課程設(shè)計-磚混結(jié)構(gòu)室內(nèi)裝修及連續(xù)循環(huán)鉆柱外文翻譯

磚混結(jié)構(gòu)室內(nèi)裝修一、工程概況1、工程名稱：經(jīng)濟適用房住宅小區(qū)1#樓室內(nèi)裝修工程2、工程性質(zhì)：室內(nèi)裝修3、工程規(guī)模：本工程為磚混結(jié)構(gòu)多層居住房屋共1棟。每棟均為四個單元組五層。4、工程內(nèi)容：地面工程，墻面裝飾，吊頂裝飾，電路燈具，衛(wèi)浴潔具安裝等工程。5、計劃工期：計劃開工日期：6、計劃竣工日期：7、計劃總工期：家庭裝飾裝修基本要求及部署1、房屋業(yè)產(chǎn)有責(zé)任提供裝修所需的相關(guān)資料。2、由于房屋主體結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量造成的裝飾裝修質(zhì)量無法達到驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，施工企業(yè)不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。3、裝飾裝修不得使用國家明令禁止的裝飾材料。不得使用不合格裝飾材料產(chǎn)品，裝飾材料應(yīng)有產(chǎn)品合格證或質(zhì)保書。因裝飾材料引起的工程質(zhì)量問題，由施工方(材料供應(yīng)商)負責(zé)。4、家居裝修應(yīng)保證建筑工程質(zhì)量和結(jié)構(gòu)安全，符合物業(yè)管理、消防、供水、供電、燃氣、環(huán)境保護等有關(guān)規(guī)定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴禁拆改和損壞主體及承重結(jié)構(gòu)。家居裝修不得涉及公共設(shè)施、公共空間，不得因裝修影響相鄰房的安全及使用環(huán)境。5、家居裝修不得改變給排水、供電、電訊、煤氣等原管線系統(tǒng)，禁止擅自施工。6、燃氣設(shè)施的安裝，必須由具有燃氣安裝資質(zhì)證書的單位承擔(dān)。7、施工單位裝修前應(yīng)提醒客戶進行防火及白蟻防治處理。三、施工準(zhǔn)備（一）防水工程1房屋室內(nèi)裝修時，衛(wèi)生間、廚房必須防水、防漏處理。2防水涂塵均勻，衛(wèi)生間墻面防水層面高度為300mm-1800mm。3防水涂層干透后，應(yīng)做滲水試驗不少于48小時，浸水高度不低于30cm。（二）衛(wèi)生器具及管道安裝工程1衛(wèi)生器具品種、規(guī)格、顏色應(yīng)符合設(shè)計或客戶要求。2衛(wèi)生器具的安裝位置應(yīng)符合以下要求：蹲式大便器排水孔的中心縱向距墻體面不小于400MM;坐式大便器排水孔的中心縱向距墻體面不小于300MM;坐面距地面的高度為300MM，小便器口距地面為600MM;洗臉，洗手盆盆口邊距地面約800MM，浴盆的上口邊距地面不大于500MM。3衛(wèi)生器具安裝牢固平穩(wěn)，無操作;給排水管道及附件連接嚴密不滲漏。4暗設(shè)給水管道必須在封閉前進行加壓測試。5衛(wèi)生器具和各種給排水管在穿過樓層時周邊應(yīng)作防水處理。（三）電器工程1從事裝飾工程的電工人員必須持有國家有關(guān)部門發(fā)放的電工上崗證。2進入樓房用總電源必須是三相五線制，進入各用戶電源必須是單相三線制(相、零、地)，各類箱、盒必須接地，其接地電阻≤4Ω以下。3安裝復(fù)雜電路前，應(yīng)查看電表容量，根據(jù)用戶和設(shè)計要求選用導(dǎo)線截面積，繪制線路圖，并標(biāo)明線路的走向(包括高度)，導(dǎo)線截面積和規(guī)格型號，完工后向用戶提交圖紙、照片或光盤。4家用工程電器設(shè)備材料，必須是國家合格產(chǎn)品。5開關(guān)、插座安裝施工要點：相線應(yīng)經(jīng)開關(guān)控制，開關(guān)通斷位置應(yīng)一致，且操作靈活接觸可靠。1.3M以下(含1.3M)應(yīng)安裝安全型插座。6配電箱內(nèi)應(yīng)設(shè)漏電斷路器，動作電流不應(yīng)大于30MA(公裝按具體定)，必須有過負荷、過電流保護功能，二次出線，分別控制照明、動力(空調(diào))、插座。7室內(nèi)配管，管內(nèi)導(dǎo)線的總截面積不應(yīng)超過管內(nèi)徑截面積的40%，管內(nèi)不得有接頭和扭結(jié)，電線、電話線、電視線、網(wǎng)絡(luò)線等不得安裝在同一管內(nèi)。8單相兩孔插座，面對插座的右孔或上孔與相線相接，左孔或下孔與零線相接;單相三孔插座，面對插座的右孔與相線相接，左孔與零線相接，接地線應(yīng)在上孔，插座的接地端子不應(yīng)與零線端子直接。9并列安裝的開關(guān)、插座距地面高度應(yīng)一致，高度差距不應(yīng)大于100mm。10電氣線路與熱水管平衡鋪設(shè)距離不小于500mm，與燃氣管道平行鋪設(shè)距離也不可小于60mm。（四）地面工程1木地板的材質(zhì)品種、等級和鋪設(shè)時的含水率應(yīng)符合國家有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，達到合格要求。鋪設(shè)地面應(yīng)做防潮處理。2木擱柵、毛地板和墊木等應(yīng)作防腐處理。木擱柵(地龍骨)必須安裝牢固、平直、符合設(shè)計要求。3木板直接與基層粘貼應(yīng)粘結(jié)牢固。4木質(zhì)地板面層刨平磨光，無刨痕、接茬和毛刺等缺限。5企口木板固定牢固，面層縫隙嚴密，接頭位置錯開，表面潔凈。6拼花木板面層接縫對齊，粘釘嚴密，縫隙寬度均勻一致，表面潔凈，粘結(jié)無溢膠。7木地板若燙蠟、擦軟蠟，蠟應(yīng)保證灑色均勻、不露底;光滑明亮、色澤一致、厚薄均勻，木紋清楚，表面潔凈。8石材、墻地磚施工前須對其規(guī)格、色差、顏色、飾面板表面有無劃痕、缺凌掉角等質(zhì)量缺陷進行檢查。9石材、瓷磚鋪設(shè)應(yīng)平整牢固，接縫平直，無歪斜、無污積和漿痕，表面潔凈，顏色協(xié)調(diào)，接縫高度允許偏差0.5mm,接縫寬度0.2mm,表面總體平整度不大于2mm。10瓷磚、地磚空鼓面積應(yīng)不超過施工總面積的3%,單塊空鼓面積不得超過20%。11地毯應(yīng)固定牢固，地毯平整，不起色，不凹陷，不翹邊，圖案符合要求，絨面順光一致，表面干凈，無油污、損傷。12地毯收口合理，順直，收口壓條牢固。（五）吊頂工程1吊頂工程所用材料的品種、規(guī)格、顏色以及基層的構(gòu)造，固定方法應(yīng)按設(shè)計要求，并符合現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2所有龍骨結(jié)構(gòu)表面平整、線格平直、固定牢固。3各類罩面板不應(yīng)有氣泡、起皮、皺紋、缺角、污穢和圖案缺損，表面應(yīng)平整，邊緣應(yīng)整齊，色澤應(yīng)一致。4吊頂四周水平允許偏差5MM。5紙面石膏面板一般用鍍鋅螺絲固定在木(鋼)龍骨上，釘頭應(yīng)涂防銹漆，石膏板連接處應(yīng)留縫3MM，在縫口處粘貼纖維材料處理，避免石膏板連接部位出現(xiàn)膨脹裂口。