hedidnotmanagetofindanewjob.4IcouldnottranslatethepassageintoEnglish.IdidnotmanagetotranslatethepassageintoEnglish.managedto和couldnot50冠詞After___breakfast,Isent_the__childrento___schoolandthenIwentto_(the)__market.ItwasstillearlywhenIreturnedhome._The__childrenwereat_the__school,myhusbandwasat___work,andthe___housewasquiet.SoIdecidedtomakesome___tarts果餡餅for___tea.In_a__shorttimeIwasbusymixing___butterand___flourandmyhandsweresooncoveredwith___stickypastry.Atexactlythatmoment,the___telephonerang.Nothingcouldhavebeenmoreannoying.Ipickedupthe___receiverbetween___twostickyfingersandwasdismayedwhenIrecognized__the_voiceofHelenBates.Ittookmetenminutestopersuadehertoringbacklater.AtlastIhungupthe___receiver.What_a__mess!Therewas___pastryonmyfingers,onthe___telephone,andon__t