6吊頂內(nèi)的燈槽、斜撐的安裝，根據(jù)工程情況適當(dāng)布置，輕型吊燈應(yīng)吊在主龍骨和附龍骨，重型吊燈或電不得與吊頂龍骨連接，應(yīng)另設(shè)吊鉤。吊頂罩面板工程質(zhì)量允許偏差。7吊頂材料應(yīng)符合防火要求。（六）門窗工程1門窗的品種、規(guī)格、開啟方向及安裝位置應(yīng)符合設(shè)計要求。2門窗安裝必須牢固，橫平豎直，高低一致，開啟靈活，五金配件應(yīng)齊全，關(guān)閉后密封條應(yīng)處壓縮狀態(tài)，外門外窗應(yīng)不滲漏水。鋁合金門窗的安裝尺寸應(yīng)符合表。（七）抹灰工程1表面應(yīng)潔凈、接搓平順、粘結(jié)牢固、無脫層、無爆灰和裂縫等缺陷。2用小錘輕輕敲擊檢查有無空鼓，空鼓而不裂的面積不大于20CM。3抹灰質(zhì)量允許尺寸偏差應(yīng)符合要求（八）涂料工程1涂料工程所用的涂料和半成品，均應(yīng)在其有效期內(nèi)使用，并有使用說明和產(chǎn)品合格證。2涂料工程所用的塑性和易涂性應(yīng)滿足施工要求，干燥后應(yīng)牢固。采用滑石粉膩子時摻入適量的白乳膠，以增加其強度和粘結(jié)性。3基層缺棱角處用1：3的水泥砂漿修補，表面麻面及縫隙應(yīng)用膩子填補齊平。4基層表面的灰塵、污垢、原墻面上的各種涂料應(yīng)清除干凈，泛堿部宜使用酸性溶液中清洗。5膩子干燥后，應(yīng)磨平清理干凈。6涂料表面應(yīng)顏色一致，不得有掉粉、起皮、透底、漏刷、泛堿、收色、流墜、疙瘩現(xiàn)象。7施涂油漆及涂料不得污染非涂刷區(qū)域與器具。8涂料工程基體或基層的含水率、混凝土和抹灰表面含水率不大于6%-8%，木料制品含水率不大于10%。（九）裱糊工程1壁紙,墻布的品種、顏色和圖案，應(yīng)按照設(shè)計要求選用粘結(jié)材料，并應(yīng)附有產(chǎn)品合格證。如有防火要求則膠帖具有耐高溫不起層性能。2裱糊施工的基層應(yīng)干燥，表面平整，陰陽角順直，顏色一致，泛堿部位宜使用酸性溶液中和，清洗。陽角不得有接縫。3壁紙、墻布必須粘貼牢固，表面色澤一致，不得有氣泡、空鼓、裂縫、翹皺折和斑污，與掛鏡線、貼臉板和踢腳板交接緊密、無明顯縫隙(距墻1.5米處平直方向直觀)、無漏貼和補貼，活動件四周壁紙邊緣規(guī)整無毛刺。四、流水施工區(qū)段劃分(一)施工過程:防水工程(A)→管道工程(B)→衛(wèi)生器具安裝(C)→電器工程(D)→吊頂工程(E)→門窗工程(F)→抹灰工程(G)→涂料工程(H)→裱糊工程(I)(二)施工區(qū)段劃分:具體將（A）、（B）、（C）三個施工過程組合為施工過程（甲）；其次將（D）、（E）、（F）三個施工過程組合為施工過程（乙）；再起將（G）、（H）、（I）三個施工過程組合為施工過程（丙）。（甲）施工過程完成后需間歇一周之后再進行（乙）施工過程，（乙）施工過程與（丙）施工過程之間有一周的搭接。每個施工工程都劃分為三個施工段，施（區(qū)）工段=1\*GB3①為進行-1——10層的各項施工；施（區(qū)）工段=2\*GB3②為進行11——22層的各項施工；施（區(qū)）工段=3\*GB3③為進行23——33層的各項施工。五、施工進度安排施工工程的邏輯關(guān)系表單位：周施工過程ABCDEFGHI緊前工作—ABAB,DC,EDE,GF,H緊后工作B,DC,EFE,GF,HIHI—持續(xù)時間223333242（甲）過程包括（A）、（B）、（C）三個施工過程；（乙）過程包括（D）、（E）、（F）三個施工過程；（丙）過程包括（G）、（H）、（I）三個施工過程。流水節(jié)拍值表單位：周流水施工過程施工段=1\*GB3①=2\*GB3②=3\*GB3③甲223乙333丙242（1）計算累加數(shù)列：=1\*GB3①=2\*GB3②=3\*GB3③甲247乙369丙268（3）錯位相減求流水步距：求得的流水步距為K1=2(周)K2=4（周）（3）計算工期TT=∑K+∑ti+∑Z1+∑C=(2+4)+(2+4+2)+1-1=14（周）（4）施工進度圖施工過程施工進度/周1234567891011121314甲 =1\*GB3①=2\*GB3②=3\*GB3③乙=1\*GB3①=2\*GB3②=3\*GB3③丙=1\*GB3①=2\*GB3②=3\*GB3③圖1六、單代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃，雙代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃及其時間參數(shù)（一）、單代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃時間參數(shù)的計算(1)、計算最早開始時間ESi和最早完成時間EFi計算如下：EF1=0+2=2ES2=EF1=2EF2=ES2+D2=2+2=4ES3=EF1=2EF3=ES3+D3=2+3=5ES4=EF2=4EF4=ES4+D4=4+3=7ES5=max{EF2,EFh}=max{2+2,2+3}=5EF5=ES5+D5=5+3=8ES9=max{EF8,EF6}=max{8+4,8+3}=12EF9=ES9+D9=12+2=14(2)、計算相鄰兩項工作之間的間隔時間LAGi-jLAGi-j=ESj–EFiLAG8-9=ES9–EF8=12–12=0LAG6-9=ES9–EF6=12–11=1LAG7-8=ES8–EF7=8–7=1LAG5-8=ES8–EF5=8–8=0LAG5-6=ES6–EF5=8–8=0LAG4-6=ES6–EF4=8–7=1LAG5-6=ES6–EF5=8–8=0(3)、計算總時差TFi從終點節(jié)點開始，逆著箭線的方向依次計算TFn=0TFi=min{TFj+LAGi-j} 計算總時差如下：TF9=Tp–FE9=14–14=0TF8=TF9+LAG8-9=0+0=0TF7=TF8+LAG7-8=0+1=1TF6=TF9+LAG6-9=0+1=1TF5=min{（TF8+LAG5-8），（TF6+LAG5-6）=min{（2+0），（0+0）}=0TF4=TF6+LAG3-7=1+1=2TF3=min{（TF7+LAG3-7），（TF5+LAG3-5）}=min{（2+0），（0+0）}=0TF2=min{（TF5+LAG2-5），（TF4+LAG2-4）}=min{（0+1），（2+0）}=1TF1=min{（TF3+LAG1-3），（TF2+LAG1-2）}=min{（0+0），（1+0）}=0(4)、計算自由時差FFi=1\*GB3①無緊后工作：FFn=Tp–TFn=2\*GB3②工作之后有緊后工作：FFi=min{LAGi-j}計算如下：FF7=TF8+LAG7-8=0+1=1FF9=Tp–FE9=14–14=0FF8=LAG8-9=0FF7=LAG7-8=0FF6=LAG6-9=0FF5=min{LAG5-8，LAG5-6}=min{（2+0），（0+0）}=0(5)、計算最遲開始時間LSi和最遲完成時間LFiLSi=ESi+TFiLFi=EFi+TFi計算如下：LS1=ES1+TF1=0+0=0LF1=EF1+TF1=2+0=2LS1=ES1+TF1=2+1=3LF2=EF2+TF2=4+1=5LS3=ES3+TF3=2+0=2LF3=EF3+TF3=5+0=5LS4=ES4+TF4=4+2=6LF4=EF4+TF4=7+2=9LS5=ES5+TF5=5+0=5LF5=EF5+TF5=8+0=8LS6=ES6+TF6=8+1=9LF6=EF6+TF6=11+1=12LS7=ES7+TF7=5+1=6LF7=EF7+TF7=7+1=8LS8=ES8+TF8=8+0=8LF8=EF8+TF8=12+0=12LS9=ES9+TF9=12+0=12LF9=EF9+TF9=14+0=14單代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖如圖：圖2單代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃（二）、雙代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃時間參數(shù)的計算

雙代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃的時間參數(shù)既可以按工作計算，也可以按節(jié)點計算。

A．按工作計算法

所謂按工作計算法，就是以網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃中的工作為對象，直接計算各項工作的時間參數(shù)。這些時間參數(shù)包括：工作的最早開始時間和最早完成時間、工作的最遲開始時間和最遲完成時間、工作的總時差和自由時差。此外，還應(yīng)計算網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃的計算工期。

B．按節(jié)點計算法

所謂按節(jié)點計算法，就是先計算網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃中各個節(jié)點的最早時間和最遲時間，然后再據(jù)此計算各項工作的時間參數(shù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃的計算工期。計算如下:節(jié)點法:=1\*GB3①計算節(jié)點的最早時間:ET1=0ET2=max{ET1+D1-2}=2ET3=max{ET2+D2-3}=4ET4=max{ET2+D2-3,ET2+D2-5}=5ET5=max{ET2+D2-5}=5ET6=max{ET3+D3-6,ET4+D4-7}=8ET7=max{ET4+D4-7}=8ET8=max{ET4+D4-7,ET5+D5-8}=8ET9=max{ET6+D6-9,ET8+D8-9}=12ET10=max{ET9+D9-10}=14=2\*GB3②計算節(jié)點的最遲時間:LT10=14LT9=min{LT10—D9-10}=12LT8=min{LT9—D8-9}=8LT7=min{LT9—D8-9，LT9—D6-9}=8LT6=min{LT9—D6-9}=9LT5=min{LT8—D5-8，LT7—D4-7}=5LT4=min{LT7—D4-7}=5LT3=min{LT6—D3-6，LT4—D4-7}=6LT2=min{LT2—D2-3，LT2—D2-5}=2LT1=min{LT2—D1-2}=12工作計算法:=1\*GB3①計算最早開始時間和最早完成時間ES1-2=ET1=0ES2-3=ET2=2ES2-5=ET2=2ES3-6=ET3=4ES4-7=ET4=5ES5-8=ET5=5ES6-9=ET6=8ES8-9=ET8=8ES9-10=ET9=12EF1-2=ES1-2+D1-2=0+2=2EF2-3=ES2-3+D2-3=2+2=4EF2-5=ES2-5+D2-5=2+3=5EF3-6=ES3-6+D3-6=4+3=7EF4-7=ES4-7+D4-7=5+3=8EF5-8=ES5-8+D5-8=5+2=7EF6-9=ES6-9+D6-9=8+3=11EF8-9=ES8-9+D8-9=4+8=12EF9-10=ES9-10+D9-10=12+2=14=2\*GB3②確定計算工期TCLTn=Tc=max{EFi-n}Tc=max{EF1-2,EF2-3,EF2-5,EF3-6,EF4-7,EF5-8,EF6-9,EF8-9,EF9-10}=14=3\*GB3③計算最遲開始時間和最遲完成時間LF9-10=LT10=14LF8-9=LT9=12LF6-9=LT9=12LF5-8=LT8=8LF4-7=LT7=8LF3-6=LT6=9LF2-5=LT5=5LF2-3=LT3=6LF1-2=LT2=2LS1-2=min{LF1-2—D1-2}=0LS2-3=min{LF2-3—D2-3}=4LS2-5=min{LF2-5—D2-5}=2LS3-6=min{LF3-6—D3-6}=6LS4-7=min{LF4-7—D4-7}=5LS5-8=min{LF5-8—D5-8}=6LS6-9=min{LF6-9—D6-9}=9LS8-9=min{LF8-9—D8-9}=8LS9-10=min{LF9-10—D9-10}=12=4\*GB3④計算總時差TF1-2=LS1-2-ES1-2=0-0=0TF2-3=LS2-3-ES2-3=4-2=2TF2-5=LS2-5-ES2-5=2-2=0TF3-6=LS3-6-ES3-6=6-4=2TF4-7=LS4-7-ES4-7=5-5=0TF5-8=LS5-8-ES5-8=6-5=0TF6-9=LS6-9-ES6-9=9-8=1TF8-9=LS8-9-ES8-9=8-8=0TF9-10=LS9-10-ES9-10=12-12=0圖3雙代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)計劃七、工程質(zhì)量驗收及判定1驗收程序管道、電氣及其它隱蔽項目應(yīng)在轉(zhuǎn)入下道工序前由業(yè)主和施工方雙方簽字驗收。工程竣工后，施工方應(yīng)先自行檢查，若符合要求，可交付客戶驗收。2質(zhì)量判定涉及安全及重要使用性能的給排水管道、電氣、衛(wèi)浴設(shè)備三項分項目全部合格，其分項目90%以上合格，則判該裝飾項目質(zhì)量合格。若在驗收中發(fā)現(xiàn)不符合驗收要求的項目，施工方應(yīng)進行整改，整改后對不合格項次進行復(fù)驗，直至達到要求。八、小結(jié)這次課程設(shè)計首先讓我認識是到了團隊合作的重要性，如果沒有很好的團隊合作這次課程設(shè)計也就無法如此的順利進行。其次是讓我初步認識了項目規(guī)模與其時間費用之間的大致匹配關(guān)系，了解了施工企業(yè)的組織形式與人力資源的相關(guān)情況，掌握了雙代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖的繪制、計算和優(yōu)化以及用軟件繪制相關(guān)的圖。在施工項目管理組織與人力資源分析與設(shè)計這部分里面讓我對項目的組織結(jié)構(gòu)的形式與選擇有了進一步了解。了解了常見的項目組織形式以及它們相應(yīng)的適用范圍。在進行項目的時間管理這部分的設(shè)計時首先讓我會用軟件繪制網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖與甘特圖，進一步對雙代號網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖的計算與優(yōu)化有了進一步的了解與學(xué)習(xí)。對項目的風(fēng)險管理進行設(shè)計時首先是掌握了工程上施工方常見的風(fēng)險，其次是掌握了如何處理這些風(fēng)險以及如何預(yù)防和避免一些風(fēng)險的發(fā)生，以降低施工企業(yè)的損失?？傊?，這次課程設(shè)計的完成要歸功于我所在的團隊，正是因為有了良好的團隊精神，這次課程設(shè)計才能圓滿完成。再者良好的團隊協(xié)作中讓我學(xué)到了許多自己一人很難發(fā)現(xiàn)的知識。本科畢業(yè)論文（翻譯）英文標(biāo)題Continuouscirculationdrillingsystem學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號教學(xué)院系專業(yè)年級指導(dǎo)教師職稱單位輔導(dǎo)教師職稱單位完成日期年04月ContinuousCirculationDrillStringSubAbstractThereisanincreasingneedtodrilldifficultreservoirsinacosteffectiveway.OverthepastfewyearsManagedPressureDrilling(MPD)hasmadeitpossibletodrillreservoirswhichhaveanarrowwindowbetweenporeandfracturepressuregradients.BeforetheintroductionofMPDtechniques,safelydrillingandcompletingtheseformationswasverycostlyandnotalwayssuccessful.CyclingthemudpumpsoffandonforconnectionsaffectsthepressureandisamajorproblemforMPD.Techniquesandequipmenthavebeendevelopedtomakeaconnectionwhilecontinuingtocirculatethedrillingmudtomaintainconstantpressure.Since2005,theContinuousCirculationSystem(CCS)hasallowedcontinuouscirculationduringconnectionswithtraditionaljointeddrillpipe,byusingachamberaroundtheconnection.Severalcompanieshavedevelopedcontinuouscirculationsubswhicharethreadedbetweentooljointstoachievecontinuouscirculationwithoutapressurechamber.Thesehavehadvaryingdegreesofsuccessfrombothanoperationalandsafetystandpoint.ThispaperdescribesthecurrentMPDmarketanddescribesthephilosophyadoptedforanewside-entrysub.IntroductionHistorywasmadeinJulyof2003,whenthefirstcontinuouscirculationchamberwastestedinprototypeformonalandrig.Jointeddrillpipewasseparatedinsideasealedchamber,whichwasfilledwithdrillingfluidsprovidedbythemudpumps.Thedrillstringwasseparated,anotherjointadded,anddrillingcontinuedwithoutevershuttingdownthemudpumps.Afteritsintroductionin2005,manyoperatorshavebegunusingthecontinuouscirculationchamberasawaytodrillun-drillablewells,specificallythosehaving“tight”porepressureandfracturepressurewindows.Thismeansthatthebottom-holepressuremustbeverycloselycontrolledatalltimes(evenduringconnections)toavoideitherfracturingtheformation,orallowinganinflux.Thesystemhasworkedreliablyforthelastsixyears.However,manyoperatorscannoteasilyaccommodatethededicatedcrewrequiredtooperatethecontinuouscirculationchamber.Asoperatorsweighedthebenefitsagainsttheincreaseindrillcrew,theobvioussolutionwastoprovidethesamecontinuouscirculationfunctionality,withastreamlinedpackagethatreducedthefootprintontherigoperations.Therehavebeenmanyattemptstocreateacontinuouscirculationsubwhichallowsthemudflowintopipesittingin-slipswithoutflowingthroughthetopdrive.Manyoftheseattemptshavebeensuccessful,buthaveintroducedamajorsafetyconcern.Whenlookingatcontinuouscirculationchambers,thebarriertopreventfluidfromeruptingoutoftheseparatedconnectionistypicallyagatevalve,withreplaceablerubberseals.Thisbarrierisreplaceableandinspectablebeforeexposingthecrewtoapotentialleak.Therecentlyintroducedcontinuouscirculationsubshaveallintroducedanon-replaceable,non-inspectedbarrier.Therigcrewisalsoresponsibleforattachinghighpressureconnectionstothesubduringoperation.Withallthesepointsinmind,existingcontinuouscirculationsubshavepresentedmajorsafetyconcernsandreliabilityweaknesses.Thenewcontinuouscirculationsubisfocusedonsafety,reliability,andbecomingpartofthedrillingprocess.Thedesigndoesnotplacerigpersonnelnearthehigh-pressuredrillingponentbetweenthehigh-pressuredrillingmudandatmosphereiseasilyremovedandinspectedbetweeneveryconnection.Eachconnectionischeckedforsealintegritybeforeseparation.Thisensuresreliabilityofthebarrier,regardlessofhowlongthesubhasbeeninoperation.Theentiresystemisdesignedwiththeideathatthedrillerandexistingcrewwilloperatetheequipmentjustaseasilyasexistingfloorequipment(ie,ironroughnecks,piperackers,etc).Thesolutionaimstobecomeastandardpartofthedrillingprocess;somekeycontributingfeatureswillbedescribed.Withtheinitialtestingphasecompleted,theresultswillalsobepresentedanddiscussed.TheConceptThenewcontinuouscirculationsubhasbeendesignedwiththesameattentiontodetailastheoriginalcontinuouscirculationchamber.Ithashands-freeconnectionofthemudbypass,areplaceablebarrier,automatedconnectionintegritychecks,andintegrationintothedrillingprocesswiththerigcrew.Handsfreeconnection–Whenusingthecontinuouscirculationchamber,thedrillpipewasfedthroughseveralramtypeBlowOutPreventer(BOP)styleseals.Thisprovidedasealedchamberaroundtheconnection.Thesesealswerepositionedatwellcenterandwerealwaysinposition,simplyretractedwhennotinuse.Thisposedaproblemduringoperation,thefloorwasnotclearforaccess.Itisdesiredtoimprovetheaccesstothewellcenterwhendrillingaheadorotherwisenotcontinuallycirculating.Amethodofconnectingthemudpumpstothesideentrysubisnoeasytask.Somehavetriedusingindustryacceptedhammer-unions,eventhoughbluntforceandsubsequentsparksshouldbeavoidedwithhighpressurecontainmentandinpotentiallyexplosiveenvironments.Othershaveusedthreadedplugs,orclamp-onhousings.Allofthesearepotentiallyexposingtherigcrewtoincreaseddanger.Thenewcontinuouscirculationsubisatotallyhands-freeunitforthisreason.Themudistransportedfromthestandpipeusingindustryacceptedswiveljointsandpiping,toallowmovement.Thesubisconvertedfromdrillingmodetosideentrymodeusingverysimple,easytovisuallyinspect,movements.Theexactlayoutofthemovementwillbecustomerspecific.Thecurrentproofofconceptisanextendingarmarrangement.Potentialalternateversionsaretrackmountedorpedestalmountedwithanarmsystem,orevenadaptedtotheexistingironroughneck.Thefinalarticulationmethodwilldependlargelyonthecustomerandtheirrequirementstoeitherbepartoftherigfloor,orasatemporaryinstallation.Replaceablebarrier-Thenoveltyofthesubdesignisbasedonthebarrier,whichisaroundball,withsealingcharacteristics(ie,“soft”comparedtotheseat).Thispresentsaperfectsealingsurface,whichcanbere-usedmultipletimes.Theballisinsertedthroughthesideofthesubandshifted“up”,muchlikeashuttlevalve,usingdifferentialpressure.Minimalamountsofpressuredifferentialwillbesufficienttoshifttheball(asmalltestfixturewasusedtoprovethistheory).Withtheballinthesub,and“seated”againstthetop-drivesideoftheconnection,mudispumped“down”thestring,throughthesameholefromwhichtheballwasntroduced.Whileinthiscondition,theconnectiondirectlyabovethesubisstillmadeupandsealed.Thebarrieristhentestedforleakagebeforethecontrolsystemgivesthe“greenlight”toproceedwithbreakingthisconnectionandeitheraddingorsubtractingjointsofpipe.Thereplaceablebarrieristhenremovedfromthesub,usingthesamepressuredifferential.Innormaldrillingmodethesubhasanunrestrictedcentralborewithnosealsorinternalcomponents.Testingofthebarrier-Allcontinuouscirculationprocessesutilizingachamberhavetheadvantageofbeingabletotestthebarrierforleakagepriortobreakingtheconnection.Thenewcirculationsubhasasimilarabilitybyutilizingtwomudlines;oneprovidespressureandflowfromthemudpumps,andtheotherisprimarilyaventline.Byhavingtwohighpressureaccesspointstotheconnection,itispossibletohavea“safe”pressuredifferential.Ifaleakisdetected,theprocesscanbereversedandattemptedagain.Inthenewcontinuouscirculationsub,theballcanbereturnedtothevalvesystemandre-inserted,orsimplyreplaced.Becausetheballisaself-aligningsealmechanism,itisverydifficulttoseeanon-sealingsituation.Ifdifficultyisseenwhenseatingtheball,thedynamicsofthepressuredifferentialcanbetunedtoprovideamorepositive“hammer”whenitseats,orastrongerapplicationofpressuredifferential.Additionally,thelowcostoftheballencouragestheprecautionarymeasureofchangingitforeachconnection.Manymaterialchoicesareavailablewhichcancopewiththespecificmudconditionsexperienced;highpressure,gas,chemistryofthemud,andextremeTemperatures.Rigcrewoperation–Thefirstcontinuouscirculationchamberwasanall-inclusivetool;havingapipehandlingsystem,spinningwrenchandtorquewrench,pipeslips,andevenfunctioningasamudbucket.Therighasprovisionsforalloftheseoperations,eithermanualorautomated.Itwasfoundinoperationthattherigcrewhaddifficultyinchangingtheirworkflowtousethenewlycombinedfunctionality.Inthenewcontinuouscirculationsub,andexistingcirculationsubs,thecrewusesallthesameequipmenttheyaretrainedtouse.Thisprovidesanimprovementinefficiencyandconnectiontime.Whenusingacontinuouscirculationchamber,theconnectionprocesswasessentiallyconcealed.Withcontinuouscirculationsubs,however,thedrillcrewcanseeeverypartoftheprocess.Theslipsareset,thesystemisextendedtoengagethesub,agreenstrobelightorsimilarvisualindicatorsignalsthatthebarrierhaspasseditspressurecheck,andthentheironroughneckisusedtobreaktheconnectiondirectlyabovethenewcontinuouscirculationsub.Inthiscasetheroughnecksareverymuchapartoftheconnectionprocess,andhaveadirectimpactonthespeedoftheconnection.Itisexpectedthatthenewcontinuouscirculationsubwilltakeroughlyoneminutetoengagethepipe,inserttheball,andperformthebarrierintegritycheck.Thesameorlesstimewillbetakenwhenremovingtheball.Withapredictedfiveminuteorlessconnectiontime,MPDisbecomingmuchmoreefficient.ThisisaverysignificantleapforwardforMPD.InitialTestingCertainelementsofthedesignhavebeendevelopedbasedontheresultsoftesting.Thereplaceablebarrierhasbeentestedusingaflowfixturewithvariousarrangmentsofvalvestosimulatetherig’sstandpipemanifold.Theflowfixturewastransparentwheretheballentersthesubandseals.Waterisflowedthroughthesetuptosimulateverythindrillingmud.Thetimingofthevalvesopeningandclosingplaysaroleinhowefficientlytheballisshiftedintothecirculationsub.Itwasachallengetoreducethenumberofvalvestoaminimum,butalsoprovidedouble-valve-protectionatalltimes.Figure1showsthetypicalvalveschematicforthenewcontinuouscirculationsub.Duringtestingitwasfoundthattheballcanbeshiftedwithverylittlepressuredifferentialandthatvelocityappearstobethelargestinfluenceontheoperation.Onceseatedthepressuredifferentialrequiredtogenerateasealisalsonegligible.Anotherdevelopmentwasthepositionandshapeoftheinternalgeometry,suchthattheballisencouragedtotravel“up”intothesub,evenatverylowtransitionspeeds.Apressuregageonthedownstreamsideofthesubregisteredalmostnopressurechangesduringshiftingoftheball.Thisisprimarilyduetotheflowareaneverbeingrestrictedthroughouttheshiftingsequence.Theballmaterialwasalsoexperiementedwith,andtheinitialtestingwasdonewitharubbercoatedsteelcore.Thesignificantweightoftheballposednoissuewithbeingtransferredusingalmostnopressuredifferential.Anotherareaofinterestwastheclearancebetweentheinternalsofthecontinuouscirculationsubandtheassociatedplumbingwithrespecttotheball.Thisballmustbetransportedefficientlywithinthesepipesforashortdistance,sotheleakagecannotbeexcessive.Theclearancedidn’tprovetobeasmuchconcernasexpected,evenwhenusinglowviscosityfluidsandmuchlargerthanpracticalclearances.Thesystemisalsoveryintuitive;firstimpressionshavebeenpositivefrompeoplefamiliarwiththedrillfloorandconnectionprocesses.TheMarketManagedPressureDrillinghasgainedalotofmomentuminthelastsixyearssincethecommercialintroductionofacontinuouscirculationchamberin2005.Thedemandforthesechambersisgrowing,fromitsinitialapplicationsintheNorthSeaandtheMediterraneanSea,tooffshoreGulfofMexicoandBrazil.A2011surveypublishedintheJournalofPetroleumTechnologyreachedanindustryconsensusthat40%ofoffshorewellswouldbeusingMPDwithinfiveyears.Thereisalargedemandonshorealsothatisnotabletobeaccessedbythecontinuouscirculationchambers.Thisisprimarilyduetorestrictedrigspaceandconfiguration.ThispotentiallyopensupamarketforverycompactcontinuouscirculationsubswhichhaveminimalfootprintontherigfloorwithMPD-Readylandrigsalsobecomingmorecommon.TheContinuousCirculationSystem:AnAdvanceinConstantPressureDrillingAbstractInlateJuly2003,forthefirsttimesincerotarydrillingwasintroduced,asectionofholewasdrilledwithoutinterruptingcirculationwhilenewjointsofdrillpipewereaddedtothedrillstring.ThiswasmadepossiblebytheuseoftheContinuousCirculationSystem(CCS),developedoverthepreviousthreeyearsbyaJointIndustryProject(JIP)managedbyMarisInternational,fundedbysixmajoroilcompanies(ShellUK,BP,Statoil,BG,TotalandENI),CouplerDevelopmentLtd(CDL)andVarcoandsupportedbytheUK’sIndustryTechnologyFacilitator(ITF).ThefieldtrialoftheCCSwascarriedoutonalandwellbeingdrilledinOklahoma,USA.ItssuccessmarkedtheendoftheJIPandthecommencementofcommercialdevelopmentofthesystem.TheCCSisanewandenablingtechnology,thepotentialbenefitsofwhichare:-?Eliminationofnegativeandpositivepressureurgeswhenstoppingandstartingcirculationtomakeaconnection?Norigdowntimetocirculateoutcuttingstoclearthebottomholeassemblybeforemakingaconnection?Improveddrillingfluidmanagement?Eliminationofkicksonconnections?ImprovedcontrolofEquivilentCirculationDensity(ECD)?ReducedTotalConnectionTime(TCT)?Reducedchanceofstuckpipeduringaconnection?NodowntimeinHPHTwellstocirculateoutconnectiongas?Reducedwellbore“breathing”or“ballooning”?Overallimprovementinholecondition?ImprovedsafetyaroundtherigfloorPotentialapplicationsofthesystemareindrilling:-?Extendedreach(ERD)andhorizontalwells?HighPressure/HighTemperature(HPHT)wells?Nearorunderbalance(UBD)wells?DeepwaterwellsTheCCSisalsoapotentialcontributorinachievingthe“OneTripWell”,JournalofPetroleumTechnology(JPT)May2004.Theconceptwaspresentedinthepaper“ContinuousCirculationDrilling”byL.AylingattheOffshoreTechnologyConferenceinMay2002.IntroductionTheCCSreliesonadvancementsmadeoverrecentdecadesinTopDrives,drillpipehandlingequipment,BOPramseals,IronRoughnecksandcomputerizeddrillingcontrolsystems.TheheartoftheCCSistheContinuousCirculationCoupler(Coupler)whichevolvedfromearlierworkbyL.Aylingonasea-bedlocateddrillingrig.ACouplerwasrequiredtoseparatethedrillingfluidfromthesea-waterwhileaddingorremovingdrillpipefromthedrillstring.ThesignificanceofsuchadeviceanditspotentialimpactonimprovingdrillingefficiencywasrealizedandleadtotheestablishmentoftheJIPtodevelopthesystem,startinginOctober2000.TheConceptTheCoupler(Fig1)iseffectivelyapressurechamberlocatedontherigfloorovertherotarytable,throughwhichthedrillstringpassesandwhichsealsaroundthedrillpipepinandboxduringtheconnectionprocess.Tomakeaconnection,drillingfluidatcirculatingpressureisintroducedintothepressurechamber,(Fig2)equalizingthepressureinsideandoutsidethedrillstring,theconnectionisbrokenandthetooljointpinbackedoutandraisedclearofthebox.Thepressurechamberisdividedintotwosectionsbyasealingdeviceandpressureisbledoffintheupperchamberallowingthepinconnectiontoberemoved.Meanwhilecirculationismaintainedwithoutinterruptiontothedrillstringthroughthelowerchamber.Thenewjointofdrillpipe,connectedtotheTopDrive,isrunintotheupperchamber,whichissealedandrepressuredwithdrillingfluidfromthecirculatingsystem.Withpressureequalizedthedividingsealisopened,thenewdrillpipejointloweredandtheconnectionmadeupwithcirculationcontinuingthroughthedrillstring.Thepressureinthechamberisbledoff,thesealsopenedanddrillingisre-started.TheProjectTheprojecttodeveloptheCCSwassetupinfourphases:Phase1-PreliminaryEngineering-todeveloptheconceptintoabasicdesign,identifyinganychallengestobeinvestigatedduringthenextphaseofdetailedengineeringandtoeliminateany“showstoppers”.Phase2–DetailedEngineering-topreparetheengineeringdesignforconstructionoftheprototypeCouplerandassociatedequipmentthatformtheCCS.Thisincludedtestingofcomponents.Phase3–PrototypeConstruction–tomanufacturetheprototypeCouplerandassociatedequipment.Phase4–PrototypeTrials.EachphasewasconductedseparatelywithreportssignedoffbytheJIPmembersbeforecommencingthenextphase.Phase1–PreliminaryEngineeringDuringthisphasethebasicdesignandoperatingcriteriawereestablishedfortheproject.TheCouplershouldbecapableofmakingandbreakingconnectionswithdrillpipeintherange3-1/2”to5-7/8”atupto5000psicirculatingpressureand800gpmcirculatingrate.BasedonthesecriteriatheCouplerwasdesignedaroundthreeconnected9”x5000psiBOPbodieswithpiperamsintheupperbody,blindramsinthecentreandinvertedpiperamsinthelowerbody.Duringaconnectionthedrillstringwouldbelandedinslipsintherotarytableandasnubbingdevicewouldbeneededtogripandcontrolthemovementofthedisconnectedjointintooroutoftheuppe